75 resultados para EMPLEADOS


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[ES]El proyecto investigador tiene el objeto el estudio del comportamiento de un perfil aerodinámico frente a un flujo turbulento, en este caso el aire. Se trata de evaluar las presiones que se ejercen sobre dicho perfil, que será un alerón de monoplaza tipo Formula Student, para comprobar si aporta alguna mejora en el comportamiento del monoplaza la introducción de este paquete aerodinámico. Con la introducción de este perfil en el monoplaza se pretende ganar un mayor agarre en el paso por curva siendo la resistencia al avance en recta la mínima posible, ya que lo que se pretende es hacer el recorrido del circuito en el menor tiempo posible. Por tanto hay dos variables a tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar el alerón, por un lado esta mejorar el agarre de los neumáticos sobre el asfalto al tomar una curva, lo que nos permitirá tomar la curva a mayor velocidad y por tanto en menos tiempo, y por otro lado, la oposición que el alerón ejerce en el avance en recta disminuyendo su velocidad máxima. En resumen, se trata de comparar la fuerza horizontal y la fuerza vertical que el aire ejerce sobre el perfil aerodinámico a introducir en el monoplaza y evaluar si es beneficioso para este, es decir, si añadiendo dicho perfil se realiza el trazado del circuito en menor tiempo que sin él. Para ello se realizarán simulaciones con un software de modelado físico de flujos y turbulencias sobre un diseño de un alerón dado, con diferentes tipos de flujo, de forma que se asemeje de mejor forma a las condiciones de la pista y se obtendrán los resultados de las presiones que el flujo de aire ejerce sobre las superficies del perfil. Después se obtendrán las fuerzas puntuales vertical y horizontal y se analizaran los datos obtenidos. Deberán tenerse en cuenta, además de los resultados obtenidos, los materiales a emplear a la hora de su fabricación, el proceso de dicha fabricación y el coste que supone tanto el proceso como los materiales empleados.

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La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad mental de carácter crónico que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población , principalmente con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y 4 5 años . Se trata de una enfermedad de inicio en la adolescencia o comienzo de la madurez y cuyo potencial discapacitante persiste y se agrava a lo largo de la vida. La etiología de la esquizofrenia es multifactorial con evidencias de factores genéticos y ambientales. El carácter hereditario de la esquizofr e nia se ha estimado en un 73 - 90% y los factores genéticos que predisponen a la enfermedad son múltiples y heterogéneos. Los estudios epidemiológicos parecen sugerir que el mayor riesgo de desarrollar esquizofrenia es prod ucto de interacciones genético/ ambi entales (predisposición genética a agresiones ambientales) y del fenómeno de epistasis (fenotipo dependiente de la interacción entre diversos genes). Las manifestaciones clínicas de la esquizofrenia se dividen en síntomas positivos, síntomas negativos y dé ficits cognitivos. A causa de los déficits asociados y de su carácter crónico, la esquizofrenia se encuentra entre las diez causas principales de discapacidad por enfermedad del mundo y según la World Health Organization (2001), se estima que es la quinta enfermedad más costosa para la s ociedad en términos de atención requ erida y pérdida de productividad, con un coste anual en la Unión Europea que supera los 35 mil millones de €, según Andlin - Sobocki y Rössler (2005) . A nivel nacional, en el año 2009 los an tipsicóticos atípicos más empleados (risperidona y olanzapina) se encontraron entre los 8 primeros fármacos que más gasto generaron, con un coste económico superior a 350 millones de euros (Sistema Nacional de Salud (2010)) . Además, según el estudio de Pal mer et al. (2005), el riesgo de muerte prematura en la población esquizofrénica es aproximadamente dos veces mayor en la población general, siendo el suicidio la principal causa de este exceso de mortalidad, con una prevalencia estimada entre 5 - 10%. En est e sentido, se ha estimado que entre el 25% y 50% de los pacientes con esquizofrenia cometen por lo menos un intento de suicidio en su vida , según el estudio llevado a cabo por Meltzer (2002) . Dada su prevalencia, la tendencia a la cronicidad y el riesgo su icida de pacientes con esquizofrenia así como los elevados costes socio - sanitarios, la investigación de esta enfermedad es un objetivo prioritario de los sistemas de salud mundiales

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Homenaje a Georges Laplace, realizado en Vitoria-Gasteiz el 13, 14 y 15 de noviembre de 2012. Edición a cargo de Aitor Calvo, Aitor Sánchez, Maite García-Rojas y Mónica Alonso-Eguíluz.

