254 resultados para 2-10


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The reaction of trivacant precursor Nag [A-PW9O34] . 19H(2)O with Ti(SO4)(2) affords the novel dimeric, di-Ti-IV-substituted tungstophosphate K4Na6[alpha-1,2-PW10Ti2O39](2) . 14H(2)O. The X-ray structural determination shows the dimeric, anhydride structure was formed by two Ti-O-Ti bonds linking two di-titanium-substituted Keggin anion [alpha-1,2-PW10Ti2O40]. It was also characterized by elemental analysis, TGA, FT-IR and U-V-vis spectroscopies.

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采用高温固相反应法合成了BaMgAl10 O17∶R(R =Eu ,Mn)荧光体 ,测量了荧光体的真空紫外激发光谱和相应的发射光谱 ,观察到基质吸收带位于 16 5nm附近 ,Mn2 + 离子的吸收位于 170~ 2 40nm范围 ,Eu2 + 离子的 4f→ 5d吸收位于 2 10~ 40 0nm范围。真空紫外光谱特性的研究表明基质与激活离子之间存在较好的能量传递。

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从五步蛇蛇毒中纯化一种均一的酸性磷脂酶A_(2)。SDS-PAGE测得分子量为15.8KD, 按氨基酸残基计算其分子量为14.352KD, IEF-PAGE测得等电点为5.32。氨基酸组分分析表明磷脂酶A_(2)分子由128个氨基酸残基组成, 富含Asp和Glu, 不含中性糖。PLA_(2)酶活性 的最适温度为45℃, 最适pH为8.5左右, 没有抗胰蛋白酶的活性, 具有一定的热稳定性。K~(+)、Ca~(++)和Na~(+)离子激活, 而Ca~(++)、Sn~(++)、Cu~(++)、Li~(++)、Hg~(++)、Zn~(++)、Fe~(++)和Co~(++)离子可抑制或完全丧失酶活力。图5表2参 10

