Estudio sobre la eficacia de los óxidos de hierro en la eliminación de aniones inorgánicos del agua

Este proyecto constituye un estudio acerca de la eficacia de dos óxidos de hierro, goethita y akaganeita en la eliminación de ciertos aniones presentes en el agua: cloruro, clorato, fluoruro, fosfato, nitrato y sulfato. Se evaluará la capacidad de adsorción y el porcentaje de eliminación de aniones de los dos óxidos, así como del material resultante de su soporte sobre carbón activo.

Innovative reaction systems for acetal (1,1 diethoxy butane) production from renewable sources

370 p.: il., graf.

Avances en espectrometría de masas con fuente de plasma: Análisis simultáneo de elementos mayores y trazas mediante Q-ICP-MS y análisis isotópicos de Sm-Nd mediante HR-MC-ICP-MS. Aplicación en estudios geoquímicos

186 p. : il.

Estudio de las estructuras cristalinas y de las transiciones de fase en nuevos materiales de wolframio (SrM2+W6+O) y de antimonio (AM3+Sb5+O) con estructura de perovskita doble.

Los óxidos mixtos con estructura tipo perovskita doble A2BBO6 presentan gran interés desde el punto de vista científico y tecnológico debido a la gran variedad de propiedades que poseen: superconductoras, catalíticas, magnéticas y magnetorresistentes, por ejemplo. La temperatura es un variable que permite modificar la simetría de la estructura cristalina y, consecuentemente, las propiedades físicas del material. El trabajo describe la síntesis, caracterización estructural y de las transiciones de fase en nuevos materiales de dos familias de perovskitas dobles: la familia de wolframio (Sr2M2+W6+O6) y la familia de antimonio (A2M3+Sb5+O6). Se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de 29 compuestos, 22 de ellos sintetizados por primera vez. Los compuestos se han caracterizado mediante técnicas de difracción de rayos X y de neutrones, determinando su estructura cristalina a temperatura ambiente, así como las posibles transiciones de fase a bajas y altas temperaturas, y en algunos casos, también las estructuras de altas y bajas temperaturas. Los materiales de la familia de wolframio estudiados en este trabajo presentan un ordenamiento total entre los cationes M2+ y W6+ en los sitios B y B de la perovskita doble (A2BBO6); y presentan, además, una única secuencia de transiciones de fase a altas temperaturas: P21/n -> I4/m -> Fm3m. Las temperaturas de las transiciones de fase observadas en estos compuestos en función del factor de tolerancia (t), muestran una tendencia general de disminución según t se aproxima a 1. En esta familia, se observa, también, que el rango de existencia de la fase tetragonal intermedia es más amplio para valores de t mayores. Con respecto de la familia de antimonio, el ordenamiento catiónico en los sitios A y B, de una parte, y en los sitios B y B de otra, depende del tamaño de los cationes. Los compuestos de esta familia presentan una gran variedad de grupos espaciales a temperatura ambiente: P2_1 /n, I2/m, I4/m, R-3 y Fm-3m. Además, dependiendo de la diferencia entre los tamaños de los cationes M^3+ y Sb^5+ , los compuestos presentan dos secuencias de transiciones de fase en todo el rango de temperatura: P21/n->I2/m->I4/m->Fm-3m, la misma que en la familia del wolframio pero con una simetría intermedia monoclínica I2/m (compuestos con cationes M^3+ de tamaños similares al del Sb^5+ ); y P21/n -> R-3 -> Fm-3m, con una simetría intermedia trigonal en vez de tetragonal, como en la familia del wolframio (compuestos con cationes M3+ de tamaños mayores que el del Sb5+ ). En esta familia, las temperaturas de las transiciones de fase disminuyen conforme aumenta t.

Beta-Hydroxyimino Phosphorus Derivatives. An Efficient Tool in Organic Synthesis

[EN] The purpose of this review article is to illustrate synthetic aspects of functionalized phosphorus derivatives containing an oximo moiety at the beta-position. First section will be focused on the synthesis of phosphine oxides, phosphonates or phosphonium salts containing an oxime group. The synthesis of these derivatives comprises the carbon–phosphorus single bond construction by reaction of haloximes with phosphorus derivatives, nucleophilic addition of phosphorus reagents to carbonyl compounds, or nucleophilic addition of phosphorus reagents to nitro olefins. This section will also concentrate on the most practical routes for the synthesis of the target compounds, through carbon–nitrogen double bond formation, which are as follows: condensation processes of carbonyl compounds and hydroxylamine derivatives or addition of hydroxylamines to allenes or alkynes. The preparative use of beta-oximo phosphorus derivatives as synthetic intermediates will be discussed in a second section, comprising olefination reaction, oxidation of oximes to nitrile oxides by reaction at the C-N double bond of the oxime moiety, oxidation of these substrates to nitrosoalkenes, reduction to the corresponding hydroxylamines and some reactions at the hydroxyl group of the hydroxyimino moiety.

