115 resultados para Phosphate deficiency
Resumo:
磷脂酰甘油(PG)是类囊体膜中唯一的磷脂, 并具有独特的结构。其甘油的sn-2位上总是连接着一个棕榈酸 (16:0) 或反式十六碳烯酸 (16:1tans)。很多研究表明, PG在维持类囊体膜的结构与功能方面具有重要的作用。然而,一些研究表明,在缺磷培养条件下,蓝藻、衣藻和拟南芥中PG含量下降,同时双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)和硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDG)含量上升,这一现象似乎表明在缺磷条件下,DGDG和SQDG可以取代PG。在本工作中,我们在叶片、类囊体膜和光系统II水平上研究了缺磷对小麦和黄瓜膜脂组成和含量的影响,特别是缺磷对PG含量影响的机理,以阐明PG与其它甘油脂的关系和其在类囊体膜中的功能。 通过对生长在不同磷营养水平条件下9天龄和16天龄小麦叶片中光合膜脂含量的分析,发现在磷缺失培养条件下,小麦光合膜脂的相对含量发生了很大变化,这种变化与小麦叶龄密切相关。在16天龄小麦植株中,第一片叶为老叶,第二片叶为较老叶,而第三片叶为新叶,PG和单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)在叶片中的相对含量从新叶到老叶逐渐下降,而DGDG和SQDG含量逐渐上升;在磷缺失条件下,16天龄小麦第一叶片中PG的含量(2.5%)远远低于其在9天龄小麦第一叶片中的含量(5.5%)。这些结果说明,磷缺失引起小麦叶片中脂含量的变化不仅与脂合成有关,而且与PG的降解有关:新生叶片中PG含量减少的主要原因是由于磷供应不足, 从而影响了PG的合成;而PG的降解则是老叶中PG含量下降的主要原因。 由于植物叶片中有部分PG并不分布于类囊体膜中,并且PG是类囊体膜中唯一的磷脂,为了阐明缺磷对类囊体膜脂含量的影响,利用黄瓜作为实验材料, 提取了缺磷和对照条件下黄瓜叶片中的类囊体膜和PSII颗粒,并对其中的脂进行了分析,以期在叶片、类囊体膜和PSII颗粒三个不同层次上来分析缺磷对黄瓜膜脂的影响。结果表明: 1. 黄瓜幼苗的缺磷培养可显著改变叶片中膜脂的组成, 表现为所有磷脂含量的下降和DGDG、SQDG含量上升。 2. 对不同叶位中脂含量的分析表明,在缺磷条件下,随着叶片年龄的增加,叶片中磷脂的含量是逐渐下降的并且低磷处理使新生叶中PC和PE的下降幅度明显高于PG,而PG含量的下降只有在老叶中才明显表现出来。由于PC和PE是质膜、内质网膜和线粒体膜等膜系统的主要组成成分,而叶片中PG主要存在于类囊体膜中。这说明,在新生叶中,缺磷对于其类囊体膜外其他膜系统中磷脂的影响要大于类囊体膜;并且在磷缺失条件下,老叶磷脂中的磷可以运送到新叶中被重新利用。 3. 缺磷引起叶片类囊体膜脂含量的变化与叶片类似, 即PG含量的降低伴随着DGDG和SQDG含量的升高。然而,与叶片中不同的是,缺磷使类囊体膜中MGDG含量轻微下降。在植株生长过程中,缺磷导致老叶类囊体膜中PG含量的下降幅度远远大于新生叶中的下降幅度,而伴随着PG含量的下降,老叶类囊体膜中SQDG和DGDG的含量要远远高于新叶中两种脂的含量。这说明,在叶片生长过程中,缺磷条件下类囊体膜脂中DGDG和SQDG含量的上升可以弥补PG含量的下降。 4. 尽管缺磷使类囊体膜中的PG含量有较大幅度的下降, 但是叶绿素荧光动力学和PSII光合放氧活性都没有受到显著的影响。这些结果说明缺磷胁迫并没有对PSII的功能产生显著的影响。进一步研究发现, 在缺磷黄瓜植株中, PSII中PG的含量仍然维持在一个较高的水平。这些结果表明, 缺磷可以导致类囊体膜中某些区域中的PG大幅度降低, 但是对分布在PSII中的PG含量则影响较小。缺磷对类囊体膜脂组成及分布在不同区域PG的影响说明了类囊体膜中的PG可能存在着两种类型: 一些PG分子在类囊体膜中仅仅起结构作用, 当这些PG分子缺少时, 其它脂特别是SQDG可以替代PG; 而另一些PG分子在PSII的结构和功能中起重要的作用, 具有其它脂类分子不可取代的功能。
