El sector económico de las mascotas en españa y su impacto en el PIB y la creacion de empleo

El principal objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado titulado “El sector económico de las mascotas en España y su impacto en el PIB y en la creación de empleo” es intentar dar a conocer a la sociedad el peso que tienen las mascotas en la economía en general y en la española en particular. Para comenzar el trabajo, analizamos los comienzos de la domesticación así como la historia y la importancia de los animales de compañía para el ser humano desde el punto de vista social y económico. Para visualizar el impacto económico de los animales de compañía nos centramos en los dos subsectores más relevantes desde la perspectiva del empleo y del impacto en el PIB: la alimentación y las prestaciones veterinarias. En lo que respecta a la alimentación, se analiza la producción en toneladas y euros así como la estructura de las empresas más relevantes y un análisis del líder en el sector. En cuanto al sector veterinario, se analiza su estructura en toda España en términos de empleo, número de empresas y resultados económicos. A lo largo del trabajo podemos observar que el sector de los animales de compañía se mantiene en continuo crecimiento debido al mayor número de animales domésticos que encontramos en los hogares. Para finalizar el desarrollo del Trabajo de Fin de Grado, elaboramos unas conclusiones en relación a los resultados más relevantes obtenidos en la realización de este estudio.

Early astrocytic atrophy in the entorhinal cortex of a triple transgenic animal model of Alzheimer's disease

The EC (entorhinal cortex) is fundamental for cognitive and mnesic functions. Thus damage to this area appears as a key element in the progression of AD (Alzheimer's disease), resulting in memory deficits arising from neuronal and synaptic alterations as well as glial malfunction. In this paper, we have performed an in-depth analysis of astroglial morphology in the EC by measuring the surface and volume of the GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) profiles in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD [3xTg-AD (triple transgenic mice of AD)]. We found significant reduction in both the surface and volume of GFAP-labelled profiles in 3xTg-AD animals from very early ages (1 month) when compared with non-Tg (non-transgenic) controls (48 and 54%, reduction respectively), which was sustained for up to 12 months (33 and 45% reduction respectively). The appearance of Lambda beta (amyloid beta-peptide) depositions at 12 months of age did not trigger astroglial hypertrophy; nor did it result in the close association of astrocytes with senile plaques. Our results suggest that the AD progressive cognitive deterioration can be associated with an early reduction of astrocytic arborization and shrinkage of the astroglial domain, which may affect synaptic connectivity within the EC and between the EC and other brain regions. In addition, the EC seems to be particularly vulnerable to AD pathology because of the absence of evident astrogliosis in response to A beta accumulation. Thus we can consider that targeting astroglial atrophy may represent a therapeutic strategy which might slow down the progression of AD.

Inmigración: indicadores de nutrición

[ES] Los movimientos migratorios forman parte de la historia universal. La población inmigrante, igual que el resto de la población, puede sufrir malnutrición. Los indicadores de la nutrición en inmigrantes son los mismos que en los autóctonos. La valoración nutricional debe realizarse de forma sistematica, mediante antropometría, historia clínica y dietética, etc. Se puede realizar de forma objetiva o subjetiva.

Analisis de las entidades no lucrativas del Pais Vasco dedicadas a la protección animal

This Final Project Grade, whose title is “Analysis of the non-lucrative entities of the Basque Country dedicated to animal protection”, has as main purpose the study of the historical, theoretical and legal context in which these institutions develop their activity, focusing in those which occur in the Basque Country.