Mejora de la calidad del agua de consumo mediante el control y eliminación aniones tóxicos

El agua es un bien necesario para la vida . Por ello, la problemática del tratamient o de agua es un tema de gran interés a nivel mundial. Las desviaciones que se pueden producir en el sistema de potabilización actual hacen necesario encontrar nuevos métodos para la eliminación de las sustancias tóxicas que puedan estar presentes en el medio. De ntro de estas sustancia s tóxicas destacan los aniones inorgánicos debido, en gran medida , al impacto de la actividad hu mana sobre las reservas de agua, p ara su eliminación existen numerosas alternati vas. N o obstante, diversos estudios plantean el uso de los óxidos de hierro ya q ue han demostrado ser eficaces para la eliminación de un gran rango de sustancias , por este motivo , se decide trabajar con ellas. Para aumentar la eficacia de eliminación , los óxidos son soportados a un mineral de arcilla, la montmorillonita. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es el análisis de la eficacia de varios óxidos de hierro asociados a un mineral de arcilla para eliminar una batería de aniones tóxicos c ompuesta por cloruro, clorato, fluor uro, fosfato, nitrato y sulfato de una muestra de agua

Química de polioxometalatos : Estudio termodifractométrico de la deshidratación del compuesto [Ni(C6H5NO2)3]2[GeW12O40] · 18 H2O

El oxígeno es el elemento más abundante en la corteza terrestre, constituye el 46.5% del peso total y el 94.07% de su volumen 1 . A su vez el 21% del volumen total de la atmósfera está compuesto por oxígeno 2 ( siendo así el segundo elemento más abundante). Por lo tanto, es obvia la influencia que tiene en la Química Inorgánica esta mayoritaria presencia de oxígeno, que se manifiesta tanto en disoluciones como en estado sólido. Al estudiar la influencia que ejerce el oxígeno en el estado sólido, lo común es encontrarse con lo s óxidos metálicos. Sin embargo, no es tan fácil encontrarse con oxoaniones (dejando a un lado por supuesto la notable excepción que tienen los silicatos). De hecho, polioxoaniones con tres o más átomos de oxígeno se encuentran solamente en dos regiones de la tabla periódica ( Figura 1 ) . Sin embargo, los átomos de vanadio, molibdeno y wolframio (denominados átomos adenda ) tienen la capacidad de formar clústeres metal - oxígeno siempre y cuando estos metales de transición se encuentren en su estado de oxidació n más alto (vanadio (V), molibdeno (VI) y wolframio (VI). Tal es la importancia que tiene este tipo de compuestos en la química y en el uso que se les puede dar (principalmente en actividades catalíticas), que la Química de los Polioxomentalatos constituye una de las líneas de investigación que más está creciendo en las últimas décadas

HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES BASED ON ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTING POLYMERS AND INORGANIC NANOSTRUCTURED ELECTRODES

La fotovoltaica orgánica es una tecnología solar emergente que todavía no ha entrado en el mercado. El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido acercar un poco más la industrialización de dicha tecnología mediante el incremento de la eficiencia y la durabilidad de estos dispositivos solares. Para la consecución de dicho objetivo se identificaron las limitaciones existentes y se diseñó una hora de ruta con diversas estrategias para poder superar cada uno de los problemas. Así, mediante un exhaustivo control de la nano morfología del film fotoactivo y la introducción de electrodos nanoestructurados se ha conseguido incrementar la eficiencia. La sustitución de los electrodos estándares por nuevos electrodos basados en óxidos metálicos confiere durabilidad al sistema. Por último, la sustitución del óxido de indio y estaño como electrodo transparente por nanohilos metálicos de plata habilita la posibilidad de fabricar dispositivos solares flexibles de bajo coste.

Estudio del efecto de la hidratación de la escoria blanca de acería de HEA: aplicación en pastas y morteros de cemento

xxiv, 252 p.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Desarrollo de capas de contacto para su aplicación en SOFC

256 p.+anexos

El plasma rico en factores de crecimiento como alternativa terapéutica en el ojo seco y en defectos epiteliales persistentes

184 p.

Funcionalización y estudio de nanopartículas de magnetita para su aplicación en terapias de hipertermia magnética

262 p.

Cellular and molecular responses of zebrafish to legacy and emerging pollutants: the specific cases of PAHs and metal oxide nanoparticles

270 p.

Nuevos vanadatos híbridos de metales de transición. Síntesis hidrotermal, estudio estructural y de sus propiedades espectroscópicas y magnéticas

267 p.