La práctica de actividad física y deportiva (PAFYD) de la población adulta de Gipuzkoa como hábito líquido

440 p.

Conflictos de intereses en la economía marítima guipuzcoana. Siglos XVI-XVIII

1460 p.

Impacto del ejercicio físico sobre la calidad de vida en las personas que padecen cardiopatía isquémica

184 p.

Cogeneración de procesos en el desarrollo de una práctica escultórica

96 p. : il.

La Salud de la Comunidad de Mañaria desde la perspectiva de sus mujeres

Tesis leída en Facultda de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 503 p.

Análisis de las prácticas educativas para su mejora desde un enfoque inclusivo en el centro Hijas de la Caridad de Nuestra Señora de Begoña en Bilbao

En la última década, la diversidad social se ha visto reflejada en nuestras escuelas, y ha llevado a nuestro sistema educativo a desarrollar políticas y planes de actuación que favorezcan el desarrollo de una escuela de calidad para todos. En el presente trabajo planteamos analizar las prácticas educativas que llevan a cabo en el centro Hijas de la Caridad de Nuestra Señora de Begoña, y realizar propuestas de mejora que puedan contribuir al progreso hacia un centro más inclusivo. Para el desarrollo del trabajo hemos utilizado la técnica de grupos focales contando con la participación de miembros activos de la comunidad educativa. (Español)

Criterios e indicadores para la búsqueda de suelos y localizaciones óptimas para el desarrollo de actividades económicas

[ES]El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar los factores de localización existentes necesarios para elegir el emplazamiento óptimo de una actividad económica. A partir de ahí, se verá como estos factores tradicionales han cambiado y ahora predominan los intangibles, basados en la sostenibilidad, conocimiento e innovación. Debido a la complejidad que poseen para ser medidos, se tratará de establecer unos criterios e indicadores que posibilitarán su medición para tratar de facilitar su uso en la localización. Para ello, se utilizará un método multicriterio llamado MIVES.

Instituciones Microfinancieras y banca tradicional: diferencias en funcionamiento y resultados durante la crisis

Español: A finales del 2007 muchas entidades financieras comenzaron a mostrar cifras negativas en sus balances y tras la quiebra de entidades de gran peso económico como el banco Lehman Brothers en Estados Unidos en septiembre del 2008, el mundo se ha visto envuelto en una crisis económica de la que parece no verse el final. Las entidades financieras tradicionales han centrado sus esfuerzos en obtener las mayores rentabilidades posibles, invirtiendo sus recursos en activos muy arriesgados, que si bien en un principio generaban beneficios muy elevados, a día de hoy han hecho quebrar muchas entidades a nivel mundial y han provocado la pérdida de los ahorros de muchos ciudadanos. Ajenas a esto se encuentran las entidades microfinancieras, que con un enfoque muy diferente al de la banca tradicional, se han centrado en proporcionar financiación a aquellos que dada su situación económica y falta de garantías no podían acudir al sector financiero tradicional. Tras realizar un análisis de los resultados de ambos modelos financieros desde 2006 hasta 2012, se ha podido comprobar como el sector microfinanciero presenta resultados más favorables y muestra una mayor prosperidad de cara al futuro. Por lo general, estas entidades mantienen niveles de solvencia más elevados y emplean todos sus recursos en proporcionar financiación a sus clientes. Finalmente, la solución a los problemas del sistema financiero tradicional se basa en un aumento de los niveles de capital de sus entidades, volviendo a un modelo de banca tradicional centrado en ofrecer financiación al público, con provisiones más liquidas y mayores garantías ante necesidades de liquidez como las retiradas masivas de depósitos recientemente sufridas.

Un nuevo método basado en el empleo de radiación microondas aplicado en la etapa de descarboxilación de la síntesis malónica.

