Phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of histone H1: effects on secondary structure and DNA condensation

Linker histone H1 plays an important role in chromatin folding. Phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases is the main post-translational modification of histone H1. We studied the effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound H1 carboxy-terminal domain (CTD), which contains most of the phosphorylation sites of the molecule. The effects of phosphorylation on the secondary structure of the DNA-bound CTD were site-specific and depended on the number of phosphate groups. Full phosphorylation significantly increased the proportion of -structure and decreased that of -helix. Partial phosphorylation increased the amount of undefined structure and decreased that of -helix without a significant increase in -structure. Phosphorylation had a moderate effect on the affinity of the CTD for the DNA, which was proportional to the number of phosphate groups. Partial phosphorylation drastically reduced the aggregation of DNA fragments by the CTD, but full phosphorylation restored to a large extent the aggregation capacity of the unphosphorylated domain. These results support the involvement of H1 hyperphosphorylation in metaphase chromatin condensation and of H1 partial phosphorylation in interphase chromatin relaxation. More generally, our results suggest that the effects of phosphorylation are mediated by specific structural changes and are not simply a consequence of the net charge.

Assembly of viral genomes from metagenomes

Viral infections remain a serious global health issue. Metagenomic approaches are increasingly used in the detection of novel viral pathogens but also to generate complete genomes of uncultivated viruses. In silico identification of complete viral genomes from sequence data would allow rapid phylogenetic characterization of these new viruses. Often, however, complete viral genomes are not recovered, but rather several distinct contigs derived from a single entity are, some of which have no sequence homology to any known proteins. De novo assembly of single viruses from a metagenome is challenging, not only because of the lack of a reference genome, but also because of intrapopulation variation and uneven or insufficient coverage. Here we explored different assembly algorithms, remote homology searches, genome-specific sequence motifs, k-mer frequency ranking, and coverage profile binning to detect and obtain viral target genomes from metagenomes. All methods were tested on 454-generated sequencing datasets containing three recently described RNA viruses with a relatively large genome which were divergent to previously known viruses from the viral families Rhabdoviridae and Coronaviridae. Depending on specific characteristics of the target virus and the metagenomic community, different assembly and in silico gap closure strategies were successful in obtaining near complete viral genomes.

Estudio comparativo entre tumor primario y metastásico de la trimetilación de la Histona H3 en el modelo in vivo de metástasis hepática de cáncer colorrectal murino.

Los mecanismos epigenéticos, entre los que está implicada la modificación covalente de histonas, son esenciales para el mantenimiento estable de la actividad génica en las células. Estos mecanismos también están implicados en la aparición de enfermedades como el cáncer colorrectal (CCR), siendo la metástasis hepática una de las formas más agresivas de la misma al producir una drástica disminución de la esperanza de vida del enfermo. Las modificaciones en las histonas, conocidas recientemente como código histónico, afectan a la estructura de la cromatina y juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de la tumorogénesis. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de aquellas células que adquieren la capacidad de metastatizar, y es por ello que en el presente trabajo se estudian las diferencias epigenéticas entre células tumorales primarias y células tumorales metastásicas para el patrón de trimetilación de la histona H3 en tres residuos diferentes del aminoácido lisina: lisina 4 (H3K4me3), lisina 9 (H3K9me3) y lisina 27 (H3K27me3).