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一、 药物滥用是一种慢性、复发性脑疾病。药物滥用将导致药物成瘾(addiction),其主要表现有药物依赖、药物耐受、药物敏感化以及药物停用后的戒断症状(withdraw symptom)。药物成瘾的核心特征是强迫性觅药和用药行为。药物成瘾会导致药物滥用者认知功能的损伤和认知偏差,并会造成滥用者情绪异常。药物成瘾是一个复杂的生物学过程,有着及其复杂的机理。对药物成瘾机制的解释有很多种,主要认为成瘾过程是一种学习记忆过程,学习记忆的机制在药物成瘾过程中起到了非常重要的作用。首先,学习记忆和药物成瘾过程都受到了相似的神经营养因子以及神经递质系统的调控,例如:它们都受cAMP,CREB等调控因子的调控。其次,研究发现与成瘾相关的线索,如用药有关的人物、地点或暗示等,在药物戒断很长时间后都会恢复吸毒者的用药行为。并且,当把与成瘾相关的线索呈现给毒品戒断中的人时,这些人会出现心率、呼吸加快,血压升高等现象,甚至表现出明显的渴求行为。药物对学习记忆的影响是复杂的,虽然重复使用药物会导致药物成瘾,并且这个过程需要学习记忆机制的参与,但同时使用吗啡却会对其他类型的学习记忆(如:恐惧性学习记忆、一次性被动回避学习记忆和水迷宫空间学习记忆)造成破坏。学习前给予吗啡可以剂量及状态依赖地破坏被动回避试验以及空间辨别试验的记忆获取过程。学习过程结束后立即给予吗啡可以破坏一次性被动回避试验、主动回避试验和恐惧条件化试验的记忆巩固过程。测试前给予吗啡可以破坏空间辨别试验的记忆提取过程。本研究的目的在于更进一步地了解使用吗啡导致吗啡成瘾以及使用吗啡导致学习记忆的各个阶段受损的机制。为此我们采用了药理学以及多种行为学的方法,1、用PTZ诱发的癫痫持续状态干扰吗啡成瘾的学习记忆过程,进一步比较了吗啡成瘾的学习记忆与其他学习记忆,例如:空间学习记忆以及食物奖赏学习记忆的机制有何异同;2、研究了β-肾上腺素系统与阿片系统在空间记忆巩固过程中的相互作用;3、我们还研究了NMDA受体的激动剂和拮抗剂在吗啡破坏空间记忆提取过程中的作用。研究结果发现: 1.戊四唑诱发的癫痫持续状态,对吗啡建立的条件化位置偏好没有任何影响,动物仍然对阳性箱(吗啡匹配箱)表现出明显的偏好。但是癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,并且还破坏了水迷宫和Y迷宫检测的空间记忆。癫痫持续状态破坏了食物建立的条件化位置偏好,原因不是由于其影响了动物的食欲。此外,癫痫持续状态也没有持续地破坏动物的活动能力,因此,对动物活动量的影响也不是造成其他学习记忆破坏的原因。这些结果说明,吗啡成瘾的学习记忆和普通的学习记忆在机制上可能存在不同之处。为了说明这个问题,我们还需要进行其他更深入的研究。 2、训练后立即单独注射吗啡(0.25和2.5 mg/kg)或心得安(2,10和20 mg/kg)都不会破坏动物Y-迷宫空间记忆的巩固过程,动物仍然能识别新异环境,并在里面停留较长时间。但是,训练后同时注射吗啡和心得安却可以破坏动物空间记忆的巩固过程。并且,较高剂量的吗啡(2.5 mg/kg)加上较高剂量的心得安(10和20 mg/kg)对记忆的破坏更严重,实验组动物在新异环境停留的时间显著低于对照组。这说明阿片系统和去甲肾上腺素系统在破坏记忆巩固的过程中可能有协同作用。 3、记忆提取前30分钟注射吗啡(1和10 mg/kg)可以剂量依赖地破坏Y-迷宫空间记忆的提取。单独注射NMDA受体的激动剂NMDA(1,2和4 mg/kg)对动物的空间记忆提取没有影响,但是,单独注射NMDA受体拮抗剂MK-801(0.05,0.1和0.2 mg/kg)剂量依赖地破坏了空间记忆的提取。同时注射吗啡(10 mg/kg)和NMDA(2 mg/kg)可以阻断吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。相反,共同注射吗啡(1 mg/kg)和MK-801(0.05 mg/kg)可以加重吗啡对空间记忆造成的破坏作用。这说明谷氨酸系统可以干扰吗啡对记忆提取过程的影响。 二、衰老严重地影响了人们的视觉功能,然而眼睛光学系统的老年性改变并不能完全解释清楚这种视觉功能衰退。一般认为是神经系统的退化导致了这种老年性功能降低。但是,研究显示视网膜(retina)和外膝体(dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, dLGN)在衰老的过程中神经元的数量和体积以及神经元的功能特性,如对比度敏感性、空间分辨率等,都没有明显的变化,因此,人们推测老化导致的神经系统的变化发生在更高级的视觉皮层。过去几年的研究发现老年动物视觉皮层细胞发生了一系列反应特性的改变,如:老年动物皮层细胞的方向选择性和方位选择性降低以及细胞反应的潜伏期延长。这些细胞水平的变化被认为是老年性视觉功能衰退的神经机制。为了更全面地了解衰老过程对视觉皮层的影响以及细胞反应改变与整体功能降低之间的关系,本研究采用活体动物细胞外单位记录的方法,比较了青年和老年猕猴初级视觉皮层细胞时间反应特性和空间反应特性的差异。研究结果发现:老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的时间频率和空间频率敏感性明显比年轻动物降低。表现为老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的最优时间和空间频率、空间分辨率(spatial resolution, SR)和较高时间截至频率(high temporal frequency cut-off, TF50)都显著低于年轻动物初级视觉皮层细胞,同时伴随着这些功能的降低,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的自发放增加,对视觉刺激的反应增加,但是信噪比却显著降低。这些结果表明,老年动物初级视觉皮层细胞的功能在老化过程中都普遍降低。这可能是导致老年人视觉功能降低的原因。

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2,2′-联吡啶在金电极上需长达10 h 左右才能达到吸附平衡和有足够量的分子来促进细胞色素 c 的电化学反应.需用长时间浸泡膜转移法,减小因促进剂分子吸附强度的变化而造成的差别.

