Costes potenciales ante el déficit de señalización en la Licenciatura de Ciencias Económicas para la Empresa

[ES] El desempleo existente entre los recién licenciados en España ha alcanzado un nivel récord comparado con el resto de los países en la Unión Europea. A su vez no hay ningún país en la Unión Europea que cuente con tantos estudiantes y licenciados como España. Este artículo no muestra los altos costes para los recién licenciados y el estado en general, sino se centra en los potenciales costes para las empresas en este país que conllevan estas circunstancias. Como base teórica este artículo aplicará los resultados de la Teoría de la agencia para hacer ver que las titulaciones tanto universitarias como no universitarias pueden sufrir una deflación permanente del valor. Con ayuda del ejemplo de la situación de los recién licenciados en Ingeniería y Empresariales en España frente a Alemania este artículo muestra como la deficiente señalización de las titulaciones puede provocar los ya mencionados costes.

Learning to perceive in the sensor motor approach: Piaget's theory of equilibration interpreted dynamically

Learning to perceive is faced with a classical paradox: if understanding is required for perception, how can we learn to perceive something new, something we do not yet understand? According to the sensorimotor approach, perception involves mastery of regular sensorimotor co-variations that depend on the agent and the environment, also known as the "laws" of sensorimotor contingencies (SMCs). In this sense, perception involves enacting relevant sensorimotor skills in each situation. It is important for this proposal that such skills can be learned and refined with experience and yet up to this date, the sensorimotor approach has had no explicit theory of perceptual learning. The situation is made more complex if we acknowledge the open-ended nature of human learning. In this paper we propose Piaget's theory of equilibration as a potential candidate to fulfill this role. This theory highlights the importance of intrinsic sensorimotor norms, in terms of the closure of sensorimotor schemes. It also explains how the equilibration of a sensorimotor organization faced with novelty or breakdowns proceeds by re-shaping pre-existing structures in coupling with dynamical regularities of the world. This way learning to perceive is guided by the equilibration of emerging forms of skillful coping with the world. We demonstrate the compatibility between Piaget's theory and the sensorimotor approach by providing a dynamical formalization of equilibration to give an explicit micro-genetic account of sensorimotor learning and, by extension, of how we learn to perceive. This allows us to draw important lessons in the form of general principles for open-ended sensorimotor learning, including the need for an intrinsic normative evaluation by the agent itself. We also explore implications of our micro-genetic account at the personal level.