.INTRODUCCIÓN. 1.1. COMPUESTOS 1,3 - DICARBONÍLICOS. METILENOS ACTIVOS. Los compuestos 1,3 - dicarbonílicos son uno de los bloques sintéticos más utilizados a lo largo de la historia de la síntesis orgánica. Esto se debe a sus múltiples centros de reactividad: dos centros reactivos electrófilos y hasta cinco centros nucleófilos, como se puede ver en la Figura 1, que permiten r ealizar infinidad de secuencias de reacciones para generar moléculas complejas. 1 R R O O Figura 1 . Centros reactivos de los compuestos 1,3 - dicarbonílicos. Se conoce un gran número de reacciones para esta familia de compuestos pero en este texto nos vamos a centrar en estudiar tres casos especialmente característicos por el potencial sintético que proporcionan, y que están muy relacionados con el hecho de que los hidrógenos de la agrupación metilénica son especialmente ácidos. Por ejemplo, el pKa de estos protones, en el caso del malonato de dietilo es de 13 unidades, mientras que el de su éster simple es de 24. 2 Esta notable diferencia en la acidez se explica fácilmente por la diferente estabilidad de los aniones enolatos correspondientes para los que la deslocalización de carga por resonancia está más extendida en el primer caso (Figura 2). Figura 2 . Representación de las formas resonantes del anión enolato malonato de dietilo. EtO OEt O O - EtO OEt O O EtO OEt O - O Nu Nu Nu Nu Nu E E 2 Las reacciones más conocidas que se aprovechan de esta característica estructural son, probablemente, la reacción de Knoevenagel, la síntesis malónica y acetilacética y un buen número de reacciones multicomponente, para los que haremos unos comentarios particulares en los siguientes apartados

Systematic liquidity: commonality and inter-temporal variation in the Portuguese stock market

[EN] The aim of this paper is to study systematic liquidity at the Euronext Lisbon Stock Exchange. The motivation for this research is provided by the growing interest in financial literature about stock liquidity and the implications of commonality in liquidity for asset pricing since it could represent a source of non-diversifiable risk. Namely, it is analysed whether there exist common factors that drive the variation in individual stock liquidity and the causes of the inter-temporal variation of aggregate liquidity. Monthly data for the period between January 1988 and December 2011 is used to compute some of the most used proxies for liquidity: bid-ask spreads, turnover rate, trading volume, proportion of zero returns and the illiquidity ratio. Following Chordia et al. (2000) methodology, some evidence of commonality in liquidity is found in the Portuguese stock market when the proportion of zero returns is used as a measure of liquidity. In relation to the factors that drive the inter-temporal variation of the Portuguese stock market liquidity, the results obtained within a VAR framework suggest that changes in real economy activity, monetary policy (proxied by changes in monetary aggregate M1) and stock market returns play an important role as determinants of commonality in liquidity.

