Dificultades en el aprendizaje del diseño de software orientado a objetos: un estudio cualitativo longitudinal

Las compañías de desarrollo de software buscan reducir costes a través del desarrollo de diseños que permitan: a) facilidad en la distribución del trabajo de desarrollo, con la menor comunicación de las partes; b) modificabilidad, permitiendo realizar cambios sobre un módulo sin alterar las otras partes y; c) comprensibilidad, permitiendo estudiar un módulo del sistema a la vez. Estas características elementales en el diseño de software se logran a través del diseño de sistemas cuasi-descomponibles, cuyo modelo teórico fue introducido por Simon en su búsqueda de una teoría general de los sistemas. En el campo del diseño de software, Parnas propone un camino práctico para lograr sistemas cuasi-descomponibles llamado el Principio de Ocultación de Información. El Principio de Ocultación de Información es un criterio diferente de descomposición en módulos, cuya implementación logra las características deseables de un diseño eficiente a nivel del proceso de desarrollo y mantenimiento. El Principio y el enfoque orientado a objetos se relacionan debido a que el enfoque orientado a objetos facilita la implementación del Principio, es por esto que cuando los objetos empiezan a tomar fuerza, también aparecen paralelamente las dificultades en el aprendizaje de diseño de software orientado a objetos, las cuales se mantienen hasta la actualidad, tal como se reporta en la literatura. Las dificultades en el aprendizaje de diseño de software orientado a objetos tiene un gran impacto tanto en las aulas como en la profesión. La detección de estas dificultades permitirá a los docentes corregirlas o encaminarlas antes que éstas se trasladen a la industria. Por otro lado, la industria puede estar advertida de los potenciales problemas en el proceso de desarrollo de software. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo investigar sobre las dificultades en el diseño de software orientado a objetos, a través de un estudio empírico. El estudio fue realizado a través de un estudio de caso cualitativo, que estuvo conformado por tres partes. La primera, un estudio inicial que tuvo como objetivo conocer el entendimiento de los estudiantes alrededor del Principio de Ocultación de Información antes de que iniciasen la instrucción. La segunda parte, un estudio llevado a cabo a lo largo del período de instrucción con la finalidad de obtener las dificultades de diseño de software y su nivel de persistencia. Finalmente, una tercera parte, cuya finalidad fue el estudio de las dificultades esenciales de aprendizaje y sus posibles orígenes. Los participantes de este estudio pertenecieron a la materia de Software Design del European Master in Software Engineering de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Los datos cualitativos usados para el análisis procedieron de las observaciones en las horas de clase y exposiciones, entrevistas realizadas a los estudiantes y ejercicios enviados a lo largo del período de instrucción. Las dificultades presentadas en esta tesis en sus diferentes perspectivas, aportaron conocimiento concreto de un estudio de caso en particular, realizando contribuciones relevantes en el área de diseño de software, docencia, industria y a nivel metodológico. ABSTRACT The software development companies look to reduce costs through the development of designs that will: a) ease the distribution of development work with the least communication between the parties; b) changeability, allowing to change a module without disturbing the other parties and; c) understandability, allowing to study a system module at a time. These basic software design features are achieved through the design of quasidecomposable systems, whose theoretical model was introduced by Simon in his search for a general theory of systems. In the field of software design, Parnas offers a practical way to achieve quasi-decomposable systems, called The Information Hiding Principle. The Information Hiding Principle is different criterion for decomposition into modules, whose implementation achieves the desirable characteristics of an efficient design at the development and maintenance level. The Principle and the object-oriented approach are related because the object-oriented approach facilitates the implementation of The Principle, which is why when objects begin to take hold, also appear alongside the difficulties in learning an object-oriented software design, which remain to this day, as reported in the literature. Difficulties in learning object-oriented software design has a great impact both in the classroom and in the profession. The detection of these difficulties will allow teachers to correct or route them before they move to the industry. On the other hand, the industry can be warned of potential problems related to the software development process. This thesis aims to investigate the difficulties in learning the object-oriented design, through an empirical study. The study was conducted through a qualitative case study, which consisted of three parts. The first, an initial study was aimed to understand the knowledge of the students around The Information Hiding Principle before they start the instruction. The second part, a study was conducted during the entire period of instruction in order to obtain the difficulties of software design and their level of persistence. Finally, a third party, whose purpose was to study the essential difficulties of learning and their possible sources. Participants in this study belonged to the field of Software Design of the European Master in Software Engineering at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. The qualitative data used for the analysis came from the observations in class time and exhibitions, performed interviews with students and exercises sent over the period of instruction. The difficulties presented in this thesis, in their different perspectives, provided concrete knowledge of a particular case study, making significant contributions in the area of software design, teaching, industry and methodological level.