Resumo:
磷脂酰甘油(PG)是植物类囊体膜中唯一的磷脂,在它的sn-2位上总是连着一个棕榈酸(16:0)或反式十六碳烯酸(16:1 trans)。由于PG的分子结构独特,对它的功能已有了很多研究,目前认为PG在维持类囊体膜的结构与功能方面具有非常重要的作用。缺磷胁迫下,蓝藻、衣藻及拟南芥、大麦等物种中均检测到了PG含量的下降。对这一现象的常见解释是缺磷导致了PG生物合成受阻,从而引起了其含量的降低。但迄今为止尚没有试验证据支持。本研究比较了缺磷对不同叶龄的小麦与烟草叶片中PG含量与PG水解酶的活性的影响,同时对缺磷叶片酶粗提液水解外源PG后的主要产物、几种磷脂酶抑制剂对上述酶反应的影响等进行了研究,以阐明缺磷条件下叶片中PG含量下降的主要原 因。 缺磷小麦第一叶完全展开时,PG含量与PG水解酶活性均与对照相似;而第三叶完全展开时,尽管缺磷第三叶中PG水解酶活性也与对照相似,但其PG含量低于对照。这一结果表明,在小麦叶片完全展开之前,缺磷条件未影响叶片中的PG水解酶活性,第三叶中较低的PG含量应由PG的生物合成受阻引起。并且,由于缺磷植株第一叶完全展开时PG含量未受影响而第三叶中却表现出了轻微降低,可以推测叶片萌发越晚,PG生物合成受到的抑制就会越严重。 为了研究叶片衰老过程中PG含量下降的原因,我们比较了6,10,14与18日龄时缺磷与对照小麦植株第一叶中PG的相对含量与PG水解酶活性。研究发现:6日龄时,刚刚完全展开的缺磷和对照小麦第一叶中无论是PG含量还是PG水解酶活性都较为相似;而随着叶片的逐渐衰老,缺磷植株第一叶中PG含量大幅度下降,同时伴随着PG水解酶活性的急剧上升。18日龄时,缺磷小麦第一叶中的PG含量较对照降低了69.1%,其PG水解酶活性也远高于对照,37ºC下温育30min后,缺磷叶片的酶粗提液使外源PG含量降低了74.16%,而对照中只降低了13.7%。上述结果表明,缺磷条件下,小麦叶片中PG含量降低的程度与PG水解酶活性的强弱密切相关,PG水解加剧是导致老叶中PG含量降低的一个重要原因。 磷脂酶是水解磷脂的主要酶类。目前在植物体中发现的磷脂酶种类主要有磷脂酶D(PLD)、磷脂酶C(PLC)与磷脂酶A(PLA)。通过薄层层析(TLC),我们发现缺磷小麦叶片的酶粗提液水解外源PG后的主要产物是磷脂酸(PA)、二脂酰甘油(DAG)与游离脂肪酸(FFA)。将n-丁醇加入到缺磷小麦叶片的体外酶反应体系中后,观察到PA、DAG与FFA的生成量均表现出一定程度的降低。由于n-丁醇是PA经PLD途径生成的抑制剂,因此,上述结果表明PLD参与了缺磷条件下小麦叶片中PG的水解。硫酸新霉素是PLC的非特异性抑制剂,低浓度的硫酸新霉素(100μM 和 200μM )加入到缺磷小麦叶片的体外酶反应体系后,三种产物的生成受到了严重抑制,表明PLC也与缺磷叶片中PG的降解密切相关。 为了进一步分析缺磷导致PG含量降低的原因,我们以烟草为试验材料,检测了缺磷胁迫对烟草嫩叶和老叶中的PG含量、PG水解酶活性、与PG降解相关的酶的种类及PLC、PLDα、PLDβ与PAT-1基因在mRNA上表达水平的的影响。结果表明,缺磷烟草叶片中PG含量的降低由PG生物合成受阻与PG降解加剧共同导致,PLC和PLD活性与烟草叶片中PG的降解有关。缺磷植株老叶中PG水解酶活性及PLC、PLDα、PLDβ基因在mRNA水平上的表达量均高于对照,表明在磷胁迫条件下,老叶中PG水解酶活性可能受到转录水平上的调节, PLC、PLDα、PLDβ转录活性的增强导致了PLC、PLD活性加强,从而引起PG降解的加剧,最终导致了PG含量的降低。与PLC、PLDα和PLDβ不同,缺磷胁迫对patatin蛋白(表现PLA2活性)的编码基因PAT-1在转录水平上的表达无影响,TLC分析PG的水解产物也未检测到溶血磷脂酰甘油(LPG)的生成。由此可见,PLA活性可能与缺磷条件下PG的降解无关。
Resumo:
