Study of the problem of the Los Angeles sewage disposal

No abstract.

I. Spectroscopic evidence for slow vibrational relaxation in excited electronic states of diatomics in rare gas solids. II. Static crystal field effects in the electronic spectra of isotopically mixed benzene crystals

Part I

Studies of vibrational relaxation in excited electronic states of simple diatomic molecules trapped in solid rare-gas matrices at low temperatures are reported. The relaxation is investigated by monitoring the emission intensity from vibrational levels of the excited electronic state to vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. The emission was in all cases excited by bombardment of the doped rare-gas solid with X-rays.

The diatomics studied and the band systems seen are: N₂, Vegard-Kaplan and Second Positive systems; O₂, Herzberg system; OH and OD, A ²Σ⁺ - X²II_i system. The latter has been investigated only in solid Ne, where both emission and absorption spectra were recorded; observed fine structure has been partly interpreted in terms of slightly perturbed rotational motion in the solid. For N₂, OH, and OD emission occurred from v' > 0, establishing a vibrational relaxation time in the excited electronic state of the order, of longer than, the electronic radiative lifetime. The relative emission intensity and decay times for different v' progressions in the Vegard-Kaplan system are found to depend on the rare-gas host and the N₂ concentration, but are independent of temperature in the range 1.7°K to 30°K.

Part II

Static crystal field effects on the absorption, fluorescence, and phosphorescence spectra of isotopically mixed benzene crystals were investigated. Evidence is presented which demonstrate that in the crystal the ground, lowest excited singlet, and lowest triplet states of the guest deviate from hexagonal symmetry. The deviation appears largest in the lowest triplet state and may be due to an intrinsic instability of the ³B_1u state. High resolution absorption and phospho- rescence spectra are reported and analyzed in terms of site-splitting of degenerate vibrations and orientational effects. The guest phosphorescence lifetime for various benzene isotopes in C₆D₆ and sym-C₆H₃D₃ hosts is presented and discussed.

Nuclear hyperfine interactions in W^(182), W^(183), and Pt^(195) as studies by the Mossbauer effect

The Mössbauer technique has been used to study the nuclear hyperfine interactions and lifetimes in W¹⁸² (2⁺ state) and W¹⁸³ (3/2^- and 5/2^- states) with the following results: g(5/2^-)/g(2⁺) = 1.40 ± 0.04; g(3/2^- = -0.07 ± 0.07; Q(5/2^-)/Q(2⁺) = 0.94 ± 0.04; T_1/2(3/2^-) = 0.184 ± 0.005 nsec; T_1/2(5/2^-) >̰ 0.7 nsec. These quantities are discussed in terms of a rotation-particle interaction in W¹⁸³ due to Coriolis coupling. From the measured quantities and additional information on γ-ray transition intensities magnetic single-particle matrix elements are derived. It is inferred from these that the two effective g-factors, resulting from the Nilsson-model calculation of the single-particle matrix elements for the spin operators ŝ_z and ŝ₊, are not equal, consistent with a proposal of Bochnacki and Ogaza.

The internal magnetic fields at the tungsten nucleus were determined for substitutional solid solutions of tungsten in iron, cobalt, and nickel. With g(2⁺) = 0.24 the results are: |H_eff(W-Fe)| = 715 ± 10 kG; |H_eff(W-Co)| = 360 ± 10 kG; |H_eff(W-Ni)| = 90 ± 25 kG. The electric field gradients at the tungsten nucleus were determined for WS₂ and WO₃. With Q(2⁺) = -1.81b the results are: for WS₂, eq = -(1.86 ± 0.05) 10¹⁸ V/cm²; for WO₃, eq = (1.54 ± 0.04) 10¹⁸ V/cm² and ƞ = 0.63 ± 0.02.