Análisis de reflectores en MatLab

Sabor, Software de Análisis de BOcinas y Reflectores, es una herramienta didáctica la cual es utilizada en los laboratorios de la escuela para realizar prácticas de la asignatura Antenas y Compatibilidad Electromagnética, esta herramienta da a los alumnos una visión gráfica de lo que se enseña en clase de teoría de lo que son los campos en las aperturas de los reflectores. El proyector pretende sustituir al primer Sabor , ya que se queda obsoleto debido al sistema operativo, ya que funciona solo para Windows XP y con ordenadores de 32 bits, y también realizar mejoras y corregir errores de la versión anterior. El proyecto se ha desarrollado en Matlab que es un software matemático con grandes ventajas en cuanto a cálculo, desarrollo gráfico, y a la creación de nuevos algoritmos en su propio lenguaje y además está disponible para las plataformas Unix, Windows, Mac OSX y GNU/Linux. El objetivo del proyecto ha sido implementar, al igual que las versiones anteriores, cinco tipos de reflectores, como son: Parabólico, Offset, Cassegrain y los dos Dobles Offset, Cassegrain y Gregorian, y han sido analizados con un alimentador ideal ,cos-q, y por último los resultados obtenidos se han comparado con las versiones anteriores de Sabor, como son Sabor 3.0 y el primer Sabor. El proyecto consta de partes muy bien diferencias como son :  La interpretación correctas de las formulas que se han utilizado para la realización de este proyecto ,dichas formulas han sido las dadas por el proyecto fin de carrera titulado Sabor3.0 de Francisco Egea Castejón.  GUIDE, the graphical user interface development environment, con el que se creó: GUI, graphical user interface, que es la parte de Matlab dedicada a crear interfaces de usuario , herramienta utilizada para crear nuestras distintas ventanas dedicadas para la obtención de datos para analizar los distintos reflectores y para mostrar por pantalla los distintos resultados.  Programación Orientada a Objetos de Matlab y sus distintas propiedades como son la herencia lo cual es muy útil para ocupar menos memoria ya que con un único método podemos realizar distintos cálculos con los distintos reflectores, objetos, solo cambiando las propiedades de cada objeto  Y por último ha sido la realización de validación de los resultados con la ayuda de las versiones anteriores de Sabor, que están detallados en el capítulo 5 y la unión con bocinas del proyecto fin de carrera Análisis de Bocinas en Matlab de Javier Montero. Por otra parte tenemos las mejoras realizadas a las antiguas versiones como son: realización de registros que el usuario puede guardar y cargar con las distintas variables, también se ha realizado un fichero .txt en el que consta la amplitud del campo con su respectiva theta para que el usuario pueda visualizarlo en cualquier plataforma gráfica de datos como por ejemplo exel. ABSTRACT. Sabor, Software de Análisis de BOcinas y Reflectores, is a teaching tool, which is used to do laboratory practice in the subject of Antennas y Compatibilidad Electromagnética, this tool gives students a graphic view of the knowledge that are given in theory class in regard to aperture field of reflectors. This project intend to replace the first Sabor, because it is outdated, due to the operating system, because Sabor works only with Widows XP and computer with 32 bits, and to make improves and correct errors that were detected in the last version of Sabor too. This project has been carried out in Matlab, which is a mathematical software with high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and application development, and furthermore it is available to different platforms such as Unix, Windows ,Mac OSX and GNU/Linux This project has focused on implementing, the same as last versions, five kind of reflectors, such as : Parabolic, Offset, Cassegrain and two offset dual reflector Cassegrain y Gregorian ,and these were analysed with a cos-q ideal feed, and finally the results were checked with the versions of Sabor, as well as Sabor 3.0 and the first Sabor. This project consist of four parts:  The correct interpretation of the formulas , which were used to do this project, from the final project Sabor3.0 by Francisco Egea Castejón.  GUIDE, the graphical user interface development environment, tool that was used to create : GUI, graphical user interface, part of Matlab dedicated to create user interface.  Object Oriented Programming of Matlab and different properties like inheritance, that is very useful for saving memory space because with only one method we can analyse different kind of reflectors, object, only change the properties of the object.  At finally, the results were contrasted with the results from the previous versions and the link reflectors with horns from the final project Análisis de Bocinas en Matlab by Javier Montero. On the other hand, we have the improvements such as: registers and .txt file. The registers are used by user to save and load different variables and .txt file is useful because it allows to the user plotting in different platforms for example exel.