磷缺乏已成为制约世界农业生产的重要因子。植物根系的大小和形态是决定植物吸收土壤磷能力的重要因素,而且根系的生长发育与磷素的分布及其有效性密切相关。关于磷酸盐调节植物根系生长研究已有很多报道,但其生理和分子机制仍不清楚。一氧化氮 (NO) 是一种重要的气体信号分子,参与调控植物的生长发育和对多种逆境胁迫的应答反应。本文选用拟南芥为实验材料,研究探讨了NO与缺磷诱导的拟南芥根系形态变化之间的关系,主要结果如下: 用正常磷水平 (1 mM) 和低磷水平 (1 µM) 处理拟南芥幼苗,发现低磷抑制主根伸长,刺激侧根发生。外源NO供体销普纳 (SNP) 也抑制主根、刺激侧根生长,与低磷诱导根系形态变化相似。NO清除剂c-PTIO和一氧化氮合成酶 (NOS)抑制剂L-NNA均可部分减缓由低磷引起的对主根生长的抑制和对侧根的刺激作用。暗示低磷诱导的拟南芥根系形态的变化可能与NO含量的降低有关。 利用NO荧光标记物DAF-FM和激光共聚焦显微成像技术,本研究发现缺磷6 h和24 h后根细胞内源NO含量显著增加,而且NOS 抑制剂能减少低磷诱导的根细胞NO含量的增加。与正常供磷处理相比,低磷处理6 h和24 h,拟南芥根中编码与NO合成相关的基因(AtNOA1)的表达量增加,缺磷24 h后根中NOS酶活性升高。为了明确低磷诱导的NO 增加是否与硝酸还原酶(NR)介导的NO合成有关,本论文进一步研究了低磷对拟南芥硝酸还原酶活性和编码NR基因 (AtNR1和AtNR2)表达的影响。研究发现低磷处理6 h和24 h后和AtNR1和AtNR2基因的表达均没有变化,且蛭石中生长的拟南芥缺磷1个月后NR活性也没有发生变化;拟南芥的NR双突变体nia1,nia2在低磷处理24 h后,其根中的内源NO含量表现出与野生型相同的增加。因此这些研究结果表明,缺磷后拟南芥根细胞NO的含量增加主要由于NOS的活性升高,而与NR介导的NO合成无关。 已有资料表明低磷诱导植物根细胞内源过氧化氢(H2O2)分布和含量的变化。本论文研究了低磷处理对用H2O2标记物CM-H2DCFDA标记不同磷处理下的拟南芥根中的H2O2。研究发现,缺磷6 h根中H2O2的分布无明显变化,缺磷24 h后H2O2呈斑块状分布,且多集中在根尖伸长区。缺磷24 h后,叶片中的抗氧化保护酶—超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性没有明显变化。说明缺磷24 h 后产生的H2O2没有引起氧化胁迫,而是作为一种信号分子,与NO相互作用共同介导低磷胁迫的应答反应。关于NO与H2O2在低磷诱导的根形态变化中的信号转导过程还有待进一步研究。
Resumo:
Air exploratory discussion of an ancient Chinese algorithm, the Ying Buzu Shu, in about 2nd century BC, known as the rule of double false position in the West is given. In addition to pointing out that the rule of double false position is actually a translation version of the ancient Chinese algorithm, a comparison with well-known Newton iteration method is also made. If derivative is introduced, the ancient Chinese algorithm reduces to the Newton method. A modification of the ancient Chinese algorithm is also proposed, and some of applications to nonlinear oscillators are illustrated.
