Estudio de los gastos familiares básicos: opciones, costes y comparativa financiera

Estudio y contraste de las opciones a seguir dentro de las principales partidas de gasto de la unidad familiar. Determinando en primer lugar, cuales son esa partidas principales, las posibles opciones a adquirir y costes de los mismos. Para terminar realizando un contraste financiero entre unas opciones y otras ampliando el cálculo al largo plazo.

Differential Neuroprotective Effects of 5 '-Deoxy-5 '-Methylthioadenosine

Background: 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) is an endogenous compound produced through the metabolism of polyamines. The therapeutic potential of MTA has been assayed mainly in liver diseases and, more recently, in animal models of multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of this molecule in vitro and to assess whether MTA can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in order to also analyze its potential neuroprotective efficacy in vivo. Methods: Neuroprotection was assessed in vitro using models of excitotoxicity in primary neurons, mixed astrocyte-neuron and primary oligodendrocyte cultures. The capacity of MTA to cross the BBB was measured in an artificial membrane assay and using an in vitro cell model. Finally, in vivo tests were performed in models of hypoxic brain damage, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Results: MTA displays a wide array of neuroprotective activities against different insults in vitro. While the data from the two complementary approaches adopted indicate that MTA is likely to cross the BBB, the in vivo data showed that MTA may provide therapeutic benefits in specific circumstances. Whereas MTA reduced the neuronal cell death in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and the size of the lesion in global but not focal ischemic brain damage, it was ineffective in preserving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine (MPTP)-mice model. However, in this model of Parkinson's disease the combined administration of MTA and an A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist did produce significant neuroprotection in this brain region. Conclusion: MTA may potentially offer therapeutic neuroprotection.

Proposal and validation of methodologies for the categorisation of continuous variables in the development of prediction models

158 p.

El Buen Vivir (Sumak Kawsay), una alternativa para transformar el modelo actual de desarrollo. Un principio facilitador para la Educación Social

[es] La finalidad de esta investigación consiste en dar significado y comprender el enfoque del Buen Vivir como una alternativa al modelo actual de desarrollo. El situar la solidaridad y el pensamiento colectivo en las acciones dirigidas al cambio social, es un reto asumido en esta investigación. Para ello, se ha realizado un análisis en profundidad de los principios y teorías que están en la base de este enfoque y, a partir de este, se proponen cinco claves a tener en cuenta en una intervención social, inspiradas en el Sumak Kawsay. Finalmente, se exponen directrices para construir puentes entre el Buen Vivir y la Educación Social, para dotar a la acción comunitaria de una visión holística que se asiente en la concepción del Bien Común.

Danza, virtudes humanas y bienestar psicológico

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer un análisis de la contribución de la danza en los profesionales y practicantes de la misma en el desarrollo de las virtudes humanas, las cuales suponen factores determinantes del bienestar psicológico. La investigación se basa en una metodología descriptiva-cuantitativa a través de la recogida de información en un cuestionario de 29 ítems cerrados. La finalidad es medir la relación de las variables de edad, género, perfil, tipo de danza y motivación en danza, con el supuesto de práctica danza-desarrollo virtudes humanas. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que los profesionales y practicantes de danza perciben esta relación como alta, lo cual abre una línea de investigación interesante para la Educación Social en cuanto a la danza como un nuevo ámbito o herramienta a través de la cual poder promocionar el desarrollo de las virtudes humanas y con ello incentivar el bienestar psicológico de los individuos.

Towards Application of One-Class Classification Methods to Medical Data

In the problem of one-class classification (OCC) one of the classes, the target class, has to be distinguished from all other possible objects, considered as nontargets. In many biomedical problems this situation arises, for example, in diagnosis, image based tumor recognition or analysis of electrocardiogram data. In this paper an approach to OCC based on a typicality test is experimentally compared with reference state-of-the-art OCC techniques-Gaussian, mixture of Gaussians, naive Parzen, Parzen, and support vector data description-using biomedical data sets. We evaluate the ability of the procedures using twelve experimental data sets with not necessarily continuous data. As there are few benchmark data sets for one-class classification, all data sets considered in the evaluation have multiple classes. Each class in turn is considered as the target class and the units in the other classes are considered as new units to be classified. The results of the comparison show the good performance of the typicality approach, which is available for high dimensional data; it is worth mentioning that it can be used for any kind of data (continuous, discrete, or nominal), whereas state-of-the-art approaches application is not straightforward when nominal variables are present.

Comparison of the Transcriptional Profiles of Melanocytes from Dark and Light Skinned Individuals under Basal Conditions and Following Ultraviolet-B Irradiation

We analysed the whole-genome transcriptional profile of 6 cell lines of dark melanocytes (DM) and 6 of light melanocytes (LM) at basal conditions and after ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation at different time points to investigate the mechanisms by which melanocytes protect human skin from the damaging effects of UVB. Further, we assessed the effect of different keratinocyte-conditioned media (KCM+ and KCM-) on melanocytes. Our results suggest that an interaction between ribosomal proteins and the P53 signaling pathway may occur in response to UVB in both DM and LM. We also observed that DM and LM show differentially expressed genes after irradiation, in particular at the first 6h after UVB. These are mainly associated with inflammatory reactions, cell survival or melanoma. Furthermore, the culture with KCM+ compared with KCM- had a noticeable effect on LM. This effect includes the activation of various signaling pathways such as the mTOR pathway, involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth, proliferation and survival. Finally, the comparison of the transcriptional profiles between LM and DM under basal conditions, and the application of natural selection tests in human populations allowed us to support the significant evolutionary role of MIF and ATP6V0B in the pigmentary phenotype.