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用自组装技术在金(纯金和经阳极氧化的金)表面上获得了新型两亲聚合物PAMC_(16)S的有序膜。用接触角测试,XPS谱和电化学分析等方法对自组装膜进行了表征。根据膜表面的润湿性,金表面的自组装膜是疏水的,亲水的磺酸基团连于金表面,而疏水的碳氢链从表面伸展出。XPS实验结果支持金表面上单层膜的疏水结构。聚合物单层膜复盖的金电极起到含有针孔缺陷的阻膈型电极的作用。单层膜在法拉第反应中显示很强的吸附稳定性,说明聚合物LB膜在潜在应用中有其特有的特点。

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In 2002, six cohorts of broodstock bay scallop Argopecten irradians irradians (Ne=1, 2, 10, 30, 50 and control) were randomly chosen from a population of bay scallop to produce offspring. After one year rearing, with the progeny matured, the similar experiment was done to produce the F-2 generation. To determine the magnitude of Ne effects, the growth and survival rates in larvae and adult of six F2 groups were compared. Results showed that inbreeding depression existed not only in the Ne=1 group but also in the Ne=2 group. The growth and survival rates of the two groups were significantly lower than those of the other groups (Ne=10, 30, 50, control), and there were no significant differences among the latter (P>0.05). At the same time, the amount of depression in the Ne=1 group was significantly higher than that of the Ne=2 group (P<0.05). These results indicated that the low effective population size (Ne), which increases the possibility of inbreeding, could lead to some harmful effects on the offspring. So it is essential to maintain a high level of Ne in commercial seed production. Furthermore, as the high fecundity of bay scallop might lead to increased inbreeding, selecting broodstock from different growout sites is recommended.

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The passive scalars in the decaying compressible turbulence with the initial Reynolds number (defined by Taylor scale and RMS velocity) Re=72, the initial turbulent Mach numbers (defined by RMS velocity and mean sound speed) Mt=0.2-0.9, and the Schmidt numbers of passive scalar Sc=2-10 are numerically simulated by using a 7th order upwind difference scheme and 8th order group velocity control scheme. The computed results are validated with different numerical methods and different mesh sizes. The Batchelor scaling with k(-1) range is found in scalar spectra. The passive scalar spectra decay faster with the increasing turbulent Mach number. The extended self-similarity (ESS) is found in the passive scalar of compressible turbulence.