Aprendizaje integrado en arquitectura con modelos virtuales : implementación de metodología BIM en la docencia universitaria

Los procesos de diseño y construcción en Arquitectura han mostrado un desarrollo de optimización históricamente muy deficiente cuando se compara con las restantes actividades típicamente industriales. La aspiración constante a una industrialización efectiva, tanto en aras de alcanzar mayores cotas de calidad así como de ahorro de recursos, recibe hoy una oportunidad inmejorable desde el ámbito informático: el Building Information Modelling o BIM. Lo que en un inicio puede parecer meramente un determinado tipo de programa informático, en realidad supone un concepto de “proceso” que subvierte muchas rutinas hoy habituales en el desarrollo de proyectos y construcciones arquitectónicas. La inclusión y desarrollo de datos ligados al proyecto, desde su inicio hasta el fin de su ciclo de vida, conlleva la oportunidad de crear una realidad virtual dinámica y actualizable, que por añadidura posibilita su ensayo y optimización en todos sus aspectos: antes y durante su ejecución, así como vida útil. A ello se suma la oportunidad de transmitir eficientemente los datos completos de proyecto, sin apenas pérdidas o reelaboración, a la cadena de fabricación, lo que facilita el paso a una industrialización verdaderamente significativa en edificación. Ante una llamada mundial a la optimización de recursos y el interés indudable de aumentar beneficios económicos por medio de la reducción del factor de incertidumbre de los procesos, BIM supone un opción de mejora indudable, y así ha sido reconocido a través de la inminente implantación obligatoria por parte de los gobiernos (p. ej. Gran Bretaña en 2016 y España en 2018). La modificación de procesos y roles profesionales que conlleva la incorporación de BIM resulta muy significativa y marcará el ejercicio profesional de los futuros graduados en las disciplinas de Arquitectura, Ingeniería y Construcción (AEC por sus siglas en inglés). La universidad debe responder ágilmente a estas nuevas necesidades incorporando esta metodología en la enseñanza reglada y aportando una visión sinérgica que permita extraer los beneficios formativos subyacentes en el propio marco BIM. En este sentido BIM, al aglutinar el conjunto de datos sobre un único modelo virtual, ofrece un potencial singularmente interesante. La realidad tridimensional del modelo, desarrollada y actualizada continuamente, ofrece al estudiante una gestión radicalmente distinta de la representación gráfica, en la que las vistas parciales de secciones y plantas, tan complejas de asimilar en los inicios de la formación universitaria, resultan en una mera petición a posteriori, para ser extraída según necesidad del modelo virtual. El diseño se realiza siempre sobre el propio modelo único, independientemente de la vista de trabajo elegida en cada momento, permaneciendo los datos y sus relaciones constructivas siempre actualizados y plenamente coherentes. Esta descripción condensada de características de BIM preconfiguran gran parte de las beneficios formativos que ofrecen los procesos BIM, en especial, en referencia al desarrollo del diseño integrado y la gestión de la información (incluyendo TIC). Destacan a su vez las facilidades en comprensión visual de elementos arquitectónicos, sistemas técnicos, sus relaciones intrínsecas así como procesos constructivos. A ello se une el desarrollo experimental que la plataforma BIM ofrece a través de sus software colaborativos: la simulación del comportamiento estructural, energético, económico, entre otros muchos, del modelo virtual en base a los datos inherentes del proyecto. En la presente tesis se describe un estudio de conjunto para explicitar tanto las cualidades como posibles reservas en el uso de procesos BIM, en el marco de una disciplina concreta: la docencia de la Arquitectura. Para ello se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica general sobre BIM y específica sobre docencia en Arquitectura, así como analizado las experiencias de distintos grupos de interés en el marco concreto de la enseñanza de la en Arquitectura en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. El análisis de beneficios o reservas respecto al uso de BIM se ha enfocado a través de la encuesta a estudiantes y la entrevista a profesionales AEC relacionados o no con BIM. Las conclusiones del estudio permiten sintetizar una implantación de metodología BIM que para mayor claridad y facilidad de comunicación y manejo, se ha volcado en un Marco de Implantación eminentemente gráfico. En él se orienta sobre las acciones docentes para el desarrollo de competencias concretas, valiéndose de la flexibilidad conceptual de los Planes de Estudio en el contexto del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (Declaración de Bolonia) para incorporar con naturalidad la nueva herramienta docente al servicio de los objetivos formativo legalmente establecidos. El enfoque global del Marco de Implementación propuesto facilita la planificación de acciones formativas con perspectiva de conjunto: combinar los formatos puntuales o vehiculares BIM, establecer sinergias transversales y armonizar recursos, de modo que la metodología pueda beneficiar tanto la asimilación de conocimientos y habilidades establecidas para el título, como el propio flujo de aprendizaje o learn flow BIM. Del mismo modo reserva, incluso visualmente, aquellas áreas de conocimiento en las que, al menos en la planificación actual, la inclusión de procesos BIM no se considera ventajosa respecto a otras metodologías, o incluso inadecuadas para los objetivos docentes establecidos. Y es esta última categorización la que caracteriza el conjunto de conclusiones de esta investigación, centrada en: 1. la incuestionable necesidad de formar en conceptos y procesos BIM desde etapas muy iniciales de la formación universitaria en Arquitectura, 2. los beneficios formativos adicionales que aporta BIM en el desarrollo de competencias muy diversas contempladas en el currículum académico y 3. la especificidad del rol profesional del arquitecto que exigirá una implantación cuidadosa y ponderada de BIM que respete las metodologías de desarrollo creativo tradicionalmente efectivas, y aporte valor en una reorientación simbiótica con el diseño paramétrico y fabricación digital que permita un diseño finalmente