6 resultados para Synergies


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Revised 2006-06

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Enactive approaches foreground the role of interpersonal interaction in explanations of social understanding. This motivates, in combination with a recent interest in neuroscientific studies involving actual interactions, the question of how interactive processes relate to neural mechanisms involved in social understanding. We introduce the Interactive Brain Hypothesis (IBH) in order to help map the spectrum of possible relations between social interaction and neural processes. The hypothesis states that interactive experience and skills play enabling roles in both the development and current function of social brain mechanisms, even in cases where social understanding happens in the absence of immediate interaction. We examine the plausibility of this hypothesis against developmental and neurobiological evidence and contrast it with the widespread assumption that mindreading is crucial to all social cognition. We describe the elements of social interaction that bear most directly on this hypothesis and discuss the empirical possibilities open to social neuroscience. We propose that the link between coordination dynamics and social understanding can be best grasped by studying transitions between states of coordination. These transitions form part of the self-organization of interaction processes that characterize the dynamics of social engagement. The patterns and synergies of this self-organization help explain how individuals understand each other. Various possibilities for role-taking emerge during interaction, determining a spectrum of participation. This view contrasts sharply with the observational stance that has guided research in social neuroscience until recently. We also introduce the concept of readiness to interact to describe the practices and dispositions that are summoned in situations of social significance (even if not interactive). This latter idea links interactive factors to more classical observational scenarios.

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In this study we employed a dynamic recurrent neural network (DRNN) in a novel fashion to reveal characteristics of control modules underlying the generation of muscle activations when drawing figures with the outstretched arm. We asked healthy human subjects to perform four different figure-eight movements in each of two workspaces (frontal plane and sagittal plane). We then trained a DRNN to predict the movement of the wrist from information in the EMG signals from seven different muscles. We trained different instances of the same network on a single movement direction, on all four movement directions in a single movement plane, or on all eight possible movement patterns and looked at the ability of the DRNN to generalize and predict movements for trials that were not included in the training set. Within a single movement plane, a DRNN trained on one movement direction was not able to predict movements of the hand for trials in the other three directions, but a DRNN trained simultaneously on all four movement directions could generalize across movement directions within the same plane. Similarly, the DRNN was able to reproduce the kinematics of the hand for both movement planes, but only if it was trained on examples performed in each one. As we will discuss, these results indicate that there are important dynamical constraints on the mapping of EMG to hand movement that depend on both the time sequence of the movement and on the anatomical constraints of the musculoskeletal system. In a second step, we injected EMG signals constructed from different synergies derived by the PCA in order to identify the mechanical significance of each of these components. From these results, one can surmise that discrete-rhythmic movements may be constructed from three different fundamental modules, one regulating the co-activation of all muscles over the time span of the movement and two others elliciting patterns of reciprocal activation operating in orthogonal directions.

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[ES]Actualmente en las empresas a la preocupación por los resultados económicos se le debe sumar la preocupación por la consecución de resultados que permitan satisfacer las expectativas y necesidades de los grupos de interés o “stakeholders”. Una de las herramientas que las organizaciones emplean para ello es la utilización de los estándares de sistemas de gestión, tales como las normas ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 y OHSAS 18001:2007. Recientemente numerosas empresas están optando por la integración de dichos sistemas con el objetivo de crear sinergias: reducir costes, eliminar duplicidades etc. En este trabajo, en primer lugar, se analizarán los diferentes modos de implantación, las motivaciones por las cuales las empresas se inclinan por la integración y las principales ventajas y dificultades de llevar a cabo tal proceso. En segundo lugar, se presentará y analizará el caso concreto de la empresa Gamesa, desde su decisión de integrar los sistemas de gestión hasta los resultados obtenidos.

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[ES]En la actualidad, muchas empresas organizan sus sistemas de gestión basándose en las normas y estándares internacionales (ISO 9000, ISO 14000, OHSAS 18000…). Considerando que todos ellos están soportados en unos principios comunes, las organizaciones tratan de aprovechar las sinergias existentes entre dichos sistemas buscando la mayor integración posible y la obtención de beneficios, tales como el ahorro de costes, la disminución de la burocracia o la mejora de la eficiencia. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es aportar una serie de recomendaciones que permitan a las empresas orientar la integración de sus sistemas de gestión de una manera sencilla y ágil.

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En el trabajo que nos ocupa analizaremos la relación entre diversos ámbitos culturales y la publicidad internacional audiovisual. En la publicidad audiovisual, como la televisiva, las imágenes cargadas de valor simbólico son determinantes para el posicionamiento de una marca y para llegar a la mente del consumidor. A lo largo del estudio relacionaremos el simbolismo de estas imágenes con la mitología y la música para acercarnos a emociones universales que faciliten la relación entre la marca y el consumidor, o bien, entre el spot publicitario y el espectador. En el ámbito internacional, donde se encuentran personas con identidades culturales muy diferentes, y desde una perspectiva comunicacional sería de gran utilidad conocer aspectos comunes en la mente de todo ser humano que favoreciesen la estandarización y sus consecuentes sinergias.