上芒岗金矿床成矿作用过程研究

上芒岗金矿床位于三江褶皱系怒江大断裂西南段，龙陵～瑞丽大断裂(F_1)南东盘，上芒岗次级断裂(F_4)之中。赋矿地层为下二叠统沙子坡组(P_(1s))和中侏罗统勐嘎组(J_(2m))。矿石主要有两种类型，硅质矿石和粘土质矿石；前者主要由石英和少量黄铁矿所组成，金品位平均为2 * 10~(-6)；后者主要由伊利石、高岭石和黄铁矿所组成，金品位一般为2 * 10~(-6) ～ 4 * 10~(-6)。矿石中金星次显微状态，主要元素组合为Au、Ag、As、Sb、Hg、Ba。矿床以强烈的黄铁粘土岩化为特征，热液蚀变作用过程即是金矿化作用过程。根据热液蚀变的矿物共生组合及其生成序次，将金矿化作用过程分为五个阶段：黄铁矿-石英阶段(I)；镁贝得-白云石阶段(II)；辉锑矿-石英阶段(IlI)：黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV)；网脉状石英阶段(V)。其中黄铁矿-高岭石-伊利石阶段(IV)是金矿化的主成矿阶段。该矿床属于卡林型金矿床。由石英流体包裹体获得不同成矿阶段的温度为，成矿阶段I：210～170 ℃、成矿阶段III：190～160 ℃、成矿阶段V：173～144 ℃。伊利石-水氢同位素温度计测得成矿阶段IV的温度为165 ℃。石英流体包裹体液相成分以K~+、Na~+和Cl~- (F~-)为主，其次为Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-，由早到晚K~+、Na~+和Cl~-降低，而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和HC0_3~-升高；气相组分以C0_2为主。石英流体包裹体成分富F，其含量高达8.03 * 10~(-3) mol／kg，正是由于成矿热液富含F，Al才可以与F形成络合物进入热液迁移，即Al成为活动组份，从而形成该矿床所独特的强烈粘土岩化蚀变。稀土元素特征方面，矿石和赋矿地层下二叠统沙子坡以及中侏罗统勐嘎组岩石的稀土配分曲线十分相似，均为右倾型，但是两者的稀土元素总量不同，前者的相对较高。矿石和蚀变岩具有相似的稀土元素配分曲线，但是矿石的稀土元素总量相对较高。与勐嘎组泥岩相比，粘土质蚀变岩和矿石更加富集轻稀土元素，并且更富Eu。这些特征表明，粘土质蚀变岩和矿石是由热液作用形成的，而不是风化作用的产物；矿石与赋矿地层在物质来源上有亲缘关系。不同矿段、不同阶段和不同类型矿石和蚀变岩的Au、Ag、As以及Sb的含量同步变化，这表明在整个成矿作用过程中，成矿流体来源统一，且在成矿体系起主导作用。不同类型的矿石及蚀变岩中Au与Al_20_3，和TFe的含量呈正相关，表明黄铁粘土岩化与成矿关系最为密切。矿石铅同位素~(208)Pb／~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb／~(204)Pb和~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb比值分别为39.12～39.54、15.85～15.95、19.75～20.33；沙子坡组(P_(1s))岩石铅同位素比值分别为:38.407～37.868、15.921～15.589、22.685～22.367;孟嘎组(J_(2m))岩石铅同位素比值分别为：39.499～39.222，15.821～15.772、19.207～18.709。在铅同位素组成相关图中矿石与地层铅的投影点分别集中成群分布。矿石铅与地层铅呈线性分布，而且矿石铅的集中区位于沙子坡组铅集中区和勐嘎组铅集中区之间。这些特征表明矿石铅系由沙子坡组铅和勐嘎组铅混合而成。成矿热液的δ~(18)O由早到晚逐渐升高，I、III、IV、V阶段流体的δ~(18)O值分别为-4.2‰，+0.59‰；+0.76‰，+1.98‰，表现出明显的漂移特征；而δD则表现出高度的一致性，变化范围为-82.5 ～ 79.48‰。由此认为成矿热液系大气降水起源。成矿热液氢、氧同位素组成的这种规律性变化还说明，成矿热液的演化具有继承性和连续性。应用CHILLERR软件包，对上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程进行化学反应途径数字模拟。所展示的成矿作用过程为：大气降水沿断裂带下渗，加热循环，获取成矿物质(但不排除有深源成矿物质加入的可能性)；形成起始成矿热液：T = 200℃ P = 228.8bar；pH = 4.4；fs_2 = 10~(-9.89); fo_2 = 10~(-41.28)；aAu(HS)_2~- = 10~(-9.64)，aAuCl_2~- = 10~(-17.86);富含F、Al和Au，贫As、Hg、Zn、Cu和Pb。成矿热液在构造作用的驱动下，上升进入上芒岗断裂上部含水构造破碎带，并与下渗雨水混合而淬冷，形成沿上芒岗断裂呈线状分布的早期硅化石英岩(成矿阶段I)，成矿热液与下渗雨水之比为16:l(成矿阶段I)；继而热液扩散进入下盘破碎带，与白云岩反应，形成矿体下盘的白云石化，水:岩比为193:l(成矿阶段II)。此后成矿热液上升充填裂隙空间，由于热传导而缓慢冷却，成矿体系的温度由189 ℃降为165 ℃，形成含辉锑矿的梳状石英脉(成矿阶段1II)。成矿热液继续上升进入上盘碎屑岩破碎带，停积于构造揉皱的泥质岩，并与之反应，形成上芒岗矿床金矿化的主体—粘占土质矿石，水:岩比为29:1(成矿阶段IV)。最后成矿残液逐渐冷却, 同时伴随C0_2的起泡，形成晚期石英网脉(成矿阶段V)，至此热液金矿化过程结束。由上述可见上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程经历了：(初始)成矿热液与下渗大气降水混合(I) → 成矿热液与沙子坡组白云岩反应(II) → 成矿热液缓慢冷却(III) → 成矿热液与勐嘎组泥质岩石反应(IV) → 成矿热液冷却沸腾(V)等5个演化阶段。模拟结果进一步证实了上芒岗金矿床的热液成因。上芒岗金矿床成作用过程化学反应途径数字模拟与地质事实高度吻合，与地球化学研究结果相互印证，再现了上芒岗金矿床的成矿作用过程。由矿床的地质地球化学特征及成矿作用过程化学反应途径模拟结果，归纳出上芒岗金矿床成矿作用过程模型。