generativo. ABSTRACT The traditional architectural design and construction procedures have proven to be deficient where process optimization is concerned, particularly when compared to other common industrial activities. The ever‐growing strife to achieve effective industrialization, both in favor of reaching greater quality levels as well as sustainable management of resources, has a better chance today than ever through a mean out of the realm of information technology, the Building Information Modelling o BIM. What may initially seem to be merely another computer program, in reality turns out to be a “process” concept that subverts many of today’s routines in architectural design and construction. Including and working with project data from the very beginning to the end of its full life cycle allows for creating a dynamic and updatable virtual reality, enabling data testing and optimizing throughout: before and during execution, all the way to the end of its lifespan. In addition, there is an opportunity to transmit complete project data efficiently, with hardly any loss or redeveloping of the manufacture chain required, which facilitates attaining a truly significant industrialization within the construction industry. In the presence of a world‐wide call for optimizing resources, along with an undeniable interest in increasing economic benefits through reducing uncertainty factors in its processes, BIM undoubtedly offers a chance for improvement as acknowledged by its imminent and mandatory implementation on the part of governments (for example United Kingdom in 2016 and Spain in 2018). The changes involved in professional roles and procedures upon incorporating BIM are highly significant and will set the course for future graduates of Architecture, Engineering and Construction disciplines (AEC) within their professions. Higher Education must respond to such needs with swiftness by incorporating this methodology into their educational standards and providing a synergetic vision that focuses on the underlying educational benefits inherent in the BIM framework. In this respect, BIM, in gathering data set under one single virtual model, offers a uniquely interesting potential. The three‐dimensional reality of the model, under continuous development and updating, provides students with a radically different graphic environment, in which partial views of elevation, section or plan that tend characteristically to be difficult to assimilate at the beginning of their studies, become mere post hoc requests to be ordered when needed directly out the virtual model. The design is always carried out on the sole model itself, independently of the working view chosen at any particular moment, with all data and data relations within construction permanently updated and fully coherent. This condensed description of the features of BIM begin to shape an important part of the educational benefits posed by BIM processes, particularly in reference to integrated design development and information management (including ITC). At the same time, it highlights the ease with which visual understanding is achieved regarding architectural elements, technology systems, their intrinsic relationships, and construction processes. In addition to this, there is the experimental development the BIM platform grants through its collaborative software: simulation of structural, energetic, and economic behavior, among others, of the virtual model according to the data inherent to the project. This doctoral dissertation presents a broad study including a wide array of research methods and issues in order to specify both the virtues and possible reservations in the use of BIM processes within the framework of a specific discipline: teaching Architecture. To do so, a literature review on BIM has been carried out, specifically concerning teaching in the discipline of Architecture, as well as an analysis of the experience of different groups of interest delimited to Universidad Europea de Madrid. The analysis of the benefits and/or limitations of using BIM has been approached through student surveys and interviews with professionals from the AEC sector, associated or not, with BIM. Various diverse educational experiences are described and academic management for experimental implementation has been analyzed. The conclusions of this study offer a synthesis for a Framework of Implementation of BIM methodology, which in order to reach greater clarity, communication ease and user‐friendliness, have been posed in an eminently graphic manner. The proposed framework proffers guidance on teaching methods conducive to the development of specific skills, taking advantage of the conceptual flexibility of the European Higher Education Area guidelines based on competencies, which naturally facilitate for the incorporation of this new teaching tool to achieve the educational objectives established by law. The global approach of the Implementation Framework put forth in this study facilitates the planning of educational actions within a common perspective: combining exceptional or vehicular BIM formats, establishing cross‐disciplinary synergies, and sharing resources, so as to purport a methodology that contributes to the assimilation of knowledge and pre‐defined competencies within the degree program, and to the flow of learning itself. At the same time, it reserves, even visually, those areas of knowledge in which the use of BIM processes is not considered necessarily an advantage over other methodologies, or even inadequate for the learning outcomes established, at least where current planning is concerned. It is this last category which characterizes the research conclusions as a whole, centering on: 1. The unquestionable need for teaching BIM concepts and processes in Architecture very early on, in the initial stages of higher education; 2. The additional educational benefits that BIM offers in a varied array of competency development within the academic curriculum; and 3. The specific nature of the professional role of the Architect, which demands a careful and balanced implementation of BIM that respects the traditional teaching methodologies that have proven effective and creative, and adds value by a symbiotic reorientation merged with parametric design and digital manufacturing so to enable for a finally generative design.

