Enseñanza de español a alumnado anglófono

Este trabajo ofrece un análisis contrastivo entre los idiomas inglés y español en sus diferentes niveles: fonético-fonológico, morfosintáctico, léxico-semántico, rasgos paralingüísticos y pragmático-cultural, poniendo especial énfasis en las principales diferencias que se dan entre ambos. Está especialmente dirigido a todo el profesorado de español que enseñe esta lengua al alumnado anglófono, ya sea como LE o L2, ya que resulta útil para comprender las principales dificultades que presenta este alumnado en su proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua española.

Hasierako alfabetatzea: Hizkuntza idatziaren zailtasunak eta arazoak

Haur batzuek hasierako alfabetatzean, hizkuntza idatziarekin zenbait arazo izaten dituzte. Arazo horiek, normalean, ikaskuntza prozesuaren baitan dauden akatsak izaten dira, baina batzuetan hizkuntza trastorno baten adierazleak bihurtu daitezke. Hori dela eta, irakasleak, ahal duen neurrian, arazo horiek aurreikusten saiatu behar du. Ikerketa honetan, haurrek izaten dituzten akatsez gain, eskolek eta irakasleek irakaskuntza honetan dituzten gabeziak eta arazoak aztertu dira. Datuak baloratu ostean, haurrek euren artean mota bereko akatsak egiten dituztela eta irakasleek hizkuntza idatziaren oinarrizko kontzeptuekin zailtasunak dituztela ikusi da. Horrez gain, erabiltzen dituzten metodoak haurren ikaskuntza prozesua errazten ez dutela ikusi dugu. Hori guztia dela eta, arazoak eta gabeziak aurreikusteko proposamen bat aurkeztu dugu.

Métodos para obtener el coeficiente de concentración de tensiones para fatiga

[ES]Existen diferentes propuestas para obtener el coeficiente de concentración de tensiones para el análisis de fatiga: Neuber, Peterson, distancia crítica, corrección de modelo de elementos finitos, etc. En este trabajo se trata de estudiar los principales y compararlos entre ellos de forma sistemática utilizando como referencia piezas con entallas de geometría sencilla y extrayendo conclusiones útiles para diseño y análisis mecánico.

Comparación de métodos de propagación de grietas de fatiga

[ES]En este documento se van a evaluar los diferentes métodos que existen para predecir el crecimiento de grieta, suponiendo la iniciación de ésta conocida. Se hará un estudio bibliográfico de los mismos y se implementarán en un archivo Excel. Se obtendrá la representación de la influencia de distintos parámetros en la duración de la pieza bajo fatiga. Se extraerán las conclusiones y las limitaciones de los métodos aplicado.

Métodos de desacoplo de antenas PIFA en terminales móviles

[ES]Hoy en día, los sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos soportan un amplio número de servicios como la voz, datos y vídeos que requieren unas grandes tasas de transmisión. Por ello la mejora de la calidad del enlace que ofrecen los sistemas MIMO es clave. El problema surge al colocar varias antenas en un terminal móvil sin que aparezca un acoplamiento entre las distintas antenas que evite el correcto funcionamiento de estas. En este documento se realizará un estudio de los diferentes métodos de desacoplo entre antenas PIFA (Planar Inverted-F antenna) en un terminal móvil.

Cálculo de parámetros cinéticos con técnicas termogravimétricas usando métodos no isotermos de ajuste a modelos y libres de modelos

Estudio cinético de la reacción de combustión del coque mediante el cálculo de los parámetros cinéticos de la reacción, empleando diferentes métodos de cálculo. Idioma: castellano.

Ciberperiodismo : métodos de investigación

El periodismo en las redes digitales, y singularmente en internet, es un fenómeno relativamente reciente, cuya expansión, pareja a la de la World Wide Web, comienza aproximadamente en 1994. El estudio de este nuevo fenómeno comunicativo empieza en varios países simultáneamente, favorecido, a su vez, por la posibilidad de comunicación entre académicos; el correo electrónico, herramienta anterior a la WWW, fue y es una de las más utilizadas por parte de los universitarios. La expansión de estas nuevas formas de comunicación global han favorecido el conocimiento mutuo de esos grupos de investigación y ha posibilitado la formación de redes cada vez más amplias y cohesionadas.

