Sistemas de Gestión de la Calidad. Metodología para implementar proyectos de mejora continua para la reducción de los defectos de construcción en edificación de viviendas

La mejora continua debería estar presente siempre en las empresas, dispongan o no de sistemas de gestión. Sin embargo, su aplicación en el sector de la construcción es especialmente difícil debido a las características particulares del mismo. Por este motivo se plantea el objetivo principal de esta Tesis Doctoral: “Establecer una metodología de trabajo que permita a las empresas constructoras implantar proyectos de mejora continua para incrementar la calidad de las viviendas entregadas a los usuarios”. En la investigación llevada a cabo se han inspeccionado 818 viviendas, recogiendo un total de 82.550 incidencias, las cuales se han analizado aplicando cuatro de las siete herramientas estadísticas básicas de la mejora continua (Hoja de recogida de datos, Estratificación, Histograma y Diagrama de Pareto), concluyendo que los tres oficios que concentran el 80% de los defectos, en los que convendría actuar para reducir de manera significativa los fallos de construcción en la fase de pre-entrega, son: Carpintería de Madera, Revestimientos Cerámicos e Instalación de Electricidad. De entre estos tres oficios se ha seleccionado el de Revestimientos Cerámicos para poner en práctica un proyecto de mejora continua. Analizando los datos relativos a este oficio se elabora un listado de 25 defectos tipo en los que se pueden agrupar todas las incidencias detectadas. Aplicando de nuevo las cuatro herramientas básicas de la calidad se destacan los 10 defectos tipo con mayor impacto en volumen de incidencias y en coste de reparación, para focalizar los esfuerzos de mejora. Con esta información se elabora un documento de criterios técnicos para la ejecución de los Revestimientos Cerámicos que se implanta, en parte, en varias obras para tratar de reducir los defectos detectados en las viviendas antes de la entrega a sus propietarios, y se definen unos Índices de Calidad para medir los resultados. Se toman datos de nuevo a 6 y 20 meses desde la implantación del protocolo, se analizan y se calculan los resultados del proyecto de mejora, concluyendo que se está avanzando positivamente. En base a toda la información recogida a lo largo del proceso de la investigación y de la experiencia del proyecto de mejora implantado, se presenta una propuesta de metodología para implementar proyectos de mejora, así como la documentación recomendada para su puesta en práctica, además de la documentación técnica específica para la prevención de los defectos de construcción en Revestimientos Cerámicos incluyendo las fichas de control para la recepción de materiales, control de ejecución y control de recepción del revestimiento terminado. ABSTRACT Continuous improvement should always be a core value in firms of all kinds, whether or not they implement management systems. Nevertheless, its application in the construction sector seems especially difficult due to its inherent intricacies and complexity. The study of this phenomenon is the main aim of the hereby presented PhD dissertation "Establishment of a working methodology that allows construction (related) firms to carry out projects of continuous improvement in order to increase the quality of housing upon delivery to the client". In the present research 818 housing units have been inspected, collecting a total of 82550 incidence entries, which have been analyzed by means of 4 out of the 7 basic statistical tools of continuous improvement: Data collection sheets, stratification, histogram, and Pareto diagram. The data shows that the 3 main trades where special actions should be taken in order to significantly reduce construction defects are: carpentry, ceramic cladding, and electricity systems. These trades combined account for the 80% of the total defects detected during the inspections. Among the mentioned works, ceramic tiling is selected as a continuous improvement case study project. Analysing data relative to this specific trade, a list of 25 defect types is developed. These types gather all detected defects under this group. Further applying the four statistical tools referred to above, the 10 most significant events are highlighted as to clearly determine the improvement measures. These events have the most impact on both volume of defects and reparation costs. This information is then put together in a document of technical criteria for the correct execution of ceramic tiling that is implemented in various ongoing projects under construction as to minimize the defects prior to the final delivery to the client. Also, a series of Quality Index are defined as criteria for execution suitability. 6 to 20 months after the implementation of this control protocol, the same process is repeated with the purpose of comparing results. It is concluded that a positive evolution takes place. Based both on the information collected throughout the research process and the experience of the case study, the dissertation proposes a methodology to successfully implement improvement projects along with reference documentation and specific technical documents for the prevention of construction defects in ceramic tiling, including (i) material reception control sheets, (ii) an execution control sheet, and a sheet relative to the (iii) control of the finished cladding.

Modification and Developer Metrics at the Function Level: Metrics for the Study of the Evolution of a Software Project

Software evolution, and particularly its growth, has been mainly studied at the file (also sometimes referred as module) level. In this paper we propose to move from the physical towards a level that includes semantic information by using functions or methods for measuring the evolution of a software system. We point out that use of functions-based metrics has many advantages over the use of files or lines of code. We demonstrate our approach with an empirical study of two Free/Open Source projects: a community-driven project, Apache, and a company-led project, Novell Evolution. We discovered that most functions never change; when they do their number of modifications is correlated with their size, and that very few authors who modify each; finally we show that the departure of a developer from a software project slows the evolution of the functions that she authored.

