124 resultados para Generación distribuida


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Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13,14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.

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Este TFG consiste en la comparación de dos sistemas de propulsión y generación eléctrica. El primero de ellos una propulsión diesel mecánica, el remolcador real; y el segundo una propulsión híbrida, el remolcador de estudio. Se hace la comparativa desde dos puntos de vista las emisiones de gases de escape y los consumos de combustible.

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El objetivo general de este trabajo es avanzar en la optimización de catalizadores de platino para el hidrocraqueo de poliestireno en fase líquida en una sola etapa, hacia la obtención de combustibles líquidos, dentro de las diferentes alternativas para la valorización de residuos plásticos. Mediante este proceso, se pretende minimizar la cantidad de residuos plásticos que se destinan a vertedero, en el marco de la Directiva 2008/98/CE, como solución efectiva y eco-eficiente a su inevitable generación. En estudios previos, se ha determinado que catalizadores de platino soportados sobre zeolita HBeta resultaban adecuados para esta aplicación. Por otro lado, un profundo estudio de las distintas etapas de transferencia de materia, combinando resultados experimentales con correlaciones empíricas, ha permitido definir condiciones experimentales en las que se puede trabajar en régimen cinético, lo que resulta fundamental para trabajar en el diseño de catalizadores. Partiendo de estos resultados, los objetivos específicos del trabajo se han enfocado en:  Minimizar la cantidad de platino a emplear en un catalizador de Pt/HBeta para esta aplicación, teniendo en cuenta que se trata de un metal noble y que, por lo tanto, encarece el precio de los catalizadores de forma muy importante. Se trata, en este caso, de mantener adecuados niveles de actividad y, sobre todo, selectividad hacia los productos deseados. La selectividad, desde el punto de vista del platino, se relaciona principalmente, para el caso del poliestireno, con la presencia de productos de hidrogenación del monómero.  Optimizar el método de incorporación del platino al catalizador. El planteamiento, en este caso, es que, dado el elevado tamaño de las moléculas de polímero, la reacción de hidrocraqueo tendrá lugar, casi exclusivamente, sobre la superficie externa del catalizador, y la hidrogenación del monómero puede alcanzar una capa algo más profunda. En cualquier caso, parece evidente que el platino depositado en las capas más profundas del catalizador permanecerá desaprovechado, y sería interesante obtener una distribución de tipo “egg-shell”.

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Los plásticos proporcionan claros beneficios a la sociedad, es un material de innegable utilidad presente en infinidad de productos de uso cotidiano . No obstante, p ese a no ser considerados resi duos peligrosos, los res i duos plásticos representan un problema ambiental global de creciente preocupación ya que la cultura del uso y desecho que prevalece hoy en día hac e que la generación de res i duos ocurra de manera masiva y conti nua . Además, e l plástico es un material inorgánico que tiene alta durabilidad. Se calcula que puede tardar entre 100 y 1000 años en degradarse d ependiendo del tipo de plástico, lo que supone que no se reincorpore fácilmente a los ciclos naturales, permaneciendo por largos periodos y afectando de diferentes maneras los lugares donde queda dispuesto. Por lo tanto, los impactos ambientales son acumulativos, de largo plazo y lejanos. El interés de reciclar los plá sticos surge por la necesidad de eliminar su dep ó sito en vertederos, donde dada su baja degradabilidad solo originan problemas medioambientales y de deterioro del paisaje. A nivel mundial , el principal impacto ambiental de los res i duos p lásticos es la contaminación de los océanos y mares. Es un impacto acumulativo que se presenta a largo plazo y cubre gran cantidad de espacios de todo el planeta. Se han encontrado cantidades substanciales de residuos contaminando los hábitats marinos desde los polos hasta el ecuador, desde costas remotas inhabitadas hasta costas altamente pobladas y áreas profundas del océano (Barnes y cols., 2009 ) . El bajo peso del plástico, que es una ventaja en las etapas de distri bución y consumo del producto plástico, se convierte en una problemática ambiental cuando los residuos plásticos navegan por corrientes subterráneas, ríos, mares y océanos.