El aula como ámbito de investigación sobre la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la lengua. V Seminario

El V Seminario de El aula como ámbito de investigación sobre la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la lengua se celebró en la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), dando continuidad a los seminarios ya celebrados en la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, en la Universidad de Valencia, en la Universidad de Valladolid y en la Universidad de Braga (Portugal). Cada uno de esos encuentros, que tuvieron lugar mediando lapsos de dos años, supuso un espacio de encuentro y de discusión fructífera en el campo de la Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura. El interés común de quienes nos reunimos en ellos fue, y sigue siendo, construir una comunidad de investigación en la que “dentro de la diversidad de las distintas opciones”, compartamos progresivamente objetivos y metodologías, y en la que podamos conocer y discutir en profundidad los trabajos que los distintos grupos vamos abordando. Los temas-eje de este V Seminario que se realizó los días 26 y 27 de Enero de 2012 en Donostia, fueron: - La interacción en el aula para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la lengua y la literatura. - La formación de los futuros profesores y el factor lengua(s) en su construcción como docentes.

ANÁLISIS DEL EFECTO DEL CAMBIO DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE CLASES MEDIANTE MÉTODOS DE REMUESTREO INTELIGENTE EN ÁRBOLES DE CLASIFICACIÓN SIMPLES Y CONSOLIDADOS

En los trabajos expuestos en esta memoria de tesis, hemos analizado elefecto que tienen sobre la capacidad de aprendizaje de diferentes algoritmosde clasificación los cambios en la distribución de clases, teniendo encuenta para ello, diferentes métodos de remuestreo de datos.En concreto se ha analizado este efecto en el conocido algoritmo deconstrucción de árboles de clasificación propuesto por Quinlan, el algoritmoC4.5, y en el algoritmo de construcción de árboles consolidados, elalgoritmo CTC, propuesto por el grupo de investigación ALDAPA de laUniversidad del País Vasco que, basado en el mismo C4.5, obtiene un árbol declasificación pero basado en un conjunto de muestras.Así mismo, planteamos cómo encontrar la distribución de clases más adecuadapara un algoritmo de clasificación y método de remuestreo concretos.

Prácticas docentes de macroeconomía basadas en el uso de técnicas cuantitativas y TICs

La adaptación a los principios del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior (EEES) está provocando la revisión de los métodos de enseñanza en el ámbito de la Economía y la Empresa. La incorporación de los créditos ECTS como unidad de medida del trabajo desarrollado por el estudiante hace imprescindible la elaboración de materiales docentes que permitan la participación activa del alumnado en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, de manera que pueda ser evaluado en términos de adquisición de competencias tanto generales como específicas de los nuevos grados.

Aplicación de diferentes métodos de evaluación de riesgo de incendio en la acomodación de un buque

Se presentan métodos para evaluar el riesgo de incendio de un establecimiento industrial, explicando sus características principales y su base del cálculo, aplicandolos a una parte de un buque real. Se realiza un cálculo aproximado del riesgo de incendio que hay en una zona determinada, la acomodación de buque "Sestao Knutsen".

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

De los métodos de evaluación de obras literarias: El método de valoración negativa

Editoras Rosa Rabadán; Trinidad Guzmán; Marisa Fernández.

Enseñanza-aprendizaje del inglés en las pymes exportadoras de Bizkaia: identificación de necesidades y propuestas de mejora

343 p.

Métodos de anticoncepción combinada y anticoncepción con gestágenos y riesgo de accidentes tromboembólicos.

Partiendo del objetivo principal, que consiste en analizar el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso en mujeres en edad fértil (15-49 años), en tratamiento con anticonceptivos orales combinados y en aquellas tratadas con anticonceptivos orales solo gestágeno.Se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica informatizada en diferentes bases de datos y se han aplicado criterios de inclusión y de exclusión determinados para seleccionar finalmente 16 artículos. Tras analizar los artículos seleccionados,se ha concluido que el consumo de anticoncepción combinada en mujeres en edad fértil aumenta el riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso con respecto a no usuarias, en baja proporción si se trata de mujeres sin factores de riesgo. Los anticonceptivos solo gestágeno en principio no se relacionan con riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso, pero es necesario seguir investigando por escasez de estudios y resultados contradictorios.