Energy transfer and enhanced broadband near-infrared luminescence in Yb-Bi codoped phosphate glasses
Resumo:
We present a destructive method for detecting and measuring subsurface damage of Nd-doped phosphate glasses. An instrument based on the dimple method - a destructive method - was developed. Subsurface damage depth produced in each fabrication procedure was obtained. We extend the surface roughness-subsurface damage relation to Nd-doped phosphate glasses. The constant ratio of subsurface damage and surface roughness was obtained as well. We also analyse the relation of abrasive size and subsurface damage experimentally. From a measurement of the surface roughness or abrasive size, one can obtain an accurate estimate of the damage layer thickness that must be eliminated by polishing or subsequent grinding operations. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The optical loss coefficient at 1053-nm wavelength, influenced by Fe ions in N31-type Nd-doped phosphate laser glass, was determined precisely and analyzed in detail. It is found that the optical loss coefficient per unit of Fe concentration (cm^(-1)/ppmw) increases with Fe concentration in the range of 0---300 ppmw, but it approaches a constant as the Fe concentration is larger than 300 ppmw. Such a concentration effect is due to a shift in the redox equilibrium between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in the glass. The effect of oxygen pressure, temperature, and variable valence states of other metal ions in glass samples on the optical loss is also discussed.
Resumo:
The integrated absorption cross section Sigma(abs), I peak emission cross section sigma(cmi), Judd-Ofeld intensity parameters Omega(iota) ( t = 2,4,6), and spontaneous emission probability A(R) of Er3+ ions were determined for Erbium doped alkali and alkaline earth phosphate glasses. It is found the compositional dependence of sigma(emi) 5 almost similar to that of Sigma(abs), which is determined by the sum, of Omega(1) (3 Omega(2) + 10 Omega(4) + 21 Omega(6)). In addition, the compositional dependence of Omega(1) was studied in these glass systems. As a result, compared with. Omega(4) and Omega(6) the Omega(2) has a stronger compositional dependence on the ionic radius and content of modifers. The covalency of Er-O bonds in phosphate glass is weaker than that in silicate glass, germanate glass, aluminate glass, and tellurate glass, since Omega(6) of phosphate glass is relatively large. A(R) is affected by the covalency of the Er3+ ion sites and corresponds to the Omega(6) value.
Resumo:
A novel Vb(3+)-Er-(3+) codoped phosphate glass for high power flashlamp pumping and high repetition rate laser at 1.54 mu m, designated EAT5-2, is developed. The weight-loss rate of is 1.3 x 10(-5) gcm(-2) h(-1) in boiling water, which is comparable to Kigre's QX-Er glass. Some spectroscopic parameters are analysed by Judd-Ofelt theory and McCumber theory The emission cross section is calculated to be 0.73 x 10(-20) cm(2). The thermo-mechanical properties of EAT5-2 are modified after an ion-exchange chemical strengthening process in a KNO3/NaNO3 molten salt bath. The thresholds for optical damage from the flashlamp pumping are tested on glass rods. A repetition rate of 15 Hz is achieved for chemically strengthened glass. The laser experimental results at. 1.54 mu m from flashlamp pumping are also reported.
Resumo:
This paper reports on the fabrication and characterization of a ridge optical waveguide in an Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass. The He+ ion implantation (at energy of 2.8 MeV) is first applied onto the sample to produce a planar waveguide substrate, and then Ar+ ion beam etching (at energy of 500 eV) is carried out to construct rib stripes on the sample surface that has been deposited by a specially designed photoresist mask. According to a reconstructed refractive index profile of the waveguide cross section, the modal distribution of the waveguide is simulated by applying a computer code based on the beam propagation method, which shows reasonable agreement with the experimentally observed waveguide mode by using the end-face coupling method. Simulation of the incident He ions at 2.8 MeV penetrating into the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped phosphate glass substrate is also performed to provide helpful information on waveguide formation.
Resumo:
An erbium-doped phosphate glass fibre has been drawn by the rod-in-tube technique in our laboratory. The gain for the Er3+-doped phosphate glass fibre with different pump powers and with different input signal wavelengths is investigated. The 2.2-cm-long fibre, pumped by a single-mode 980-nm fibre-pigtailed laser diode, can provide a net gain per unit length greater than 1.8dB/cm. The pump threshold is about 50 mW at the wavelength of 1534 nm, and below 70 mW at 1550 nm. The gain linewidth of the Er3+-doped phosphate glass fibre is greater than 34 nm and can cover the C band in optical communication networks.