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The piezoelastodynamic field equations are solved to determine the crack velocity at bifurcation for poled ferroelectric materials where the applied electrical field and mechanical stress can be varied. The underlying physical mechanism, however, may not correspond to that assumed in the analytical model. Bifurcation has been related to the occurrence of a pair of maximum circumferential stress oriented symmetrically about the moving crack path. The velocity at which this behavior prevails has been referred to as the limiting crack speed. Unlike the classical approach, bifurcation will be identified with finite distances ahead of a moving crack. Nucleation of microcracks can thus be modelled in a single formulation. This can be accomplished by using the energy density function where fracture initiation is identified with dominance of dilatation in relation to distortion. Poled ferroelectric materials are selected for this study because the microstructure effects for this class of materials can be readily reflected by the elastic, piezoelectic and dielectric permittivity constants at the macroscopic scale. Existing test data could also shed light on the trend of the analytical predictions. Numerical results are thus computed for PZT-4 and compared with those for PZT-6B in an effort to show whether the branching behavior would be affected by the difference in the material microstructures. A range of crack bifurcation speed upsilon(b) is found for different r/a and E/sigma ratios. Here, r and a stand for the radial distance and half crack length, respectively, while E and a for the electric field and mechanical stress. For PZT-6B with upsilon(b) in the range 100-1700 m/s, the bifurcation angles varied from +/-6degrees to +/-39degrees. This corresponds to E/sigma of -0.072 to 0.024 V m/N. At the same distance r/a = 0.1, PZT-4 gives upsilon(b) values of 1100-2100 m/s; bifurcation angles of +/-15degrees to +/-49degrees; and E/sigma of -0.056 to 0.059 V m/N. In general, the bifurcation angles +/-theta(0) are found to decrease with decreasing crack velocity as the distance r/a is increased. Relatively speaking, the speed upsilon(b) and angles +/-theta(0) for PZT-4 are much greater than those for PZT-6B. This may be attributed to the high electromechanical coupling effect of PZT-4. Using upsilon(b)(0) as a base reference, an equality relation upsilon(b)(-) < upsilon(b)(0) < upsilon(b)(+) can be established. The superscripts -, 0 and + refer, respectively, to negative, zero and positive electric field. This is reminiscent of the enhancement and retardation of crack growth behavior due to change in poling direction. Bifurcation characteristics are found to be somewhat erratic when r/a approaches the range 10(-2)-10(-1) where the kinetic energy densities would fluctuate and then rise as the distance from the moving crack is increased. This is an artifact introduced by the far away condition of non-vanishing particle velocity. A finite kinetic energy density prevails at infinity unless it is made to vanish in the boundary value problem. Future works are recommended to further clarify the physical mechanism(s) associated with bifurcation by means of analysis and experiment. Damage at the microscopic level needs to be addressed since it has been known to affect the macrocrack speeds and bifurcation characteristics. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

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根据Philip与Vries提出的土壤中水热交换的耦合理论,建立了植物固沙区土壤水热运移的耦合模型,考虑了液态水和汽态水运移对温度的变化,分析了植物根系吸水对土壤水热交换的影响,给出了植物蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量、根系汲水率及土壤表面热通量等有关变量的计算公式.利用本模式并采用具有二阶精度的Crank-Nicolson格式对非线性扩散方程进行离散,对沙坡头植物固沙区土壤水热交换过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果和实测值进行了比较,总体上符合较好,证明本模型具有实用价值,可为改造沙漠提供科学依据

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为克服涡旋法不能精确预计物体附近小尺度流动结构的理论缺陷,减少高Reynolds数流动N-S方程差分解的困难,本文提出一种区域分解、杂交耦合N-S方程有限差分解及涡旋法的新的数值模型和理论方法.将流场分解为内外两区,在靠近物体表面、范围为O(R)的内区进行N-S方程有限差分解,外区作Lagrange-Euler涡旋法解,建立了分区流动的联结、耦合条件,给出了杂交耦合求解的数值计算方法.用本方法作了Re=10~2,10~3的圆柱绕流计算,考察了区域交界面位置变化时解的稳定性.与全场N-S方程解及实验结果的比较表明本文方法能精确预计流动分离及近场流动的详细结构,并可有效地计算流动的总体特性,且比全场N-S方程解显著节省机时和计算量.

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提供了一种在大口径激波管中降低2区气流雷诺数的方法。采用该方法雷诺数可由通常的10~6~10~7量级降至工10~5量级。实验结果表明采用此方法后2区流场未受明显扰动。给出了驱动压比 P_41与主激波马赫数 M_S1间关系式并由实验加以验证。

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本文介绍了短周期激波叶栅风洞的结构,原理和实验模型,以及在来流条件为Ma_(入口)=0.21和0.15,Re_∞/L=1×10~7,T_O/T_W=2.2时,进行涡轮叶片测压和传热实验的初步结果。结果表明10毫秒的实验时间是足够的,目前的实验方案完全可行。

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<正> 离子在极区电离层被加热和加速以后,逃离地球引力场而形成极风。低能离子通过极风而传送到磁层中,成为磁层粒子的一个重要来源,越来越受到人们的重视。极风的主要成分是H~+、He~+和少量低能的O~+,其中氢离子流量为10~7—5×10~8/厘米~2•秒,氦离子的流量为10~5—10~7/厘米~2•秒。探险号31在极区距地球500—3000公里处测得平行于地磁场的H~+外流速