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Este trabajo se centra en la inmovilización de la lipasa B de Candida antarctica en nanopartículas magnéticas y la posterior caracterización cinética de su actividad sintética en medios orgánicos para la pr oducción de biodiesel. La historia del biodiesel comienza en 1893, cuando Rudolph Diesel, el padre del motor diésel, puso en marcha el primer motor de este tipo. Más tarde, en 1900, Diesel ganó el Grand Prix en la Feria Mundial de París con su m otor impulsado por un biodiesel de aceite de cacahuete. En 1903, además, comenzó la producción del Modelo T de Henry Ford, diseñado para utilizar etanol como combustible. Diesel creía que la utilización de biodiesel era el futuro de la automoción: “ el uso de aceites vegetales como combustibles para motor puede parecer insignificante hoy en día, pero estos aceites puede n convertirse, con el transcurso del tiempo, en combustibles tan importantes como el petróleo y el carbón lo son hoy en día ” Sin embargo, a p artir de 1920, los fueles basados en petróleo comenzaron a ganar terreno, debido a su mayor eficiencia, menor precio y mejor disponibilidad. De esta forma, el mercado de los biofueles quedó relegado hasta que las distintas crisis del petróleo (1973, 1979, 19 90) unidas a la creciente preocupación por la polución y la c onservación del medio ambiente, además de al aumento de la población y por tanto de la demanda de combustibles , llevaron a devolve r la mirada a estos fueles . Fue en esta época cuando comenzó, p rincipalmente en EEUU y Brasil, la producción a gran escala de biocombustibles de primera generación, basados en la utilización de excedentes agrícolas como el maíz y la caña de azúcar para la producción de bioetanol y aceites de maíz y grasas animales par a la producción de biodiesel .

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El láser cladding es una tecnología en alza. Mediante la energía de una radiación láser, se crea un baño fundido de material que, combinado con la inyección de material en polvo a través de una boquilla y controlando el movimiento a través de la programación de una plataforma cinemática, ofrece la posibilidad de fabricar una geometría determinada mediante la adición de material. Se trata, sin embargo, de un proceso complejo en el que intervienen gran cantidad de fenómenos físicos y resulta complicado obtener un buen resultado en trayectorias complejas. En el presente trabajo se ha tratado el proceso de fabricación de una geometría compleja tipo álabe de turbina. Para ello, se ha comenzado por llevar a cabo una revisión bibliográfica, posteriormente, se han llevado a cabo una serie de ensayos experimentales para la determinación de parámetros de proceso, y finalmente, se ha desarrollado una estrategia de aporte original para estructuras tipo álabe que permite garantizar la estabilidad del proceso. En base a los resultados satisfactorios obtenidos, se ha concluido que mediante la aplicación de la nueva estrategia es posible la generación de geometrías complejas con alto grado de estabilidad.

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[EN] In today s economy, innovation is considered to be one of the main driving forces behind business competitiveness, if not the most relevant one. Traditionally, the study of innovation has been addressed from different perspectives. Recently, literature on knowledge management and intellectual capital has provided new insights. Considering this, the aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of different organizational conditions i.e. structural capital on innovation capability and innovation performance, from an intellectual capital (IC) perspective. As regards innovation capability, two dimensions are considered: new idea generation and innovation project management. The population subject to study is made up of technology-based Colombian firms. In order to gather information about the relevant variables involved in the research, a questionnaire was designed and addressed to the CEOs of the companies making up the target population. The sample analyzed is made up of 69 companies and is large enough to carry out a statistical study based on structural equation modelling (partial least squares approach) using PLS-Graph software (Chin and Frye, 2003). The results obtained show that structural capital explains to a great extent both the effectiveness of the new idea generation process and of innovation project management. However, the influence of each specific organizational component making up structural capital (organizational design, organizational culture, hiring and professional development policies, innovation strategy, technological capital, and external structure) varies. Moreover, successful innovation project management is the only innovation capability dimension that exerts a significant impact on company performance.

