Bronze and iron weapons from Luristan

The 30,000 km2 province of Luristan is situated in western Iran and encompasses the upper valleys of the Zagros Mountains. Even today, local tribesmen inhabit Luristan with their settlement patterns similar to ancient times. Several scientific excavations in the Luristan region have uncovered evidence that this particular region was a major attraction for human settlements from the Paleolithic era onwards. In Ancient Iran, the existence of rich mines together with discoveries made by innovative and inventive artisans spurred the growth of the metalworking culture as an art and a skill among early human communities in Ancient Iran. The art of Luristan can be described as the art of nomadic herdsmen and horsemen with an emphasis on the crafting of small, easily portable objects, among these a number of bronze daggers, swords and other weapons. Throughout its history, Luristan was never an ethnic or political entity because Luristan has been occupied by various tribes and races, throughout its history. Next to Elamites, other tribes who inhabited Luristan were the Hurrians, Lullubians, Kutians, and Kassites. As local tribesmen of Luristan were illiterate, information about their history can only be partially reconstructed from the literature of their southern neighbors: the Elamites and Babylonians. Luristan smiths made weapons for both civilizations. The region was later invaded by Assyrians and finally the Iranians settled the area and absorbed the local tribes. Following an accidental find by the local inhabitants in Luristan in 1928 CE, a number of unlawful diggings reveal a number of metal objects made of bronze and iron that showed a high level of craftsmanship. These objects were offered for sale on the art market with fancy names to hide their origin. The subsequent scientific excavations several decades after the initial discovery provided fascinating information about the culture of Luristan. The metalworking art of Luristan spans a time period from the third millennium BC to the Iron Age. The artifacts from Luristan seem to possess many unique and distinctive qualities, and are especially noteworthy for the apparently endless, intricate diversity and detail that they characteristically depict. The bronze artifacts found in or attributed to Luristan can be each be classed under five separate heads: a) arms and armor, including swords, dirks, daggers, axes, mace heads, spearheads, shields, quiver plaques, protective bronze girdles, helmets; b) implements related to horsemanship, including decorative or ornamental objects for horses as well as bits and snaffles; c) items for personal adornment and hygiene, including anklets, bangles, bracelets, finger rings, earrings and tweezers; d) ceremonial and ritual objects, including talismans, idols, pins, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines; and e) utilitarian objects comprising various vessels and tools, including beakers, bowls and jugs. The scope of this article is limited to a discussion of the bronze and iron weapons made in Luristan. The techniques used for making bronze weapons in Luristan included: casting with open molds, casting with close molds, and casting with lost wax process. For metal sheets used for quiver plaques and bronze protective belts, the hammering technique was used. Edged weapons made in Luristan can be classified into: a) daggers, dirks, and swords with tangs; b) daggers, dirks, and swords with flanges; and c) daggers, dirks, and swords with cast-on hilts. Next to bronze, iron was also used for making weapons such as the characteristic weapon from this area, the iron mask sword.

Eutanasia : proyectos vinculados al final de la vida

Resumen: El momento final de la vida humana está también en la mira de los proyectos legislativos presentados en el Congreso Nacional. En este trabajo se realizará un desarrollo de los principales proyectos vigentes en la actualidad, acompañándolo de un análisis crítico que resalte los principios del Magisterio social de la Iglesia. Se abordará también la legislación comparada de otros países en cuanto a este tema.

El origen de la civitas en el Defensor Pacis y la reinterpretación de la causalidad final aristotélica

Resumen: La obra capital de Marsilio de Padua, el Defensor Pacis, comienza con un relato histórico-genético de la Ciudad o comunidad perfecta a partir de las organizaciones más primitivas. El autor explica el probable devenir histórico de las comunidades desembocando en la explicación de las partes funcionales de la comunidad última, con la vista puesta en estudiar cuál es la función y lugar de la parte sacerdotal de la ciudad. Es sugerente que el mismo recurso del relato genético ya había sido utilizado por Aristóteles en el Libro I de su Política, y no parece ser casualidad la similitud dado el evidente interés de Marsilio por dicha obra del Estagirita. El objetivo del trabajo planificado es estudiar las similitudes y diferencias entre los relatos genéticos de la comunidad perfecta presentados por Marsilio y por Aristóteles, con énfasis en el uso teórico que ambos hacen de la causalidad final. Es mi opinión que, mientras que Aristóteles dispone de una causa final con un espectro teórico más amplio, la causa final retomada por Marsilio se limita al aspecto intencional. Una lectura de ambos textos con esta diferencia presente podría explicar las diferencias tanto en los resultados como en los desarrollos de las dos “historias” de la ciudad.

El sagrado arte de despedirse : una reflexión sobre el final de la vida y su acompañamiento

El artículo aborda el tema de la muerte como despedida, desde el punto de vista del proceso espiritual que tiene lugar en dicha circunstancia. Valiéndose de un testimonio biográfico, se analiza la experiencia a partir de la conceptualización que hace del tema una autora norteamericana (J. Rupp) en su libro Orar nuestros adioses y se extraen algunas conclusiones sobre este proceso.

Local exchange in the southern levant during the early bronze age: a political economy viewpoint

Trade and relations between the southern Levant and other regions of the Near East (mainly Egypt) during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3,600–2,300 BC) have been the subject of many studies. Research concerning the exchange of local commodities was almost ignored or was discussed in parochial studies, focusing on specific archaeological finds. It is the intention of this paper to present the results of recent research of the exchange of commodities provided by archaeological data from excavations in the Southern Levant with regard to economic theories on the exchange-value of goods and exchange networks. Conclusions regarding the type of society and the forms of government in the Southern Levant during the Early Bronze Age are also presented.

Bárbaros y cristianos en el final del Imperio Romano (siglos IV y V)

Transcripción de la conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad Católica de Buenos Aires en agosto de 2013. Este trabajo se incluye dentro de un proyecto de investigación financiado por el Ministerio de Economía del Gobierno de España.