The development of a wind tunnel DAQ system by using Labview tools

This paper presents the experimental three-year learning activity developed by a group of teachers in a wind tunnel facility. The authors, leading a team of students, carried out a project consisting of the design, assembly and testing of a wind tunnel. The project included all stages of the process from its initial specifications to its final quality flow assessments, going through the calculation of each element, and the building of the whole wind tunnel. The group of (final year) students was responsible for the whole wind tunnel project as a part of their bachelor degree project. The paper focuses on the development of wind tunnel data acquisition software. This automatic tool is essential to improve the automation of the data acquisition of the wind tunnel facility systems, in particular for a 6DOF multi-axis force/torque sensor. This work can be considered as a typical example of real engineering practice: a set of specifications that has to be modified due to the constraints imposed throughout the project, in order to obtain the final result

Análisis espectral de señales cardiacas mediante frecuencia dominante

La Ingeniería Biomédica surgió en la década de 1950 como una fascinante mezcla interdisciplinaria, en la cual la ingeniería, la biología y la medicina aunaban esfuerzos para analizar y comprender distintas enfermedades. Las señales existentes en este área deben ser analizadas e interpretadas, más allá de las capacidades limitadas de la simple vista y la experiencia humana. Aquí es donde el procesamiento digital de la señal se postula como una herramienta indispensable para extraer la información relevante oculta en dichas señales. La electrocardiografía fue una de las primeras áreas en las que se aplicó el procesado digital de señales hace más de 50 años. Las señales electrocardiográficas continúan siendo, a día de hoy, objeto de estudio por parte de cardiólogos e ingenieros. En esta área, las técnicas de procesamiento de señal han ayudado a encontrar información oculta a simple vista que ha cambiado la forma de tratar ciertas enfermedades que fueron ya diagnosticadas previamente. Desde entonces, se han desarrollado numerosas técnicas de procesado de señales electrocardiográficas, pudiéndose resumir estas en tres grandes categorías: análisis tiempo-frecuencia, análisis de organización espacio-temporal y separación de la actividad atrial del ruido y las interferencias. Este proyecto se enmarca dentro de la primera categoría, análisis tiempo-frecuencia, y en concreto dentro de lo que se conoce como análisis de frecuencia dominante, la cual se va a aplicar al análisis de señales de fibrilación auricular. El proyecto incluye una parte teórica de análisis y desarrollo de algoritmos de procesado de señal, y una parte práctica, de programación y simulación con Matlab. Matlab es una de las herramientas fundamentales para el procesamiento digital de señales por ordenador, la cual presenta importantes funciones y utilidades para el desarrollo de proyectos en este campo. Por ello, se ha elegido dicho software como herramienta para la implementación del proyecto. ABSTRACT. Biomedical Engineering emerged in the 1950s as a fascinating interdisciplinary blend, in which engineering, biology and medicine pooled efforts to analyze and understand different diseases. Existing signals in this area should be analyzed and interpreted, beyond the limited capabilities of the naked eye and the human experience. This is where the digital signal processing is postulated as an indispensable tool to extract the relevant information hidden in these signals. Electrocardiography was one of the first areas where digital signal processing was applied over 50 years ago. Electrocardiographic signals remain, even today, the subject of close study by cardiologists and engineers. In this area, signal processing techniques have helped to find hidden information that has changed the way of treating certain diseases that were already previously diagnosed. Since then, numerous techniques have been developed for processing electrocardiographic signals. These methods can be summarized into three categories: time-frequency analysis, analysis of spatio-temporal organization and separation of atrial activity from noise and interferences. This project belongs to the first category, time-frequency analysis, and specifically to what is known as dominant frequency analysis, which is one of the fundamental tools applied in the analysis of atrial fibrillation signals. The project includes a theoretical part, related to the analysis and development of signal processing algorithms, and a practical part, related to programming and simulation using Matlab. Matlab is one of the fundamental tools for digital signal processing, presenting significant functions and advantages for the development of projects in this field. Therefore, we have chosen this software as a tool for project implementation.

