Epigenetic regulation in neural crest development : role of DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B

The neural crest is a group of migratory, multipotent stem cells that play a crucial role in many aspects of embryonic development. This uniquely vertebrate cell population forms within the dorsal neural tube but then emigrates out and migrates long distances to different regions of the body. These cells contribute to formation of many structures such as the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton, and pigmentation of the skin. Why some neural tube cells undergo a change from neural to neural crest cell fate is unknown as is the timing of both onset and cessation of their emigration from the neural tube. In recent years, growing evidence supports an important role for epigenetic regulation as a new mechanism for controlling aspects of neural crest development. In this thesis, I dissect the roles of the de novo DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 3A and 3B in neural crest specification, migration and differentiation. First, I show that DNMT3A limits the spatial boundary between neural crest versus neural tube progenitors within the neuroepithelium. DNMT3A promotes neural crest specification by directly mediating repression of neural genes, like Sox2 and Sox3. Its knockdown causes ectopic Sox2 and Sox3 expression at the expense of neural crest territory. Thus, DNMT3A functions as a molecular switch, repressing neural to favor neural crest cell fate. Second, I find that DNMT3B restricts the temporal window during which the neural crest cells emigrate from the dorsal neural tube. Knockdown of DNMT3B causes an excess of neural crest emigration, by extending the time that the neural tube is competent to generate emigrating neural crest cells. In older embryos, this resulted in premature neuronal differentiation. Thus, DNMT3B regulates the duration of neural crest production by the neural tube and the timing of their differentiation. My results in avian embryos suggest that de novo DNA methylation, exerted by both DNMT3A and DNMT3B, plays a dual role in neural crest development, with each individual paralogue apparently functioning during a distinct temporal window. The results suggest that de novo DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic mark used for cell fate restriction of progenitor cells during neural crest cell fate specification. Our discovery provides important insights into the mechanisms that determine whether a cell becomes part of the central nervous system or peripheral cell lineages.