The 5/2^- state of Pt¹⁹⁵ has also been studied with the Mössbauer technique, and the g-factor of this state has been determined to be -0.41 ± 0.03. The following magnetic fields at the Pt nucleus were found: in an Fe lattice, 1.19 ± 0.04 MG; in a Co lattice, 0.86 ± 0.03 MG; and in a Ni lattice, 0.36 ± 0.04 MG. Isomeric shifts have been detected in a number of compounds and alloys and have been interpreted to imply that the mean square radius of the Pt¹⁹⁵ nucleus in the first-excited state is smaller than in the ground state.

Studies of noble gases in meteorites and in the earth

The isotopic and elemental abundances of noble gases in the solar system are investigated, using simple mixing models and mass-spectrometric measurements of the noble gases in meteorites and terrestrial rocks and minerals.

Primordial neon is modeled by two isotopically distinct components from the interstellar gas and dust. Neon from the gas dominates solar neon, which contains about ten times more ²⁰Ne than ²²Ne. Neon from the dust is represented in meteorites by neon-E, with ²⁰Ne/²²Ne less than 0.6. Isotopic variations in meteorites require neon from both dust and gas to be present. Mixing dust and gas without neon loss generates linear correlation lines on three-isotope and composition-concentration diagrams. A model for solar wind implantation predicts small deviations from linear mixing, due to preferential sputtering of the lighter neon isotopes.

Neon in meteorites consists of galactic cosmic ray spallation neon and at least two primordial components, neon-E and neon-S. Neon was measured in several meteorites to investigate these end- members. Cosmogenic neon produced from sodium is found to be strongly enriched in ²²Ne. Neon measurements on sodium-rich samples must be interpreted with care so not to confuse this source of ²²Ne with neon-E, which is also rich in ²²Ne.

Neon data for the carbonaceous chondrite Mokoia show that the end member composition of neon-Si in meteorites is ²⁰Ne/²²Ne = 13.7, the same as the present solar wind. The solar wind composition evidently has remained constant since before the compaction of Mokoia.

Ca, Al-rich inclusions from the Allende meteorite were examined for correlation between neon-E and oxygen or magnesium isotopic anomalies. ²²Ne and ³⁶Ar enrichments found in some inclusions are attributed to cosmic- ray-induced reactions on Na and Cl, not to a primordial component. Neon-E is not detectably enriched in Allende.

Measurements were made to determine the noble gas contents of various terrestrial rocks and minerals, and to investigate the cycling of noble gases between different terrestrial reservoirs. Beryl crystals contain a characteristic suite of magmatic gases including nucleogenic ²¹Ne and ²²Ne from (α,n) reactions, radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar, and fissiogenic ^131-136Xe from the decay of K and U in the continental crust. Significant concentrations of atmospheric noble gases are also present in beryl.

Both juvenile and atmospheric noble gases are found in rocks from the Skaergaard intrusion. The ratio ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar (corrected for in situ decay of ⁴⁰K) correlates with δ¹⁸O in plagioclase. Atmospheric argon has been introduced into samples that have experienced oxygen-isotope exchange with circulating meteoric hydrothermal fluids. Unexchanged samples contain juvenile argon with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar greater than 6000 that was trapped from the Skaergaard magma.

Juvenile and atmospheric gases have been measured in the glassy rims of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) pillow basalts. Evidence is presented that three samples contain excess radiogenic ¹²⁹Xe and fission xenon, in addition to the excess radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar found in all samples. These juvenile gases are being outgassed from the upper-mantle source region of the MOR magma. No isotopic evidence has been found here for juvenile primordial noble gases accompanying the juvenile radiogenic gases in the MOR glasses. Large argon isotopic variations in a single specimen provide a clear indication of the late-stage addition of atmospheric argon, probably from seawater.

The Skaergaard data demonstrate that atmospheric noble gases dissolved in ground water can be transferred into crustal rocks. Subduction of oceanic crust altered by seawater can transport atmospheric noble gases into the upper mantle. A substantial portion of the noble gases in mantle derived rocks may represent subducted gases, not a primordial component as is often assumed.