Kirol marken irudi eta posizionamendu analisia EAEko eta Alemaniako merkatuan

(EUSKERA) Azken urteetan, marken irudi eta posizionamendua neurtzeko asmoz, bai eremu profesionaletik bai hezkuntzaren eremutik ekarpenak egiten ari dira. Lan honetan, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko (Espainia) eta Bavariako (Alemania) eremu geografikoetara mugatuz kirol marken inguruko merkataritza ikerketa bat garatu izan da. Kontsumitzaileen portaeran eta pentsaeran ematen diren aldaketa azkarrak merkatuaren analisi jarraitu baten beharra sortzen dute. Planteamendu honekin, lan honetan, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoko eta Bavariako kirol marka nagusien irudia eta posizionamendua aztertu da, hauek definitzen dituzten funtsezko ezaugarriak eta jarrerak deskribatuz eta bezeroen pertzepzioei dagokienez antzekoak diren marka taldeak identifikatuz.

Linking Reduced Deforestation and a Global Carbon Market: Impacts on Costs, Financial Flows, and Technological Innovation

25 p.

Systematic liquidity: commonality and inter-temporal variation in the Portuguese stock market

[EN] The aim of this paper is to study systematic liquidity at the Euronext Lisbon Stock Exchange. The motivation for this research is provided by the growing interest in financial literature about stock liquidity and the implications of commonality in liquidity for asset pricing since it could represent a source of non-diversifiable risk. Namely, it is analysed whether there exist common factors that drive the variation in individual stock liquidity and the causes of the inter-temporal variation of aggregate liquidity. Monthly data for the period between January 1988 and December 2011 is used to compute some of the most used proxies for liquidity: bid-ask spreads, turnover rate, trading volume, proportion of zero returns and the illiquidity ratio. Following Chordia et al. (2000) methodology, some evidence of commonality in liquidity is found in the Portuguese stock market when the proportion of zero returns is used as a measure of liquidity. In relation to the factors that drive the inter-temporal variation of the Portuguese stock market liquidity, the results obtained within a VAR framework suggest that changes in real economy activity, monetary policy (proxied by changes in monetary aggregate M1) and stock market returns play an important role as determinants of commonality in liquidity.