Encouraging the implication of shops in the city by means of retail associationism. The case of Bilbao

[EN] Retail activity in urban areas constitutes a key variable in the health of a city. For that reason, the processes of urban revitalization and retail revitalization run in parallel manner. Integrated management models for urban centres constitute a good framework to harness the competitiveness of the cities and their retail businesses, but they require of all implied participation, by means of a public – private cooperation.

Data analysis advances in marine science for fisheries management : supervised classification application

169 p. : il. col.

Chemosensory response of marine flagellate towards L- and D- dissolved free amino acids generated during heavy grazing on bacteria

This study investigated the generation of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) by the bacterivorous flagellate Rhynchomonas nasuta when feeding on abundant prey. Specifically, it examined whether this flagellate protist exhibits a chemosensory response towards those amino acids. The concentrations of glycine and the and D-enantiomers of glutamate, serine, threonine, alanine, and leucine were determined in co-cultures of the flagellate and bacteria. Glycine, L- and D-alanine, and L-serine were found to accumulate under these conditions in amounts that correlated positively with flagellate abundance, suggesting that protists are involved in their generation. Investigations of the chemotactic response of young and old foraging protists to the same amino acids, offered in concentrations similar to those previously generated, showed that glycine elicited the strongest attraction in both age groups. Young protists were strongly attracted to all the assayed amino acids, whereas older protists maintained a high level of attraction only for glycine. These results suggest that glycine generated by protists actively grazing in bacterially enriched patches functions as an infochemical, signaling to foraging protists the presence of available prey in the aquatic environment.

A new adaptive marine policy toolbox to support ecosystem-based approach to management

4 p.

Hiriguneko garraio publiko sistemaren eragina hirien bizi kalitatearen hautematean. City marketinaren ikuspuntutik hausnarketa

Hirien lehiakortasuna hobetzeko berebiziko garrantzia duen tresna dela erakutsi du hiri marketinak. Hiriek garatutako estrategietan, hirien bizi kalitatean oinarritutako ezberdintze estrategiak dira azpimarragarri izan dira, izan duten arrakastagatik. Autore askok hirien bizi kalitatearen hobetzea ingurugiroarekin, gizartearekin edo ekonomiarekin erlazionatutako adierazleekin identifikatzen dute; baina hobekuntza hauek ez dute zertan biztanleen begietara ikusgai izan behar. Gainera, aztertutako literaturak garraio publikoa – aspektu ekonomikoetan, sozialetan eta ingurugiroan duen efektua – bizi kalitatea baldintzatzen duen elementu bat dela agerian jarri du. Kasu honetan, ikerketa honek planteatu diren lau konstruktuen eta bizi kalitatearen arteko harreman positiboa dagoen aztertuko du. Horretarako, lehenik eta behin garraio publikoak garapen ekonomikoan, garapen sozialean, ingurugiroan eta irisgarritasunean duen eragina neurtzeko planteatutako eskalak baliagarriak diren egiaztatuko da.

San Francisco : a city reinvented by creative innovation

The aim of this paper is to analyse the recent evolution of the city of San Francisco to outline the major features that have made it possible this continuing process of creative innovation in the city. In order to meet this objective, the project is framed around answering two key research questions: (1) what are the main economic and social elements that characterise urban change in the city of San Francisco and (2) which is the role of public strategies in the continuing economic success of San Francisco. The paper concludes that the successful performance of San Francisco is the result of the actions taken by many agents in the city, but the role of public authorities, especially the City and County, must be stressed, both through direct intervention and by coordinating, fostering and supporting the private and non-profit sectors. This is especially relevant in a country like the US where private initiative has been seen in many occasions as the greatest driver of economic and social success. Yet, the performance of San Francisco City cannot be explained without the role played by the public sector, in coordination with the civil society

Zoning a cross-border city

This paper investigates zoning in a cross-border linear city that consists of two bordering towns. In each town a local regulator has a say in the location of the local firm. The incentive to gain consumers from the other town, or not to lose local consumers, may push regulators to approve only locations for firms close enough to the frontier. When zoning is costly an asymmetric equilibrium may emerge: only one regulator resorts to zoning. In the case of towns of different sizes the regulator of the larger town is the only one that zones in an asymmetric equilibrium.

Understanding Density in an Uneven City, Santiago de Chile: Implications for Social and Environmental Sustainability

Efforts to promote infill development and to raise densities are growing in many cities around the world as a way to encourage urban sustainability. However, in cities polarized along socio-economic lines, the benefits of densification are not so evident. The aim of this paper is to discuss some of the contradictions of densification in Santiago de Chile, a city characterized by socio-spatial disparities. To that end, we first use regression analysis to explain differences in density rates within the city. The regression analysis shows that dwelling density depends on the distance from the city center, socioeconomic conditions, and the availability of urban attributes in the area. After understanding the density profile, we discuss the implications for travel and the distribution of social infrastructures and the environmental services provided by green areas. While, at the metropolitan scale, densification may favor a more sustainable travel pattern, it should be achieved by balancing density rates and addressing spatial differences in the provision of social services and environmental amenities. We believe a metropolitan approach is essential to correct these spatial imbalances and to promote a more sustainable and socially cohesive growth pattern.

Evaluation of marine phytoplankton toxicity by application of marine invertebrate bioassays

The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum and the haptophyte Prymnesium parvum are well known for their toxin production and negative effects in marine coastal environments. A. minutum produces toxins which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans and can affect copepods, shellfish and other marine organisms. Toxins of P. parvum are associated with massive fish mortalities resulting in negative impacts on the marine ecosystem and large economic losses in commercial aquaculture. The aim of this work is to improve our knowledge about the reliability of the use of marine invertebrate bioassays to detect microalgae toxicity, by performing: (i) a 24- to 48-h test with the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana; (ii) a 48-hour embryo-larval toxicity test with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus; and (iii) a 72-h test with the amphipod Corophium multisetosum. The results indicate that A. franciscana and P. lividus larvae are sensitive to the toxicity of A. minutum and P. parvum. LC50 comparison analysis between the tested organisms reveals that A. franciscana is the most sensitive organism for A. minutum. These findings suggest that the use of different organizational biological level bioassays appears to be a suitable tool for A. minutum and P. parvum toxicity assessment.

A Marketing Plan for the Exeter City Supporters' Trust

[EN] This project is a marketing plan for the Exeter City Supporters' Trust. It has operated for several years without an adequate marketing strategy and this has lead to poor communication and distribution strategies being followed, which have hindered its progress. The following marketing plan analyses the external and internal factors which affect the Trust. It also proposes objectives, strategies and action plans to address the aforementioned deficiencies, building upon the entity's strengths and the opportunities in the environment.

Integrated assessment of environmental pollution using diverse sentinel organisms within Basque marine environments

294 p.

Simplified Formulae for the Estimation of Offshore Wind Turbines Clutter on Marine Radars

The potential impact that offshore wind farms may cause on nearby marine radars should be considered before the wind farm is installed. Strong radar echoes from the turbines may degrade radars' detection capability in the area around the wind farm. Although conventional computational methods provide accurate results of scattering by wind turbines, they are not directly implementable in software tools that can be used to conduct the impact studies. This paper proposes a simple model to assess the clutter that wind turbines may generate on marine radars. This method can be easily implemented in the system modeling software tools for the impact analysis of a wind farm in a real scenario.