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Submarine Pipeline Near Seabed Boundary in Ocean Currents

Unlike most previous studies on vortex- induced vibrations of a cylinder far from a boundary, this paper focuses On the influences of close proximity of a submarine pipeline to a rigid seabed boundary upon the dynamic responses of the pipeline in ocean currents. The effects of gap-to-diameter ratio and those of the stability parameter on the amplitude and frequency responses of a pipeline are investigated experimentally with a novel hydro-elastic facility. A comparison is made between the present experimental results Of the amplitude and frequency responses for the pipes with seabed boundary effects and those for wall-free cylinders given by Govardhan and Williamson (2000) and Anand ( 1985). The comparison shows that the close proximity of a pipeline to seabed has much influence on the vortex- induced vibrations of the pipeline. Both the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of V, and the dimensionless amplitude ratio A(max)/D become larger with the decrease of the gap-to-diameter ratio e/D. Moreover, the vibration of the pipeline becomes easier to occur and its amplitude response becomes more intensive with the decrease of the stability parameter, while the pipeline frequency responses are affected slightly by the stability parameter.

Experimental Study Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of A Pipeline Near An Erodible Sandy Seabed

Based on similarity analyses, a series of experiments have been conducted with a newly established hydro-elastic facility to investigate the transverse vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) of a submarine pipeline near an erodible sandy seabed under the influence of ocean currents. Typical characteristics of coupling processes between pipe vibration and soil scour in the currents have been summarized for Case 1: pipe is laid above seabed and Case 11: pipe is partially embedded in seabed on the basis of the experimental observations. Pipe vibration and the corresponding local scour are usually two coupled physical processes leading to an equilibrium state. The influence of initial gap-to-diameter ratio (e(0)/D) on the interaction between pipe vibration and local scour has been studied. Experimental results show that the critical values of V-r for the initiation of VIVs of the pipe near an erodible sand bed get bigger with decreasing initial gap-to-diameter ratio within the examined range of e(0)/D (-0.25 < e(0)/D < 0.75). The comparison of the pipe vibrations near an erodible soil with those near a rigid boundary and under wall-free conditions indicates that the vibration amplitudes of the pipe near an erodible sand bed are close to the curve fit under wall-free conditions; nevertheless, for the same stability parameter, the maximum amplitudes for the VIV coupled with local scour increase with the increase of initial gap-to-diameter ratio. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experimental Study Of Vortex-Induced Vibrations Of A Cylinder Near A Rigid Plane Boundary In Steady Flow

