Linguistic Polarization and Conflict in the Basque Country

This paper investigates the relationship between linguistic polarization and conflict in the Basque Country. During the 40 years of Franco’s dictatorship the use of the Basque language was banned. Therefore, there may be some linguistic roots underlying the conflict in the Basque Country. We show that at the municipality level, linguistic polarization reduces the level of conflict. This finding is robust to various ways of measuring linguistic and ideological polarization and the inclusion of other covariates. In addition, we find that a high level of the stock of human capital is beneficial for reducing conflict intensity.

Methods for Measuring Aggregate Costs of Conflict

This paper reviews the methods for measuring the economic cost of conflict. Estimating the economic costs of conflict requires a counterfactual calculation, which makes this a very difficult task. Social researchers have resorted to different estimation methods depending on the particular effect in question. The method used in each case depends on the units being analyzed (firms, sectors, regions or countries), the outcome variable under study (aggregate output, market valuation of firms, market shares, etc.) and data availability (a single cross-section, time series or panel data). This paper reviews existing methods used in the literature to assess the economic impact of conflict: cost accounting, cross-section methods, time series methods, panel data methods, gravity models, event studies, natural experiments and comparative case studies. The paper ends with a discussion of cost estimates and directions for further research.

Conferencia "Culture, Freedom and Christianity", presentada por Alberto de Onaindia en el Congress for Cultural Freedom, celebrado en Berlín en 1950.

Fecha: 2-7-1950 / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 45 - Expediente 2-27 / Nº de pág.: 6 (mecanografiadas)

A neural extracellular matrix-based method for in vitro hippocampal neuron culture and dopaminergic differentiation of neural stem cells

Background: The ability to recreate an optimal cellular microenvironment is critical to understand neuronal behavior and functionality in vitro. An organized neural extracellular matrix (nECM) promotes neural cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we expanded previous observations on the ability of nECM to support in vitro neuronal differentiation, with the following goals: (i) to recreate complex neuronal networks of embryonic rat hippocampal cells, and (ii) to achieve improved levels of dopaminergic differentiation of subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitor cells. Methods: Hippocampal cells from E18 rat embryos were seeded on PLL- and nECM-coated substrates. Neurosphere cultures were prepared from the SVZ of P4-P7 rat pups, and differentiation of neurospheres assayed on PLL- and nECM-coated substrates. Results: When seeded on nECM-coated substrates, both hippocampal cells and SVZ progenitor cells showed neural expression patterns that were similar to their poly-L-lysine-seeded counterparts. However, nECM-based cultures of both hippocampal neurons and SVZ progenitor cells could be maintained for longer times as compared to poly-L-lysine-based cultures. As a result, nECM-based cultures gave rise to a more branched neurite arborization of hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, the prolonged differentiation time of SVZ progenitor cells in nECM allowed us to obtain a purer population of dopaminergic neurons. Conclusions: We conclude that nECM-based coating is an efficient substrate to culture neural cells at different stages of differentiation. In addition, neural ECM-coated substrates increased neuronal survival and neuronal differentiation efficiency as compared to cationic polymers such as poly-L-lysine.

Detection of Atomic Scale Changes in the Free Volume Void Size of Three-Dimensional Colorectal Cancer Cell Culture Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy

5 p.

La mediación para resolver los conflictos en las aulas

RESUMEN: Este trabajo muestra qué es el conflicto, las estrategias más utilizadas en educación para gestionarlo y en concreto la de la mediación. Además, contiene un análisis cualitativo para conocer la necesidad e importancia de tener un programa de mediación en las escuelas, realizado a través de varias entrevistas en tres centros educativos del País Vasco. El análisis de estas entrevistas lleva a pensar que la mediación es una herramienta adecuada para resolver los conflictos que se crean en las escuelas, pero que no debe ser la única, sino una más dentro de los programas y planes de un centro.

El «Ión»,fundador de la hermenéutica occidental

[ES] En el «Ión» Platón funda la hermenéutica occidental, no la práctica de la exégesis. Para ello debe rechazar el liderazgo de la poesía. Y en un triple frente. Como saber, la poesía no distingue entre significante y significado, y considera la interpretación como un mero descifrado, no como un análisis de la verdad y falsedad del significado. Como discurso legitimador, es una liturgia, no una funcionalización técnica, además de que oculta el conflicto en que toda sociedad consiste. Como competencia interactiva, el poeta no es autónomo, sino alienado, y pone en juego la emotividad, no la racionalidad. Desde este breve diálogo, la filosofía y la literatura se han disociado dramáticamente en la cultura occidental.