Advanced Reaction Systems for Hydrogen Production

[EN] This PhD work started in March 2010 with the support of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) under the program named “Formación de Personal Investigador” at the Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department in the Faculty of Engineering of Bilbao. The major part of the Thesis work was carried out in the mentioned department, as a member of the Sustainable Process Engineering (SuPrEn) research group. In addition, this PhD Thesis includes the research work developed during a period of 6 months at the Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH, IMM, in Germany. During the four years of the Thesis, conventional and microreactor systems were tested for several feedstocks renewable and non-renewable, gases and liquids through several reforming processes in order to produce hydrogen. For this purpose, new catalytic formulations which showed high activity, selectivity and stability were design. As a consequence, the PhD work performed allowed the publication of seven scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals. This PhD Thesis is divided into the following six chapters described below. The opportunity of this work is established on the basis of the transition period needed for moving from a petroleum based energy system to a renewable based new one. Consequently, the present global energy scenario was detailed in Chapter 1, and the role of hydrogen as a real alternative in the future energy system was justified based on several outlooks. Therefore, renewable and non-renewable hydrogen production routes were presented, explaining the corresponding benefits and drawbacks. Then, the raw materials used in this Thesis work were described and the most important issues regarding the processes and the characteristics of the catalytic formulations were explained. The introduction chapter finishes by introducing the concepts of decentralized production and process intensification with the use of microreactors. In addition, a small description of these innovative reaction systems and the benefits that entailed their use were also mentioned. In Chapter 2 the main objectives of this Thesis work are summarized. The development of advanced reaction systems for hydrogen rich mixtures production is the main objective. In addition, the use and comparison between two different reaction systems, (fixed bed reactor (FBR) and microreactor), the processing of renewable raw materials, the development of new, active, selective and stable catalytic formulations, and the optimization of the operating conditions were also established as additional partial objectives. Methane and natural gas (NG) steam reforming experimental results obtained when operated with microreactor and FBR systems are presented in Chapter 3. For these experiments nickel-based (Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/MgO) and noble metal-based (Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3) catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation and their catalytic activity was measured at several temperatures, from 973 to 1073 K, different S/C ratios, from 1.0 to 2.0, and atmospheric pressure. The Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) was maintained constant in order to compare the catalytic activity in both reaction systems. The results obtained showed a better performance of the catalysts operating in microreactors. The Ni/MgO catalyst reached the highest hydrogen production yield at 1073 K and steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) of 1.5 under Steam methane Reforming (SMR) conditions. In addition, this catalyst also showed good activity and stability under NG reforming at S/C=1.0 and 2.0. The Ni/Al2O3 catalyst also showed high activity and good stability and it was the catalyst reaching the highest methane conversion (72.9 %) and H2out/CH4in ratio (2.4) under SMR conditions at 1073 K and S/C=1.0. However, this catalyst suffered from deactivation when it was tested under NG reforming conditions. Regarding the activity measurements carried out with the noble metal-based catalysts in the microreactor systems, they suffered a very quick deactivation, probably because of the effects attributed to carbon deposition, which was detected by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). When the FBR was used no catalytic activity was measured with the catalysts under investigation, probably because they were operated at the same WHSV than the microreactors and these WHSVs were too high for FBR system. In Chapter 4 biogas reforming processes were studied. This chapter starts with an introduction explaining the properties of the biogas and the main production routes. Then, the experimental procedure carried out is detailed giving concrete information about the experimental set-up, defining the parameters measured, specifying the characteristics of the reactors used and describing the characterization techniques utilized. Each following section describes the results obtained from activity testing with the different catalysts prepared, which is subsequently summarized: Section 4.3: Biogas reforming processes using γ-Al2O3 based catalysts The activity results obtained by several Ni-based catalysts and a bimetallic Rh-Ni catalyst supported on magnesia or alumina modified with oxides like CeO2 and ZrO2 are presented in this section. In addition, an alumina-based commercial catalyst was tested in order to compare the activity results measured. Four different biogas reforming processes were studied using a FBR: dry reforming (DR), biogas steam reforming (BSR), biogas oxidative reforming (BOR) and tri-reforming (TR). For the BSR process different steam to carbon ratios (S/C) from 1.0 to 3.0, were tested. In the case of BOR process the oxygen-to-methane (O2/CH4) ratio was varied from 0.125 to 0.50. Finally, for TR processes different S/C ratios from 1.0 to 3.0, and O2/CH4 ratios of 0.25 and 0.50 were studied. Then, the catalysts which achieved high activity and stability were impregnated in a microreactor to explore the viability of process intensification. The operation with microreactors was carried out under the best experimental conditions measured in the FBR. In addition, the physicochemical characterization of the fresh and spent catalysts was carried out by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), N2 physisorption, H2 chemisorption, Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), SEM, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD). Operating with the FBR, conversions close to the ones predicted by thermodynamic