Synthetic and structural studies of permethylscandocene and permethyltantalocene derivatives

Cp*_2Sc-H reacts with H_2 and CO at -78°C to yield Cp*_2ScOCH_3. A stepwise reduction of CO to an alkoxide is observed when CO reacts with Cp*_2ScC_6H_4CH_3-p to give the η^2-acyl Cp*_2Sc(CO)C_6H_4CH_3-p, which then reacts with H_2 to produce Cp*_2ScOCH_2C_6H_4CH_3-p. Cp*_2ScCH_3 and Cp*_2ScH(THF) react with CO to give unchar- uncharacterizable products. Cp*_2ScH and Cp*_2ScCH_3 react with Cp_2MCO (M = Mo, W) to give scandoxycarbenes, Cp_2M=C(CH_3)OScCp*_2, while a wide variety of Cp*_2ScX (X = H, CH_3, N(CH_3)_2, CH_2CH_2C_6H_5) reacts with CpM(CO)_2 (M = Co, Rh) to yield similar carbene complexes. An x-ray crystal structure determination of Cp(CO)Co=C(CH_3)- OScCp*_2 revealed a µ^2: η^1, η^1 carbonyl interaction between the Co-CO and Sc.

CO_2 inserts cleanly into Sc-phenyl bonds at -78°C to produce a carboxylate complex, Cp*_2Sc(O_2C)C_6H_4CH_3-p. The structure of this compound was determined by x-ray crystallographic techniques.

Excess C_2H_2 reacts with Cp*_2ScR (R = H, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amide) at temperatures below -78°C to form the alkynyl species Cp*_2Sc-C≡C-H, which then reacts with the remaining acetylene to form polyacetylene. Cp*_2Sc-C≡C-H further reacts to yield Cp*_2sc-C≡C-ScCp*_2. This unusual C_2 bridged dimer was characterized by x-ray crystallography.

Attempts were made to model the C-N bond breaking step of hydrodenitrogenation by synthesizing Cp*_2TaH(η^2-H_2C=N(C_6H_4X)) and studying its rearrangement to Cp*_2Ta(=N(C_6H_4X))(CH_3). The 1,2 addition/elimination reactions of Cp*_2Ta(η^2- H_2C=N(CH_3)H and Cp*_2Ta(=X)H (X=O, S, NH, N(C_6H_5)) were investigated. Cp*_2Ta(=NH)H was found to react with D_2 to give Cp*_2Ta(=ND)H, implying a nonsymmetric amide-dihydride intermediate for the addition/elimination process. Cp*_2Ta(=S)H and H_2O equilibrate with Cp*_2Ta(=O)H and H_2S, which allowed determination of the difference in bond strengths for Ta=O and Ta=S. Ta=O was found to be approximately 41 kcals/mole stronger than Ta=S.

Legal dimensions of the Chinese experience in Los Angeles, 1860-1880

On October 24, 1871, a massacre of eighteen Chinese in Los Angeles brought the small southern California settlement into the national spotlight. Within a few days, news of this “night of horrors” was reported in newspapers across the country. This massacre has been cited in Asian American narratives as the first documented outbreak of ethnic violence against a Chinese community in the United States. This is ironic because Los Angeles’ small population has generally placed it on the periphery in historical studies of the California anti-Chinese movement. Because the massacre predated Los Angeles’ organized Chinese exclusion movements of the late 1870s, it has often been erroneously dismissed as an aberration in the history of the city.

The violence of 1871 was an outburst highlighting existing community tensions that would become part of public debate by decade’s close. The purpose of this study is to insert the massacre into a broader context of anti-Chinese sentiments, legal discrimination, and dehumanization in nineteenth century Los Angeles. While a second incident of widespread anti-Chinese violence never occurred, brutal attacks directed at Chinese small businessmen and others highlighted continued community conflict. Similarly, economic rivalries and concerns over Chinese prostitution that underlay the 1871 massacre were manifest in later campaigns of economic discrimination and vice suppression that sought to minimize Chinese influence within municipal limits. An analysis of the massacre in terms of anti-Chinese legal, social and economic strategies in nineteenth-century Los Angeles will elucidate these important continuities.