In this study, the vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in a steady flow are studied experimentally. The phenomenon of vortex-induced vibrations of the cylinder near the rigid plane boundary is reproduced in the flume. The vortex shedding frequency and mode are also measured by the methods of hot film velocimeter and hydrogen bubbles. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the influences of reduced velocity, gap-to-diameter ratio, stability parameter and mass ratio on the amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder. Experimental results indicate: (1) the Strouhal number (St) is around 0.2 for the stationary cylinder near a plane boundary in the sub-critical flow regime; (2) with increasing gap-to-diameter ratio (e (0)/D), the amplitude ratio (A/D) gets larger but frequency ratio (f/f (n) ) has a slight variation for the case of larger values of e (0)/D (e (0)/D > 0.66 in this study); (3) there is a clear difference of amplitude and frequency responses of the cylinder between the larger gap-to-diameter ratios (e (0)/D > 0.66) and the smaller ones (e (0)/D < 0.3); (4) the vibration of the cylinder is easier to occur and the range of vibration in terms of V (r) number becomes more extensive with decrease of the stability parameter, but the frequency response is affected slightly by the stability parameter; (5) with decreasing mass ratio, the width of the lock-in ranges in terms of V (r) and the frequency ratio (f/f (n) ) become larger.

The single vortex in the FFLO state

In this Letter, we study the generalized Ginzburg-Landau (GL) functional near the tricritical temperature, and obtain the vortex solution of the FFLO state. Furthermore, we investigate the structure of the vortex and find that the vortices shrink when the Zeeman effect is weaken or temperature is lowered. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Control of vortex shedding at moderate Reynolds numbers

The suppression method of vortex shedding from a circular cylinder has been studied experimentally in the Reynolds number range from 300 to 1600. The test is performed in a water channel. The model cylinder is 1 cm in diameter and 38 cm in length. A row of small rods of 0.18 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm in length are perpendicularly connected to the surface of the model cylinder and distributed along the meridian, The distance between the neighboring rods and the angle of attack of the rods can be changed so that the suppression effect on vortex shedding can be adjusted. The results show that vortex shedding can be suppressed effectively if the distance between the neighboring rods is smaller than 3 times and the cylinder diameter and the angle of attack is in the range of 30degreesless than or equal tobeta<90&DEG;.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibrations of a Pipeline Near a Plane Boundary in Steady Flow

对单向水流作用下近壁管道横向涡激振动进行了实验模拟,重点探讨了管道与壁面间隙比(e/D)对管道涡激振动幅值和涡激振动频率响应特性的影响规律.实验结果表明,管道与壁面间隙宽度对管道涡激振动特性有较明显影响.在较大间隙比(e/D＞0.66)下,管道振幅随着Vr数的增大先快速增长到最大值,然后平缓下降;在振动初期(即Vr数较小时),管道振动频率变化基本符合Strouhal规律;在振动中后期(即Vr数较大时),管道振动频率变化不符合Strouhal规律,而在管道固有频率附近缓慢增长.在较小间隙比(e/D＜0.30)下,管道振幅随Vr数的增大先平缓上升到最大值,随后较快速下降;在振动初期,管道振动频率变化不遵循Strouhal规律;在整个振动范围内,与较大间隙比情况相比,随着Vr数增加,管道振动频率增长幅度明显较大.

Rossby Vortex Simulation on a Paraboloidal Coordinate System Using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

In this paper, we apply our compressible lattice Boltzmann model to a rotating parabolic coordinate system to simulate Rossby vortices emerging in a layer of shallow water flowing zonally in a rotating paraboloidal vessel. By introducing a scaling factor, nonuniform curvilinear mesh can be mapped to a flat uniform mesh and then normal lattice Boltzmann method works. Since the mass per unit area on the two-dimensional (2D) surface varies with the thickness of the water layer, the 2D flow seems to be "compressible" and our compressible model is applied. Simulation solutions meet with the experimental observations qualitatively. Based on this research, quantitative solutions and many natural phenomena simulations in planetary atmospheres, oceans, and magnetized plasma, such as the famous Jovian Giant Red Spot, the Galactic Spiral-vortex, the Gulf Stream, and the Kuroshio Current, etc,, can be expected.