Aplicación de los documentos reconocidos de evaluación de la demanda y certificación energética en España, para el diseño y análisis de tejidos urbanos : el caso de la intervención en barrios partiendo de criterios acústicos

El presente trabajo, trata del ahorro de energía en la edificación y en el urbanismo. Las premisas en este caso, son un contexto normativo europeo y nacional muy exigentes y encaminados de manera decidida hacia edificios cada vez más eficientes y económicos. Se centra el estudio en las decisiones iniciales que se adoptan sobre las condiciones de ocupación de la parcela urbana, las tipologías edificatorias más adecuadas, su morfología y escala y las consecuencias que tienen para el comportamiento energético final, tanto en términos objetivos como normativos. Se trata de cuantificar que suponen estas decisiones en términos de ahorro energético. Todo el análisis se realiza para un contexto climático concreto, el de la ciudad de Madrid. Para los análisis de las diferentes condiciones de implantación objeto del estudio, se han empleado unas herramientas informáticas singulares. Se trata de los programas de evaluación de la demanda y certificación energética de edificios, que el gobierno español pone a disposición de los usuarios de manera gratuita. Estas, son aplicaciones pensadas para la escala del edificio y/o parte de él, pero que con la metodología y simplificaciones que en el trabajo se detallan, pueden ser empleadas en la escala media de intervención urbana, tanto en nueva implantación como en rehabilitación. Hay que tener en cuenta que son estas aplicaciones las que se utilizarán en la mayoría de los casos como instrumento de evaluación y calificación del comportamiento energético de cada una de las unidades. Las tipologías objeto del estudio son: - Vivienda unifamiliar: aislada, pareada y adosada en hilera. - Bloque abierto - Bloque en H - Bloque en cruz - Torre - Manzana cerrada El contenido principal del trabajo se centra en el análisis individual de cada tipología y de su agrupación teórica sobre lo que podíamos llamar "unidad urbana", una manzana tipo de 10.000 m2, 1 ha. Se opta por esta unidad por tratarse de una superficie urbana lo suficientemente amplia para caracterizar la agrupación de las diferentes tipologías estudiadas y por adaptarse a las capacidades de las herramientas informáticas que se han utilizado. Se han analizado diferentes opciones tipológicas de ocupación, manteniendo constantes en todas las soluciones estudiadas, los siguientes parámetros: • el clima (Madrid), • la edificabilidad (en todas menos una en la que el modelo no permite alcanzar la edificabilidad de referencia), • la pureza formal del modelo, evitando los juegos compositivos de retranqueos y salientes de la envolvente que distorsionen el comportamiento de la volumetría primaria, • las soluciones constructivas de la envolvente y particiones interiores de los edificios, • las proporciones de huecos en la envolvente, • las soluciones de sus carpinterías y vidrios • y todas las condiciones operacionales que aplica el programa de simulación. Esta tesis, es un estudio analítico y evaluado, del comportamiento de cada uno de los tipos, su forma y posicionamiento en el espacio. Cada uno de los modelos se simula de manera individual y agrupados, con el fin de conseguir colmatar la edificabilidad de referencia sobre la parcela urbana de 1 ha. Todos los resultados se estudian de forma independiente y los resultados se expresan en diferentes tablas y un resumen en fichas individuales por tipos. La conclusión principal del trabajo es que la tipología elegida como contenedor residencial urbano determina en su elección acertada la primera medida de ahorro energético y reducción de emisiones cuantificables en más del 50% entre las tipologías más favorables y las más desfavorables. Una segunda parte del trabajo de investigación, consiste en la aplicación de esta metodología de simulación y empleando las mismas herramientas, en el estudio de casos reales en la comunidad de Madrid (principalmente en la ciudad de Madrid). El objetivo es validar el procedimiento y dichas herramientas, también para el caso de evaluación de tejidos urbanos consolidados. Como caso singular de estudio de rehabilitación urbana, se analizan las intervenciones de rehabilitación partiendo de criterios acústicos y las oportunidades que plantearía la inclusión de criterios térmicos aprovechando la sinergia entre ambas demandas, la de confort acústico y térmico. ABSTRACT This PhD work is about saving energy in buildings and urban planning. The premises in this case are a very demanding European and national policy, aimed decisively towards efficient and economic buildings. The study focuses on the initial decisions taken on the conditions of occupation of urban land, the most suitable building types, their morphology and scale and the implications for the final energy performance, always considering policy objectives. This essay tries to quantify how important this decisions are in energy savings terms. All analysis are performed for a particular climatic context, the city of Madrid. For the analysis of different implantation conditions under study, we have used a unique software tool. This software, a free tool available online, quantifies demand assessment and energy certification of buildings. It is designed for building scale and / or part of it. With the methodology and simplifications detailed in this paper, the software can be used in medium scale urban intervention. There are different types under study such as, isolated house, semi-detached, terraces row, open block, h block, cross block, tower, etc. The main content of the work focuses on the individual analysis of each type and its theoretical group, named urban unit group. This unit is chosen because it is an urban area large enough to characterize the grouping of the different types studied. It is also possible to simulate with the software tools. Different options of typological occupation have been analyzed taking in consideration the next parameters: climate, floor area, model formal purity, building envelope solutions and interior partitions of buildings, the proportions of voids in the facades. This thesis is an analytical and evaluated study of the behavior of each types, form and position in space. Each of the models is simulated individually and grouped, in order to get the reference buildable urban plot of 1 ha. All results are studied independently and the results are expressed in different tables and a summary in individual files by type. The main conclusion of the study is that the type chosen as urban residential container you choose determines the first step in successful energy savings and quantifiable reduction of emissions by more than 50% in the most favorable and the most unfavorable types. A second part of the research, is the application of this methodology and simulation using the same tools in the study of real cases in the community of Madrid (mainly in the city of Madrid). The aim is to validate the procedure and such tools, also for the case of evaluation of consolidated urban fabric. As a unique case study of urban renewal, rehabilitation interventions based on acoustic criteria and opportunities arise thermal criteria including leveraging the synergy between the two demands, acoustic and thermal comfort are analyzed.