Mechanisms of Toxicity of Ag Nanoparticles in Comparison to Bulk and Ionic Ag on Mussel Hemocytes and Gill Cells

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are increasingly used in many products and are expected to end up in the aquatic environment. Mussels have been proposed as marine model species to evaluate NP toxicity in vitro. The objective of this work was to assess the mechanisms of toxicity of Ag NPs on mussel hemocytes and gill cells, in comparison to ionic and bulk Ag. Firstly, cytotoxicity of commercial and maltose stabilized Ag NPs was screened in parallel with the ionic and bulk forms at a wide range of concentrations in isolated mussel cells using cell viability assays. Toxicity of maltose alone was also tested. LC50 values were calculated and the most toxic Ag NPs tested were selected for a second step where sublethal concentrations of each Ag form were tested using a wide array of mechanistic tests in both cell types. Maltose-stabilized Ag NPs showed size-dependent cytotoxicity, smaller (20 nm) NPs being more toxic than larger (40 and 100 nm) NPs. Maltose alone provoked minor effects on cell viability. Ionic Ag was the most cytotoxic Ag form tested whereas bulk Ag showed similar cytotoxicity to the commercial Ag NPs. Main mechanisms of action of Ag NPs involved oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the two cell types, activation of lysosomal AcP activity, disruption of actin cytoskeleton and stimulation of phagocytosis in hemocytes and increase of MXR transport activity and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in gill cells. Similar effects were observed after exposure to ionic and bulk Ag in the two cell types, although generally effects were more marked for the ionic form. In conclusion, results suggest that most observed responses were due at least in part to dissolved Ag.

Ancient DNA from South-East Europe Reveals Different Events during Early and Middle Neolithic Influencing the European Genetic Heritage

The importance of the process of Neolithization for the genetic make-up of European populations has been hotly debated, with shifting hypotheses from a demic diffusion (DD) to a cultural diffusion (CD) model. In this regard, ancient DNA data from the Balkan Peninsula, which is an important source of information to assess the process of Neolithization in Europe, is however missing. In the present study we show genetic information on ancient populations of the South-East of Europe. We assessed mtDNA from ten sites from the current territory of Romania, spanning a time-period from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. mtDNA data from Early Neolithic farmers of the Starcevo Cris culture in Romania (Carcea, Gura Baciului and Negrilesti sites), confirm their genetic relationship with those of the LBK culture (Linienbandkeramik Kultur) in Central Europe, and they show little genetic continuity with modern European populations. On the other hand, populations of the Middle-Late Neolithic (Boian, Zau and Gumelnita cultures), supposedly a second wave of Neolithic migration from Anatolia, had a much stronger effect on the genetic heritage of the European populations. In contrast, we find a smaller contribution of Late Bronze Age migrations to the genetic composition of Europeans. Based on these findings, we propose that permeation of mtDNA lineages from a second wave of Middle-Late Neolithic migration from North-West Anatolia into the Balkan Peninsula and Central Europe represent an important contribution to the genetic shift between Early and Late Neolithic populations in Europe, and consequently to the genetic make-up of modern European populations.

La crisi presente. La autonomía de la voluntad La operatividad de la clausula Rebus sic Stantibus

La situación que emergió a partir del año 2008, hizo resurgir la necesidad de indagar sobre la posibilidad jurídica y la necesidad social de revisar los pactos contractuales vigentes. Por tanto se pretendía deducir si la situación de crisis económica permitía excepciones al principio de la autonomía de la voluntad, y llegados a este punto determinar si era posible la aplicación de la clausula rebus sic stantibus, es decir, si era posible modificar el contenido contractual inicialmente querido y pactado por las partes. Esta tarea se vio incentivada por varios pronunciamientos del Tribunal Supremo, que en términos generales consideraron la clausula como aplicación normalizada, dejando atrás la concepción de regla peligrosa para el sistema contractual.

Estimacion de sexo y edad a nivel esqueletico: aplicacion forense y antropologica

[ES] La estimación del sexo y la edad son esenciales para la identificación individual de restos humanos y para el conocimiento e interpretación de la variabilidad biológica del pasado. El objetivo de este trabajo es la elaboración de un protocolo metodológico de análisis morfológico y morfométrico, para la estimación del sexo en adultos y de la edad en subadultos y adultos. Las principales metodologías incluidas en este trabajo pueden emplearse en restos esqueléticos de procedencia europea. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en revistas de ámbito forense y antropológico a fin de reunir un conjunto de metodologías aplicables tanto a esqueletos completos como parciales. Finalmente, en la elección de los métodos incluidos en este protocolo se tuvieron en cuenta dos criterios: la bondad de ajuste y el grado de complejidad del método.

An approach version of fuzzy metric spaces including an ad hoc fixed point theorem

In this paper, inspired by two very different, successful metric theories such us the real view-point of Lowen's approach spaces and the probabilistic field of Kramosil and Michalek's fuzzymetric spaces, we present a family of spaces, called fuzzy approach spaces, that are appropriate to handle, at the same time, both measure conceptions. To do that, we study the underlying metric interrelationships between the above mentioned theories, obtaining six postulates that allow us to consider such kind of spaces in a unique category. As a result, the natural way in which metric spaces can be embedded in both classes leads to a commutative categorical scheme. Each postulate is interpreted in the context of the study of the evolution of fuzzy systems. First properties of fuzzy approach spaces are introduced, including a topology. Finally, we describe a fixed point theorem in the setting of fuzzy approach spaces that can be particularized to the previous existing measure spaces.