Máster universitario en nutrición y salud. Alimentación y nutrición en las personas mayores

Índice: - Presentación. - 1. Envejecimiento. Concepto de edad cronológica y biológica. Envejecimiento fisiológico y patológico. Gerontología y geriatría. Cambios demográficos. Esperanza de vida (Mª Luisa Martín Miranda). - 2. Interacción nutrición-envejecimiento. Cambios fisiológicos, funcionales y patológicos que afectan al estado nutricional. Condicionantes físicos, psíquicos y socioeconómicos del estado nutricional. La alimentación como condicionante de salud y calidad de vida (Ángeles Carbajal Azcona). - 3. Necesidades de energía y nutrientes. Ingestas recomendadas. Suplementos nutricionales. Hidratación e ingesta líquida (Ángeles Carbajal Azcona). - 4. Dieta equilibrada. Guías alimentarias y pautas dietéticas. Diseño y programación de dietas en personas mayores. Ejemplos de menús (Carmen Cuadrado Vives). - 5. Funcionalidad física, psíquica y social. Importancia de la actividad física. Repercusión en el estado nutricional y en la calidad de vida. Influencia de la nutrición en el deterioro cognitivo (Mª Luisa Martín Miranda y Beatriz Beltrán de Miguel). - 6. Valoración del estado nutricional. Problemática en personas de edad (Beatriz Beltrán de Miguel). - 7. Grupos de riesgo. Malnutrición, sobrepeso y obesidad, estreñimiento, diabetes, ECV, osteoporosis y otras enfermedades crónicas. El anciano institucionalizado. Interacción nutriente-fármaco (Ángeles Carbajal Azcona y Carmen Cuadrado Vives). - 8. Ayudas, iniciativas, educación nutricional, actividades sociales y otras herramientas para la mejora de la nutrición y del estado nutricional (Beatriz Beltrán de Miguel). - 9. Estudios de referencia en personas de edad. Estudio SENECA (Carmen Cuadrado Vives). - Prácticas.

Efecto de la combinación de biomoléculas presentes en los alimentos, ácido linoléico conjugado, resveratrol y quercetina, sobre la acumulación de grasa corporal

322 p.

El papel de la nutrición en la cicatrización de las heridas

El proceso de cicatrización es complejo y múltiples factores influyen en él, como es la nutrición. La nutrición y la cicatrización están íntimamente unidas, de esta manera deficiencias nutricionales específicas podrán provocar un retraso en la progresión de la cicatrización. Abordar las heridas de manera integral es papel de la enfermería, con lo cual es importante conocer el enfoque actual de los Suplementos Nutricionales Orales (SNO). Objetivos: conocer el papel que juega la nutrición en la cicatrización de las heridas (agudas y crónicas). Conocer cuál es el enfoque y el conocimiento actual en la Suplementación Nutricional Oral y su implicación en las heridas. Diseño: revision bibliografica Metodos: se realiza una busqueda bibliografia en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed, Metas de Enfermeria y Chocrane). Se realiza un analisis de 11 articulos y de diferentes manuales, protocolos, libros etc. de las principales sociedades cientificas relacionadas con la nutricion y la cicatrizacion. Resultados: se identifican todos los macronutrientes (carbohidratos, proteinas y aminoacidos, acidos grasos y agua) y micronutientes (vitamina A, vitamina C, Vitamina E, Vitamina K, zinc,cobre, magnesio y hierro) involucrados en la cicatrizacion de las heridas. De esta manera se realiza un analisis de estos nutrientes y la implicacion de la suplementacion nutricional oral. El resultado es que 5 revisiones sistemáticas han estudiado el papel de los SNO, con gran controversia en sus conclusiones. Conclusiones: se ha visto que la nutricion influye en la cicatrizacion de las heridas, ya que los macronutrientes y los micronutrientes intervienen en todo el proceso de cicatrizacion, desde la hemostasia hasta la maduracion de la herida. Aun asi, cuando se hace referencia a Suplementos Nutricionales Orales (tanto con nutrientes especificos como sin ellos), la evidencia demuestra que hoy por hoy existe pocas investigaciones, sin llegar a ningun consenso claro. Palabras Clave: “Wounds”, “Wound Healing”, “Nutrition”, “Oral Supplements”, “Nutritional Supplements” y “Suplementos Nutricionales”.