Leadership in executive women from the viewpoint of project management competences: a study in the region of Madrid / Liderazgo de la mujer directiva desde las competencias para la dirección de proyectos: estudio en la región de Madrid

Today's knowledge society is creating increasingly competitive environments in which cognitive factors, creativity, knowledge and information determine the success of organizations. In this context the exercise of management and leadership is essential to achieve objectives, goals and relationships. Both concepts have been historically associated with the male domain because of the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions. However, the increasing participation of women in the workplace has led to the development of an extensive literature on the possible existence of differences between the styles of male and female leadership, although it has not been addressed from the analysis of competences associated with each sex. Through a participatory process the abilities and skills associated with women managers are analyzed, the differences in leadership styles and the barriers that still exist for the promotion of women into management positions. The results indicate that women particularly value the skills associated with human relationships, the female leadership style tends to be transformational and that there are still barriers to their advancement to management positions.

The integration of project competences within the post-graduate programme: a case study of the International Masters in Rural Development AGRIS MUNDUS

Experiences relating to the InternationalMasters in Rural Development from the Technical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, UPM), the first Spanish programme to receive a mention as a Registered Education Programme by InternationalProject Management Association (IPMA) are considered. Backed by an educational strategy based on Project-Based Learning dating back twenty years, this programme has managed to adapt to the competence evaluation requirements proposed by the European Space for Higher Education (ESHE). In order to do this the training is linked to the professional qualification using competences as a reference leading to the qualification in project management as established by the IPMA.

Nutrition and physical activity programs for obesity treatment (PRONAF study). methodological approach of the project

Este trabajo aborda la metodología seguida para llevar a cabo el proyecto de investigación PRONAF (Clinical Trials Gov.: number NCT01116856.) Background: At present, scientific consensus exists on the multifactorial etiopatogenia of obesity. Both professionals and researchers agree that treatment must also have a multifactorial approach, including diet, physical activity, pharmacology and/or surgical treatment. These two last ones should be reserved for those cases of morbid obesities or in case of failure of the previous ones. The aim of the PRONAF study is to determine what type of exercise combined with caloric restriction is the most appropriate to be included in overweigth and obesity intervention programs, and the aim of this paper is to describe the design and the evaluation methods used to carry out the PRONAF study. Methods/design: One-hundred nineteen overweight (46 males) and 120 obese (61 males) subjects aged 18–50 years were randomly assigned to a strength training group, an endurance training group, a combined strength + endurance training group or a diet and physical activity recommendations group. The intervention period was 22 weeks (in all cases 3 times/wk of training for 22 weeks and 2 weeks for pre and post evaluation). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet (25-30% less energy intake than the daily energy expenditure estimated by accelerometry). 29–34% of the total energy intake came from fat, 14–20% from protein, and 50–55% from carbohydrates. The mayor outcome variables assesed were, biochemical and inflamatory markers, body composition, energy balance, physical fitness, nutritional habits, genetic profile and quality of life. 180 (75.3%) subjects finished the study, with a dropout rate of 24.7%. Dropout reasons included: personal reasons 17 (28.8%), low adherence to exercise 3 (5.1%), low adherence to diet 6 (10.2%), job change 6 (10.2%), and lost interest 27 (45.8%). Discussion: Feasibility of the study has been proven, with a low dropout rate which corresponds to the estimated sample size. Transfer of knowledge is foreseen as a spin-off, in order that overweight and obese subjects can benefit from the results. The aim is to transfer it to sports centres. Effectiveness on individual health-related parameter in order to determine the most effective training programme will be analysed in forthcoming publications.

Understanding sprint velocity fluctuations for improved project plans with Scrum: a case study

Starting from the documentation of high sprint velocity fluctuations in a Scrum project, this paper presents a thorough approach to identify the sources of issues arising in the context of Scrum implementation. Given that Scrum provides guidance on identifying process issues but not their root causes, various approaches are explored. This is of great relevance because Scrum defines project schedules relying heavily on sprint velocity and because it is the most widely used agile methodology. The findings provide a new approach to evaluate such fluctuations and establish a more realistic project assessment than what is currently defined by Scrum. In this respect, this paper contributes to improve the understanding of the software development process using this agile framework.

A small settings case study using TSPi in a software project

This article introduces a small setting case study about the benefits of using TSPi in a software project. An adapted process from the current process based on the TSPi was defined. The pilot project had schedule and budget constraints. The process began by gathering historical data from previous projects in order to get a measurement repository. The project was launched with the following goals: increase the productivity, reduce the test time and improve the product quality. Finally, the results were analysed and the goals were verified