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[EN] Purpose. This work aims to present, from the company viewpoint, a structured account of management proposals and practices directed toward improving the intensity and effectiveness of continuous management training (CMT). Design/methodology/approach. The article takes as its main theoretical referents the Theory of Human Capital, the Resource-Based Vision and the contributions made via the new institutional economy with regard to the problems of information asymmetry between companies, employees and training providers and completes the proposals that derive from this theoretical approach. To do this, experience-based contributions are collected from a selection of company training and HR managers from twelve Basque companies characterised by their strong investment in management training. The methodology used was qualitative and obtained by different qualitative techniques: Focus Groups, Nominal Groups and the Delphi Method, which make up the so-called Hybrid Delphi. Findings and implications. The proposals are aimed at the main agents in training activity: training providers, associations and public agents engaged in management training and, particularly, companies themselves. The initiatives seek above all to increase training market transparency, to improve mutual commitments between companies and managers, and to link training and development with culture and strategic management, so that firms make optimal investment in management training. Originality/value. The methodology used is original, and the contributions are consistent with the theory, have a proven practical utility, and are presented in a hierarchy, which facilitates decision making.

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El presente documento hace parte del Proyecto Técnico “Centro de Acogida Inmediata –CAI- para víctimas de violencia de género”, elaborado para la Asociación BETA, Asociación para el Desarrollo de Proyectos de Intervención Social, presentado a la convocatoria del Departamento de Asuntos Sociales y de las Personas Mayores (Nº Expediente 2014//CONASP0148; CÓDIGO CPV: 85311000 Servicios de Asistencia Social con alojamiento).

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[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

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Comunicación presentada en: II Reunión de Jóvenes Cristalógrafos, 29 Sept-1 Oct de 2010, Bilbao, España

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La fobia social es una enfermedad psiquiátrica que causa costes socioeconómicos significativos y que presenta una alta comorbilidad. Las terapias cognitivo-conductuales (TCC) pueden ser una alternativa de tratamiento efectiva, ya que buscan el cambio de pensamientos y comportamientos adquiridos en una enfermedad con un alto componente de aprendizaje. Objetivo: Verificar la efectividad de las terapias cognitivo-conductuales (TCC) con respecto a otros tratamientos empleados en la fobia social, en adultos (farmacoterapia y otras técnicas de psicoterapia). Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de estudios de los últimos 10 años, en bases de datos (Pumed etc...). Se seleccionan 12 artículos, 10 ensayos clínicos y 2 meta-análisis. Resultados: Los estudios muestran una respuesta positiva de los pacientes (en términos de reducción de síntomas según escalas de medida estandarizadas para la fobia social) al tratamiento con terapias cognitivo-conductuales (TCC), en sus distintas modalidades de aplicación (individual, grupal y por internet). Estos ratios de respuesta son similares a los que se obtienen en otros tratamientos (farmacoterapia y terapia psicodinámica). Las TCC presentan como ventaja la ausencia de efectos secundarios; como desventaja, su efecto se produce a más largo plazo Conclusiones: No hay resultados concluyentes en relación al beneficio de estas terapias respecto de otras; los factores que determinan fundamentalmente el éxito de las mismas son la situación y la predisposición individual de cada paciente. Dadas las implicaciones de esta patología en la sociedad actual, sería conveniente invertir más medios en el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.

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Esta es una colección de 6 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética en el ámbito universitario. Tratan principalmente del cómo se puede obtener información desde las palabras aisladas, como se observa en las técnicas de los vídeos 1-2, pasando por datos obtenidos con participación del investigador, característica aún presente en los vídeos 3-4, hasta enunciados íntegros sin necesidad del investigador presente, tal como se ilustra en los vídeos 5-6. Se trata de establecer una reflexión entre la necesidad de identificar el grado de espontaneidad a la hora de brindar información por parte del hablante y la posibilidad (o la necesidad) de cuantificar los datos que se obtienen.