Usage of substances and their dosage regimes in pharmacological animal models of schizophrenia

Background: Contrary to what is generally thought schizophrenia is a very common mental health issue. For this, several animal models are used to assess the illness in order to develop a definitive. The most widely spread paradigm is the use of pharmacological models. Aim: The aim of this review is to display which are the most used insults for the assessment of social behaviour related negative symptoms in animal models as well as to ascertain which is the most adequate regime. Design: Literature review. Methods: PubMed database was used for this article by the search of the indexed “schizophrenia”, “animal models”, “social behaviour” and “negative symptoms” descriptors. With the exception of a single article due to it value this review is based on articles from 10 years onwards. Besides, only clinical trials and reviews written in English or Spanish and that had laboratory rodents as target population were accepted. Results: The studies assessed agree that pharmacological models (specially those regarding the NMDA receptor antagonists) are a valuable means for the experimental investigation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia with the necessity to emphasise that only some negative symptoms (anhedonia and social interaction, mainly) can be experimentally assessed. Conclusions: There is not enough evidence regarding the fours aspects of this review. PCP, Ketamine or MK-801 in sub-acute dosage regimes are currently the most indicated insults to mimic schizophrenic symptoms in rodents, although further research in needed, albeit other substances are valuable as well. (In English language exclusively)

Dobutamine in Paediatric Population: A Systematic Review in Juvenile Animal Models

Objective: Although dobutamine is widely used in neonatal clinical practice, the evidence for its use in this specific population is not clear. We conducted a systematic review of the use of dobutamine in juvenile animals to determine whether the evidence from juvenile animal experiments with dobutamine supported the design of clinical trials in neonatal/ paediatric population. Methods: Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1946-2012) and EMBASE (1974-2012). Articles retrieved were independently reviewed by three authors and only those concerning efficacy and safety of the drug in juvenile animals were included. Only original articles published in English and Spanish were included. Results: Following our literature search, 265 articles were retrieved and 24 studies were included in the review: 17 focused on neonatal models and 7 on young animal models. Although the aims and design of these studies, as well as the doses and ages analysed, were quite heterogeneous, the majority of authors agree that dobutamine infusion improves cardiac output in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the cardiovascular effects of dobutamine are influenced by postnatal age, as well as by the dose used and the duration of the therapy. There is inadequate information about the effects of dobutamine on cerebral perfusion to draw conclusions. Conclusion: There is enough preclinical evidence to ensure that dobutamine improves cardiac output, however to better understand its effects in peripheral organs, such as the brain, more specific and well designed studies are required to provide additional data to support the design of clinical trials in a paediatric population.

Brca1 is expressed in human microglia and is dysregulated in human and animal model of ALS

Background: There is growing evidence that microglia are key players in the pathological process of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is suggested that microglia have a dual role in motoneurone degeneration through the release of both neuroprotective and neurotoxic factors. Results: To identify candidate genes that may be involved in ALS pathology we have analysed at early symptomatic age (P90), the molecular signature of microglia from the lumbar region of the spinal cord of hSOD1(G93A) mice, the most widely used animal model of ALS. We first identified unique hSOD1(G93A) microglia transcriptomic profile that, in addition to more classical processes such as chemotaxis and immune response, pointed toward the potential involvement of the tumour suppressor gene breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (Brca1). Secondly, comparison with our previous data on hSOD1(G93A) motoneurone gene profile substantiated the putative contribution of Brca1 in ALS. Finally, we established that Brca1 protein is specifically expressed in human spinal microglia and is up-regulated in ALS patients. Conclusions: Overall, our data provide new insights into the pathogenic concept of a non-cell-autonomous disease and the involvement of microglia in ALS. Importantly, the identification of Brca1 as a novel microglial marker and as possible contributor in both human and animal model of ALS may represent a valid therapeutic target. Moreover, our data points toward novel research strategies such as investigating the role of oncogenic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases.

Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: the HELENA cross-sectional study

Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.

Development of practical methodology and indicators for on-farm animal welfare assessment

163 p.