calculations were obtained by most of the catalysts tested. The Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the highest hydrogen production yield in DR. In BSR process, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst achieved the best activity results operating at S/C=1.0. In the case of BOR process, the Ni/Ce-Zr-Al2O3 catalyst showed the highest reactants conversion values operating at O2/CH4=0.25. Finally, in the TR process the Rh-Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst obtained the best results operating at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25. Therefore, these three catalysts were selected to be coated onto microchannels in order to test its performance under BOR and TR processes conditions. Although the operation using microreactors was carried out under considerably higher WHSV, similar conversions and yields as the ones measured in FBR were measured. Furthermore, attending to other measurements like Turnover Frequency (TOF) and Hydrogen Productivity (PROD), the values calculated for the catalysts tested in microreactors were one order of magnitude higher. Thus, due to the low dispersion degree measured by H2-chemisorption, the Ni/Ce-Al2O3 catalyst reached the highest TOF and PROD values. Section 4.4: Biogas reforming processes using Zeolites L based catalysts In this section three type of L zeolites, with different morphology and size, were synthesized and used as catalyst support. Then, for each type of L zeolite three nickel monometallic and their homologous Rh-Ni bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were tested using the FBR under DR process and different conditions of BSR (S/C ratio of 1.0 and 2.0), BOR (O2/CH4 ratio of 0.25 and 0.50) and TR processes (at S/C=1.0 and O2/CH4=0.25). The characterization of these catalysts was also carried out by using the same techniques mentioned in the previous section. Very high methane and carbon dioxide conversion values were measured for almost all the catalysts under investigation. The experimental results evidenced the better catalytic behavior of the bimetallic catalysts as compared to the monometallic ones. Comparing the catalysts behavior with regards to their morphology, for the BSR process the Disc catalysts were the most active ones at the lowest S/C ratio tested. On the contrary, the Cylindrical (30–60 nm) catalysts were more active under BOR conditions at O2/CH4=0.25 and TR processes. By the contrary, the Cylindrical (1–3 µm) catalysts showed the worst activity results for both processes. Section 4.5: Biogas reforming processes using Na+ and Cs+ doped Zeolites LTL based catalysts A method for the synthesis of Linde Type L (LTL) zeolite under microwave-assisted hydrothermal conditions and its behavior as a support for heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogen production is described in this section. Then, rhodium and nickel-based bimetallic catalysts were prepared in order to be tested by DR process and BOR process at O2/CH4=0.25. Moreover, the characterization of the catalysts under investigation was also carried out. Higher activities were achieved by the catalysts prepared from the non-doped zeolites, Rh-Ni/D and Rh-Ni/N, as compared to the ones supported on Na+ and Cs+ exchanged supports. However, the differences between them were not very significant. In addition, the Na+ and Cs+ incorporation affected mainly to the Disc catalysts. Comparing the results obtained by these catalysts with the ones studied in the section 4.4, in general worst results were achieved under DR conditions and almost the same results when operated under BOR conditions. In Chapter 5 the ethylene glycol (EG) as feed for syngas production by steam reforming (SR) and oxidative steam reforming (OSR) was studied by using microchannel reactors. The product composition was determined at a S/C of 4.0, reaction temperatures between 625°C and 725°C, atmospheric pressure and Volume Hourly Space Velocities (VHSV) between 100 and 300 NL/(gcath). This work was divided in two sections. The first one corresponds to the introduction of the main and most promising EG production routes. Then, the new experimental procedure is detailed and the information about the experimental set-up and the measured parameters is described. The characterization was carried out using the same techniques as for the previous chapter. Then, the next sections correspond to the catalytic activity and catalysts characterization results. Section 5.3: xRh-cm and xRh-np catalysts for ethylene glycol reforming Initially, catalysts with different rhodium loading, from 1.0 to 5.0 wt. %, and supported on α-Al2O3 were prepared by two different preparation methods (conventional impregnation and separate nanoparticle synthesis). Then, the catalysts were compared regarding their measured activity and selectivity, as well as the characterization results obtained before and after the activity tests carried out. The samples prepared by a conventional impregnation method showed generally higher activity compared to catalysts prepared from Rh nanoparticles. By-product formation of species such as acetaldehyde, ethane and ethylene was detected, regardless if oxygen was added to the feed or not. Among the catalysts tested, the 2.5Rh-cm catalyst was considered the best one. Section 5.4: 2.5Rh-cm catalyst support modification with CeO2 and La2O3 In this part of the Chapter 5, the catalyst showing the best performance in the previous section, the 2.5Rh-Al2O3 catalyst, was selected in order to be improved. Therefore, new Rh based catalysts were designed using α-Al2O3 and being modified this support with different contents of CeO2 or La2O3 oxides. All the catalysts containing additives showed complete conversion and selectivities close to the equilibrium in both SR and OSR processes. In addition, for these catalysts the concentrations measured for the C2H4, CH4, CH3CHO and C2H6 by-products were very low. Finally, the 2.5Rh-20Ce catalyst was selected according to its catalytic activity and characterization results in order to run a stability test, which lasted more than 115 hours under stable operation. The last chapter, Chapter 6, summarizes the main conclusions achieved throughout this Thesis work. Although very high reactant conversions and rich hydrogen mixtures were obtained using a fixed bed reaction system, the use of microreactors improves the key issues, heat and mass transfer limitations, through which the reforming reactions are intensified. Therefore, they seem to be a very interesting and promising alternative for process intensification and decentralized production for remote application.