Generation of large-scale vortex dislocations in a three-dimensional wake-type flow

Numerical study of three-dimensional evolution of wake-type flow and vortex dislocations is performed by using a compact finite diffenence-Fourier spectral method to solve 3-D incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. A local spanwise nonuniformity in momentum defect is imposed on the incoming wake-type flow. The present numerical results have shown that the flow instability leads to three-dimensional vortex streets, whose frequency, phase as well as the strength vary with the span caused by the local nonuniformity. The vortex dislocations are generated in the nonuniform region and the large-scale chain-like vortex linkage structures in the dislocations are shown. The generation and the characteristics of the vortex dislocations are described in detail.

Analysis of super compact finite difference method and application to simulation of vortex-shock interaction

Turbulence and aeroacoustic noise high-order accurate schemes are required, and preferred, for solving complex flow fields with multi-scale structures. In this paper a super compact finite difference method (SCFDM) is presented, the accuracy is analysed and the method is compared with a sixth-order traditional and compact finite difference approximation. The comparison shows that the sixth-order accurate super compact method has higher resolving efficiency. The sixth-order super compact method, with a three-stage Runge-Kutta method for approximation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, is used to solve the complex flow structures induced by vortex-shock interactions. The basic nature of the near-field sound generated by interaction is studied.

Turbulence in laminar premixed V-flames

Strong velocity fluctuations had been found in the laminar premixed V-flames. These velocity fluctuations are closely related to the chemical reaction. But the effects of the upstream combustible mixture velocity on the velocity fluctuations inside the flame are quite weak. The probability distribution function (PDF) of the velocity in the centre region of the flame appears "flat top" shaped. By analyzing the experiment results the flame-flow interactions are found to affect the flame not only at large scale in the flow field but also at small scale inside the flame. These effects will give rise to flame generated small scale turbulences.

Structure of Vortex Dislocations in a Wake-type Flow

Structure and dynamical processes of vortex dislocations in a kind of wake-type flow are described clearly by vortex lines, which are directly constructed from data of three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of the flow evolution.

Calculations of longitudinal and transverse velocity structure functions using a vortex model of isotropic turbulence

The longitudinal structure function (LSF) and the transverse structure function (TSF) in isotropic turbulence are calculated using a vortex model. The vortex model is composed of the Rankine and Burgers vortices which have the exponential distributions in the vortex Reynolds number and vortex radii. This model exhibits a power law in the inertial range and satisfies the minimal condition of isotropy that the second-order exponent of the LSF in the inertial range is equal to that of the TSF. Also observed are differences between longitudinal and transverse structure functions caused by intermittency. These differences are related to their scaling differences which have been previously observed in experiments and numerical simulations.

Analysis of Temperature and Pressure Changes in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Cryogenic Tanks

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is being developed as a transportation fuel for heavy vehicles such as trucks and transit buses, to lessen the dependency on oil and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The LNG stations are properly designed to prevent the venting of natural gas (NG) from LNG tanks, which can cause evaporative greenhouse gas emissions and result in fluctuations of fuel flow and changes of fuel composition. Boil-off is caused by the heat added into the LNG fuel during the storage and fueling. Heat can leak into the LNG fuel through the shell of tank during the storage and through hoses and dispensers during the fueling. Gas from tanks onboard vehicles, when returned to LNG tanks, can add additional heat into the LNG fuel. A thermodynamic and heat transfer model has been developed to analyze different mechanisms of heat leak into the LNG fuel. The evolving of properties and compositions of LNG fuel inside LNG tanks is simulated. The effect of a number of buses fueled each day on the possible total fuel loss rate has been analyzed. It is found that by increasing the number of buses, fueled each day, the total fuel loss rate can be reduced significantly. It is proposed that an electric generator be used to consume the boil-off gas or a liquefier be used to re-liquefy the boiloff gas to reduce the tank pressure and eliminate fuel losses. These approaches can prevent boil-off of natural gas emissions, and reduce the costs of LNG as transportation fuel.