Evolución de los pacientes de leucemia linfocítica crónica : estudio de la concentración de hemoglobina, el recuento de plaquetas y el número de linfocitos

379 p. : il.

Efectos del entrenamiento interválico en personas con insuficiencia cardiaca

El objetivo de esta revisión es conocer en profundidad la patología de la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), así como el tratamiento de la misma a través del entrenamiento aeróbico interválico de alta intensidad (HIIT). La IC se define como el estado fisiopatológico y clínico en el cual el corazón es incapaz de aportar sangre de acuerdo a los requerimientos metabólicos periféricos o que lo hace con presiones de llenado elevadas (Jalil, 2012). Resulta de especial relevancia el tratamiento de dicha enfermedad de manera no farmacológica, destacando el tratamiento mediante entrenamiento aeróbico como uno de los más eficaces y con menores efectos secundarios que existen. Tras analizar los principales métodos de entrenamiento aeróbico (continuo e interválico), y su influencia en la mejora de los pacientes, se ha presentado el HIIT como aquel que provoca mayores beneficios. Cabe destacar también la eficiencia de este método, ya que implica un menor volumen total de ejercicio físico, resultando en una percepción del esfuerzo reducida por aquellos que lo realizan, aumentando así la adherencia al ejercicio.

Crònica legislativa del País Basc. Segon semestre de 2014. Dos sentencias y un Auto sobre el uso del euskera en las entidades locales vascas ¿no cabe que las administraciones se relacionen en euskera?

Crónica jurisprudencial y legislativa correspondiente al segundo semestre de 2014 en materia de lengua y derecho.

Altered glutamyl-aminopeptidase activity and expression in renal neoplasms

Background: Advances in the knowledge of renal neoplasms have demonstrated the implication of several proteases in their genesis, growth and dissemination. Glutamyl-aminopeptidase (GAP) (EC. 3.4.11.7) is a zinc metallopeptidase with angiotensinase activity highly expressed in kidney tissues and its expression and activity have been associated wtih tumour development. Methods: In this prospective study, GAP spectrofluorometric activity and immunohistochemical expression were analysed in clear-cell (CCRCC), papillary (PRCC) and chromophobe (ChRCC) renal cell carcinomas, and in renal oncocytoma (RO). Data obtained in tumour tissue were compared with those from the surrounding uninvolved kidney tissue. In CCRCC, classic pathological parameters such as grade, stage and tumour size were stratified following GAP data and analyzed for 5-year survival. Results: GAP activity in both the membrane-bound and soluble fractions was sharply decreased and its immunohistochemical expression showed mild staining in the four histological types of renal tumours. Soluble and membrane-bound GAP activities correlated with tumour grade and size in CCRCCs. Conclusions: This study suggests a role for GAP in the neoplastic development of renal tumours and provides additional data for considering the activity and expression of this enzyme of interest in the diagnosis and prognosis of renal neoplasms.

Estudio de la etiología genética de la insuficiencia ovárica primaria (POI): genes FMR1 Y FMR2

243 p.

Snail heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Background: Intratumor heterogeneity may be responsible of the unpredictable aggressive clinical behavior that some clear cell renal cell carcinomas display. This clinical uncertainty may be caused by insufficient sampling, leaving out of histological analysis foci of high grade tumor areas. Although molecular approaches are providing important information on renal intratumor heterogeneity, a focus on this topic from the practicing pathologist' perspective is still pending. Methods: Four distant tumor areas of 40 organ-confined clear cell renal cell carcinomas were selected for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Tumor size, cell type (clear/granular), Fuhrman's grade, Staging, as well as immunostaining with Snail, ZEB1, Twist, Vimentin, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, PTEN, p-Akt, p110 alpha, and SETD2, were analyzed for intratumor heterogeneity using a classification and regression tree algorithm. Results: Cell type and Fuhrman's grade were heterogeneous in 12.5 and 60 % of the tumors, respectively. If cell type was homogeneous (clear cell) then the tumors were low-grade in 88.57 % of cases. Immunostaining heterogeneity was significant in the series and oscillated between 15 % for p110a and 80 % for Snail. When Snail immunostaining was homogeneous the tumor was histologically homogeneous in 100 % of cases. If Snail was heterogeneous, the tumor was heterogeneous in 75 % of the cases. Average tumor diameter was 4.3 cm. Tumors larger than 3.7 cm were heterogeneous for Vimentin immunostaining in 72.5 % of cases. Tumors displaying negative immunostaining for both ZEB1 and Twist were low grade in 100 % of the cases. Conclusions: Intratumor heterogeneity is a common event in clear cell renal cell carcinoma, which can be monitored by immunohistochemistry in routine practice. Snail seems to be particularly useful in the identification of intratumor heterogeneity. The suitability of current sampling protocols in renal cancer is discussed.