A friendly online C compiler to improve programming skills based on student self-assessment

This paper presents an online C compiler designed so that students can program their practical assignments in Programming courses. What is really innovative is the self-assessment of the exercises based on black-box tests and train students’ skill to test software. Moreover, this tool lets instructors, not only proposing and classifying practical exercises, but also evaluating automatically the efforts dedicated and the results obtained by the students. The system has been applied to the 1st-year students at the Industrial Engineering specialization at the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Results show that the students obtained better academic performance, reducing the failure rate in the practical exam considerably with respect to previous years, in addition that an anonymous survey proved that students are satisfied with the system because they get instant feedback about their programs.

Qualitative operational risk software -development of a software tool for determining the root of operational risk

This article shows software that allows determining the statistical behavior of qualitative data originating surveys previously transformed with a Likert’s scale to quantitative data. The main intention is offer to users a useful tool to know statistics' characteristics and forecasts of financial risks in a fast and simple way. Additionally,this paper presents the definition of operational risk. On the other hand, the article explains different techniques to do surveys with a Likert’s scale (Avila, 2008) to know expert’s opinion with the transformation of qualitative data to quantitative data. In addition, this paper will show how is very easy to distinguish an expert’s opinion related to risk, but when users have a lot of surveys and matrices is very difficult to obtain results because is necessary to compare common data. On the other hand, statistical value representative must be extracted from common data to get weight of each risk. In the end, this article exposes the development of “Qualitative Operational Risk Software” or QORS by its acronym, which has been designed to determine the root of risks in organizations and its value at operational risk OpVaR (Jorion, 2008; Chernobai et al, 2008) when input data comes from expert’s opinion and their associated matrices.

Software tool for simulation of aircraft trajectories

New concepts in air navigation have been introduced recently. Among others, are the concepts of trajectory optimization, 4D trajectories, RBT (Reference Business Trajectory), TBO (trajectory based operations), CDA (Continuous Descent Approach) and ACDA (Advanced CDA), conflict resolution, arrival time (AMAN), introduction of new aircraft (UAVs, UASs) in air space, etc. Although some of these concepts are new, the future Air Traffic Management will maintain the four ATM key performance areas such as Safety, Capacity, Efficiency, and Environmental impact. So much, the performance of the ATM system is directly related to the accuracy with which the future evolution of the traffic can be predicted. In this sense, future air traffic management will require a variety of support tools to provide suitable help to users and engineers involved in the air space management. Most of these tools are based on an appropriate trajectory prediction module as main component. Therefore, the purposes of these tools are related with testing and evaluation of any air navigation concept before they become fully operative. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview to the design of a software tool useful to estimate aircraft trajectories adapted to air navigation concepts. Other usage of the tool, like controller design, vertical navigation assessment, procedures validation and hardware and software in the loop are available in the software tool. The paper will show the process followed to design the tool, the software modules needed to perform accurately and the process followed to validate the output data.

High-quality real-time temporal segmentation tool for video editing software

The increasing use of video editing software has resulted in a necessity for faster and more efficient editing tools. Here, we propose a lightweight high-quality video indexing tool that is suitable for video editing software.

