Beyond the blur: Construction and characterization of the first autonomous AO system and An AO survey of magnetar proper motions

Adaptive optics (AO) corrects distortions created by atmospheric turbulence and delivers diffraction-limited images on ground-based telescopes. The vastly improved spatial resolution and sensitivity has been utilized for studying everything from the magnetic fields of sunspots upto the internal dynamics of high-redshift galaxies. This thesis about AO science from small and large telescopes is divided into two parts: Robo-AO and magnetar kinematics.

In the first part, I discuss the construction and performance of the world’s first fully autonomous visible light AO system, Robo-AO, at the Palomar 60-inch telescope. Robo-AO operates extremely efficiently with an overhead < 50s, typically observing about 22 targets every hour. We have performed large AO programs observing a total of over 7,500 targets since May 2012. In the visible band, the images have a Strehl ratio of about 10% and achieve a contrast of upto 6 magnitudes at a separation of 1′′. The full-width at half maximum achieved is 110–130 milli-arcsecond. I describe how Robo-AO is used to constrain the evolutionary models of low-mass pre-main-sequence stars by measuring resolved spectral energy distributions of stellar multiples in the visible band, more than doubling the current sample. I conclude this part with a discussion of possible future improvements to the Robo-AO system.

In the second part, I describe a study of magnetar kinematics using high-resolution near-infrared (NIR) AO imaging from the 10-meter Keck II telescope. Measuring the proper motions of five magnetars with a precision of upto 0.7 milli-arcsecond/yr, we have more than tripled the previously known sample of magnetar proper motions and proved that magnetar kinematics are equivalent to those of radio pulsars. We conclusively showed that SGR 1900+14 and SGR 1806-20 were ejected from the stellar clusters with which they were traditionally associated. The inferred kinematic ages of these two magnetars are 6±1.8 kyr and 650±300 yr respectively. These ages are a factor of three to four times greater than their respective characteristic ages. The calculated braking index is close to unity as compared to three for the vacuum dipole model and 2.5-2.8 as measured for young pulsars. I conclude this section by describing a search for NIR counterparts of new magnetars and a future promise of polarimetric investigation of a magnetars’ NIR emission mechanism.

Studies on hymenopteran parasitism of Drosophila

Studies on Hymenopteran Parasitism of Drosophila

Flies of the genus Drosophila are subject to attack by a number of parasitic forms. Sturtevant (1921) has listed records of parasitism by protozoa (Leptomonas), fungi (Muiaria and Stigmatomyces), nematodes, mites and v~rious hymenoptera. According to Sturtevant, Perkins (1913) has bred at least five species of hymenoptera, belonging to the proctotrupoid, cynipoid and chalcidoid groups, upon Drosophiline flies. H.S. Smith has bred an unidentified proctotrupoid and a chalcidoid, Pachy crepoideus dubius Ashmead* from both Drosophila melanogaster ani D. hydei. Kieffer ( 1913) has described three species of hymenoptera from Africa collected by Silvestri and stated by him to be parasitic on Drosophila, species not given. They are Trichopria (Planopria) rhopalica (Diapriidae), Ashmeadopria drosophilae (Diapriidae), and the insect which forms the subject matter of the present investigation, Eucoila drosophilae (Figitidae).

There are in addition a number of predacious enemies among wasps, spiders, flies and beetles.

The present account is concerned with parasitism of various species of Drosophila by Eucoila drosophilae Kieff. The wasps were found b y Dr. w. P. Spencer who exposed traps in an effort to collect Drosophila at Long Lake, Ohio, in Sept. 1934 . Drosophila larvae from the trap gave a large number of pupae from which wasps emerged in considerable proportions. Since that time stock s have been maintained in culture on Drosophila melanogaster.

Quantum Interference and Entanglement of Surface Plasmons

Surface plasma waves arise from the collective oscillations of billions of electrons at the surface of a metal in unison. The simplest way to quantize these waves is by direct analogy to electromagnetic fields in free space, with the surface plasmon, the quantum of the surface plasma wave, playing the same role as the photon. It follows that surface plasmons should exhibit all of the same quantum phenomena that photons do, including quantum interference and entanglement.

Unlike photons, however, surface plasmons suffer strong losses that arise from the scattering of free electrons from other electrons, phonons, and surfaces. Under some circumstances, these interactions might also cause “pure dephasing,” which entails a loss of coherence without absorption. Quantum descriptions of plasmons usually do not account for these effects explicitly, and sometimes ignore them altogether. In light of this extra microscopic complexity, it is necessary for experiments to test quantum models of surface plasmons.

In this thesis, I describe two such tests that my collaborators and I performed. The first was a plasmonic version of the Hong-Ou-Mandel experiment, in which we observed two-particle quantum interference between plasmons with a visibility of 93 ± 1%. This measurement confirms that surface plasmons faithfully reproduce this effect with the same visibility and mutual coherence time, to within measurement error, as in the photonic case.

The second experiment demonstrated path entanglement between surface plasmons with a visibility of 95 ± 2%, confirming that a path-entangled state can indeed survive without measurable decoherence. This measurement suggests that elastic scattering mechanisms of the type that might cause pure dephasing must have been weak enough not to significantly perturb the state of the metal under the experimental conditions we investigated.

These two experiments add quantum interference and path entanglement to a growing list of quantum phenomena that surface plasmons appear to exhibit just as clearly as photons, confirming the predictions of the simplest quantum models.