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Índice: - El cambio político postfranquista en el cine de su tiempo: "El disputado voto del señor Cayo". - La primera generación del postfranquismo. - El País Vasco, ¿una transición diferente? "Sombras de una batalla". - El País Vasco: ¿la cuestión pendiente de la transición? "Yoyes" de Helena Taberna. - "Cría cuervos", la representación del universo femenino en una película de la transición. - La España de los 80 en el cine de Pedro Almodóvar. - Continuidades y cambios sociales en la transición y democracia. - España fin de milenio: sobre "El día de la bestia" (Alex de la Iglesia, 1995). - Otras películas sobre la transición y la etapa socialista.

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El proyecto se centra en abastecer la demanda eléctrica del Centro Canino Berquier (Añorbe – Zona Media de Navarra), que cuenta una residencia canina, una consulta veterinaria y una vivienda, mediante un sistema aislado de la red y el uso de energías renovables. El abastecimiento de energía eléctrica mediante energías renovables, contará con un sistema de generación, almacenamiento y distribución, para garantizar un suministro en cantidad y calidad suficiente, del Centro Canino Berquier, Entre las opciones de abastecimiento doméstico renovable, tras un análisis preliminar de los recursos existentes en el emplazamiento del Centro Canino Berquier, se opta por una instalación híbrida eólica fotovoltaica autónoma, respaldada por un grupo electrógeno. Para el correcto dimensionado del mismo, se han seguido los siguientes pasos: - Estimación de los consumos del Centro Canino Berquier. - Caracterización del potencial eólico, evaluación y selección de la turbina eólica. - Radiación solar disponible, dimensionado, inclinación y orientación del generador FV. - Determinación de la capacidad de las baterías y del resto de componentes del sistema. - Cálculo del cableado y elementos de protección. - Esquema de conexiones. Si bien el proyecto, aparentemente, no aporta valor añadido en cuanto a la solución adoptada, (se ha empleado una tecnología técnicamente evaluada y económicamente viable), resulta recomendable como guía a la hora de afrontar proyectos de abastecimiento similares al nuestro.

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En la última década Mindfulness ha despertado gran interés como tratamiento terapéutico en la salud psicológica. Está inmerso en lo que ya se denominan Terapias de Tercera Generación, donde la aceptación es el concepto en cuál se centra. Existen varios programas en los que se aplica esta terapia y se han realizado estudios para numerosas aplicaciones clínicas, dando evidencia científica al respecto. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa es la de conocer la eficacia de la aplicación de la terapia Mindfulness para reducir los síntomas de ansiedad en personas adultas de Atención Primaria. Para ello, se revisan los fundamentos teóricos y mecanismos de acción de Mindfulness, y de qué manera actúa en los trastornos de ansiedad. Dentro de este marco, se expone en la discusión la aplicación de la terapia en Atención primaria y la posibilidad de ser una herramienta para el profesional de Enfermería. Finalmente, se concluye que Mindfulness tiene un efecto moderado para reducir los niveles de ansiedad, aunque sin gran diferencia respecto a las Terapias Cognitivo Conductuales utilizadas hasta el momento. Se observa una necesidad de mayor evidencia científica que respalde la idoneidad de la aplicación de Mindfulness en personas adultas de Atención Primaria para reducir los niveles de ansiedad. Y siendo esta terapia una herramienta idónea para ofrecer por parte del personal de Enfermería, existen pocos estudios en los que Enfermer@s sean los que aplican Mindfulness

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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

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La herramienta a desarrollar deberá facilitar la labor de planificación docente que se desarrolla en el departamento de manera anual. Para ello deberá permitir la introducción y gestión de los distintos datos necesarios para el funcionamiento (profesores, cargas docentes, asignaturas, subgrupos, horarios, etc.) y controlar de manera automática todas las restricciones que se definan a la hora de realizar la asignación docente. Por ejemplo, no se le pueden asignar al mismo profesor dos grupos distintos que coincidan en horario. Así mismo, la herramienta deberá permitir la obtención, almacenamiento (preferiblemente en formato pdf) e impresión de todos los tipos de resúmenes y estadísticas que se elaboran sobre la planificación docente. Idioma:Español