Temporal segmentation tool for high-quality real time video editing software

The increasing use of video editing software requires faster and more efficient editing tools. As a first step, these tools perform a temporal segmentation in shots that allows a later building of indexes describing the video content. Here, we propose a novel real-time high-quality shot detection strategy, suitable for the last generation of video editing software requiring both low computational cost and high quality results. While abrupt transitions are detected through a very fast pixel-based analysis, gradual transitions are obtained from an efficient edge-based analysis. Both analyses are reinforced with a motion analysis that helps to detect and discard false detections. This motion analysis is carried out exclusively over a reduced set of candidate transitions, thus maintaining the computational requirements demanded by new applications to fulfill user needs.

The Role of Knowledge Modeling Techniques in Software Development: A General Approach Based on a Knowledge Management Tool

The aim of the paper is to discuss the use of knowledge models to formulate general applications. First, the paper presents the recent evolution of the software field where increasing attention is paid to conceptual modeling. Then, the current state of knowledge modeling techniques is described where increased reliability is available through the modern knowledge acquisition techniques and supporting tools. The KSM (Knowledge Structure Manager) tool is described next. First, the concept of knowledge area is introduced as a building block where methods to perform a collection of tasks are included together with the bodies of knowledge providing the basic methods to perform the basic tasks. Then, the CONCEL language to define vocabularies of domains and the LINK language for methods formulation are introduced. Finally, the object oriented implementation of a knowledge area is described and a general methodology for application design and maintenance supported by KSM is proposed. To illustrate the concepts and methods, an example of system for intelligent traffic management in a road network is described. This example is followed by a proposal of generalization for reuse of the resulting architecture. Finally, some concluding comments are proposed about the feasibility of using the knowledge modeling tools and methods for general application design.

A Coordinated Plan for Teaching Software Engineering in the University Rey Juan Carlos.

Un plan para organizar las enseñanzas de la ingeniería del software en las titulaciones de informática de la URJC. Nowadays both industry and academic environments are showing a lot of interest in the Software Engineering discipline. Therefore, it is a challenge for universities to provide students with appropriate training in this area, preparing them for their future professional practice. There are many difficulties to provide that training. The outstanding ones are: the Software Engineering area is too broad and class hours are scarce; the discipline requires a high level of abstraction; it is difficult to reproduce real world situations in the classroom to provide a practical learning environment; the number of students per professor is very high (at least in Spain); companies develop software with a maturity level rarely over level 2 of the CMM for Software (again, at least in Spain) as opposed to what is taught at the University. Besides, there are different levels and study plans, making more difficult to structure the contents to teach in each term and degree. In this paper we present a plan for teaching Software Engineering trying to overcome some of the difficulties above.

Usability-Oriented Software Development Process

Usability is the capability of the software product to be understood, learned, used and attractive to the user, when used under specified conditions. Many studies demonstrate the benefits of usability, yet to this day software products continue to exhibit consistently low levels of this quality attribute. Furthermore, poor usability in software systems contributes largely to software failing in actual use. One of the main disciplines involved in usability is that of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Over the past two decades the HCI community has proposed specific features that should be present in applications to improve their usability, yet incorporating them into software continues to be far from trivial for software developers. These difficulties are due to multiple factors, including the high level of abstraction at which these HCI recommendations are made and how far removed they are from actual software implementation. In order to bridge this gap, the Software Engineering community has long proposed software design solutions to help developers include usability features into software, however, the problem remains an open research question. This doctoral thesis addresses the problem of helping software developers include specific usability features into their applications by providing them with a structured and tangible guidance in the form of a process, which we have termed the Usability-Oriented Software Development Process. This process is supported by a set of Software Usability Guidelines that help developers to incorporate a set of eleven usability features with high impact on software design. After developing the Usability-oriented Software Development Process and the Software Usability Guidelines, they have been validated across multiple academic projects and proven to help software developers to include such usability features into their software applications. In doing so, their use significantly reduced development time and improved the quality of the resulting designs of these projects. Furthermore, in this work we propose a software tool to automate the application of the proposed process. In sum, this work contributes to the integration of the Software Engineering and HCI disciplines providing a framework that helps software developers to create usable applications in an efficient way.

Using the Spectrum Analyzer as an Educational Tool for Mobile Communications

Application of the spectrum analyzer for illustrating several concepts associated with mobile communications is discussed. Specifically, two groups of observable features are described. First, time variation and frequency selectivity of multipath propagation can be revealed by carrying out simple measurements on commercial-network GSM and UMTS signals. Second, the main time-domain and frequency-domain features of GSM and UMTS radio signals can be observed. This constitutes a valuable tool for teaching mobile communication courses.