Exploring new labelling strategies for boronated compounds: towards fast development and efficient assessment of BNCT drug candidates

208 p.

El fondo de reserva de la seguridad social

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar y explicar el funcionamiento del Fondo de Reserva de la seguridad social. Para ello se describen tanto los precedentes directos como indirectos de dicho fondo para posteriormente proceder a explicar la normativa jurídica referente al fondo, los criterios de inversión y materialización de los activos de dicho fondo y evolución de diferentes aspectos cuantitativos del Fondo. Esto nos permitirá enmarcarlo dentro de un conjunto de Fondos de Reserva Europeos para poder apreciar las diferentes formas de gestionar dichos Fondos, los cuales se erigen de vital importancia para la sostenibilidad del sistema de la seguridad social. Por último, se llevará a cabo una sencilla estimación partiendo de unas hipótesis realistas que nos permitirá conocer hasta cuando dará de si el Fondo de Reserva en caso de seguir recurriendo a este como se ha venido haciendo en los últimos años.

Rescates de entidades financieras: El caso español

Tras el comienzo de la crisis de las hipotecas subprime en 2007 en Estados Unidos y su agudización tras el default de Lehman Brothers en 2008, sabiéndose la extensión de estas hipotecas a lo largo del planeta, la desconfianza se apoderó de los mercados y el crédito dejó de fluir a las economías. En España no se había invertido en estos activos, pero parte del sistema financiero había incurrido en ciertos desequilibrios que si bien permitieron el crecimiento rápido de la economía, cuando la financiación externa dejó de llegar los problemas afloraron de manera rotunda. El sector financiero, especialmente las cajas de ahorro, tuvo que ser rescatado mediante un proceso que constó de numerosas ayudas económicas, cambios de legislación y donde fue necesaria ayuda de la Unión Europea para finalizar el proceso. Tras esta crisis, el subsector de las cajas de ahorro prácticamente desapareció, dando paso a un nuevo mapa de las entidades financieras españolas, donde se ha reducido la participación de los diferentes estamentos políticos, al haber sido estos señalados en ocasiones como posibles causantes de la mala gestión de las cajas. Esta gestión y sus consecuencias no han sido las mismas en las diferentes zonas del país y serán analizadas desde el punto de vista de los gobiernos autonómicos.

Una visión crítica de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual

[ES]En los últimos años la ciencia ha avanzado a pasos agigantados y el obsoleto sistema de protección de los derechos sobre bienes intangibles no es capaz de afrontar los retos de las nuevas tecnologías. Las patentes, los derechos de autor etc. no son más que un mecanismo de control al servicio de las grandes multinacionales y gobiernos occidentales, que permiten que este tipo de monopolios sobre bienes intangibles pongan límites a los avances tecnológicos y el desarrollo, sobre todo en las naciones menos favorecidas.