Reduced order adaptive models for systems of PDEs using POD

In this work we propose a method to accelerate time dependent numerical solvers of systems of PDEs that require a high cost in computational time and memory. The method is based on the combined use of such numerical solver with a proper orthogonal decomposition, from which we identify modes, a Galerkin projection (that provides a reduced system of equations) and the integration of the reduced system, studying the evolution of the modal amplitudes. We integrate the reduced model until our a priori error estimator indicates that our approximation in not accurate. At this point we use again our original numerical code in a short time interval to adapt the POD manifold and continue then with the integration of the reduced model. Application will be made to two model problems: the Ginzburg-Landau equation in transient chaos conditions and the two-dimensional pulsating cavity problem, which describes the motion of liquid in a box whose upper wall is moving back and forth in a quasi-periodic fashion. Finally, we will discuss a way of improving the performance of the method using experimental data or information from numerical simulations

Acrobats in the rooftops of Tehran

This paper seeks to analyze the political dimension of the body, and consequently the inherently political dimension of space, through the instrumental notion of situation, understood as an spatio-temporal mesh configured by bodies, practices and discourses. The political understood as the potential for action (or non-action) underlying the individual body, implies a renewed definition of a landscape that results from the body’s doing. Landscape becomes a multiple corporeality, a field of relations in which we discover ourselves enmeshed, not just placed; a field in which the limit is not frontier but bond and common dimension. A disquieting ambiguous zone appears there where the individual spatiality is born out of the body through the actualization of its political potential and entangles with others to constitute a common spatiality, political action of the multitude. The article is organized through the description of a back-and-forth movement between the revolts of Tehran in 2009 and the Iranian revolution of 1979. Also, a detour into the works of Robert Morris and Trisha Brown is required in order to understand the link between the body and the constitution of a common spatiality.

Static Pressure Impact on Aerodynamics of High Speed Railway Tunnels

A pressure wave is generated when a high speed train enters a tunnel. This wave travels along the tunnel back and forth, and is reflected at the irregularities of the tunnel duct (section changes, chimneys and tunnel ends). The pressure changes are associated to these waves can have an effect on passengers if the trains are not suitably sealed or pressurized. The intensity of the waves depends mainly on the train speed, and on the blockage ratio (train-section-to- tunnel-section area ratio). As the intensity of the waves is limited by regulations, and also by the effects on passengers and infrastructures, the sizing of the tunnel section area is largely influenced by the maximum train speed allowed in the tunnel. The aim of this study is to analyse the increase in cost in a tunnel due to the existence of this difference in ground level, and evaluate the increase of construction costs that this elevation might involve.

Optimizing phosphorus diffusion for photovoltaic applications: peak doping, inactive phosphorus,gettering, and contact formation

The phosphosilicate glass (PSG), fabricated by tube furnace diffusion using a POCl3 source, is widely used as a dopant source in the manufacturing of crystalline silicon solar cells. Although it has been a widely addressed research topic for a long time, there is still lack of a comprehensive understanding of aspects such as the growth, the chemical composition, possible phosphorus depletion, the resulting in-diffused phosphorus profiles, the gettering behavior in silicon, and finally the metal-contact formation. This paper addresses these different aspects simultaneously to further optimize process conditions for photovoltaic applications. To do so, a wide range of experimental data is used and combined with device and process simulations, leading to a more comprehensive interpretation. The results show that slight changes in the PSG process conditions can produce high-quality emitters. It is predicted that PSG processes at 860 °C for 60 min in combination with an etch-back and laser doping from PSG layer results in high-quality emitters with a peak dopant density Npeak = 8.0 × 1018 cm−3 and a junction depth dj = 0.4 μm, resulting in a sheet resistivityρsh = 380 Ω/sq and a saturation current-density J0 below 10 fA/cm2. With these properties, the POCl3 process can compete with ion implantation or doped oxide approaches.

Influencia de la información termográfica infrarroja en el protocolo de prevención de lesiones de un equipo de fútbol profesional español

El fútbol es un deporte en cuya práctica existe una alta incidencia de lesión. Además, en el ámbito profesional las lesiones suponen un duro proceso de recuperación para el futbolista, una reducción del rendimiento deportivo para éste y para el equipo, y unos grandes costes económicos para el club. Dentro de esta problemática, la bibliografía consultada concluye que en las pretemporadas se produce una mayor incidencia de lesión por sobrecarga, es decir, sin contacto; un tipo de lesiones que está a nuestro alcance poder prevenir. Por ello, consideramos importante el conocer y desarrollar métodos, herramientas y principios para obtener programas preventivos efectivos, que reduzcan las elevadas cifras de incidencia de lesión mostradas por la literatura. El presente estudio observa y registra las lesiones, a través del cuestionario F-MARC, de un equipo profesional de fútbol de la Liga Española durante las pretemporadas 2008 (n=24) y 2009 (n=24). Además, durante la pretemporada 2009 se aplicó la termografía infrarroja para adquirir información sobre la asimilación de la carga de entrenamiento por parte de los jugadores, y dicha información se utilizarón para mejorar las tomas de decisiones de protocolos post-ejercicio específicos en prevención de lesiones, los cuales fueron los mismos que se utilizaron previamente en la pretemporada 2008. El estudio tiene un diseño con características pre-post sin grupo de control. Es un estudio longitudinal donde, tras un registro inicial de lesiones en la pretemporada 2008, los sujetos fueron expuestos a la variable independiente, utilización de la termografía infrarroja, en el protocolo de prevención de lesiones durante la pretemporada 2009. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran una reducción significativa de hasta el 60% en la frecuencia de lesión durante la pretemporada 2009, y un descenso de la incidencia de lesión total que pasa de 8,3 lesiones por cada 1000 horas de exposición en 2008 a 3,4 en 2009. Con ello, la probabilidad de lesión se redujo considerablemente pasando de un 85% de los jugadores lesionados en 2008 a un 26% en 2009; además, las lesiones de carácter muscular descendieron en 2009 un 70% con respecto al 2008, y los días de baja que causaron todas las lesiones pasó a reducirse un 91,8% en la pretemporada 2009. Por otro lado, el perfil térmico de los jugadores en función de su lateralidad y dominancia, guarda una gran similitud en sus temperaturas, tanto medias como máximas, con temperaturas más elevadas en la zona corporal lumbar y poplítea, y con temperaturas más bajas en tobillos y rodillas. Todas las zonas corporales estudiadas, exceptuando el tobillo (p<0,05), no presentan diferencias significativas entre ambos hemicuerpos, estableciendo un promedio de diferencia entre ambos lados de 0,06±0,16 ºC. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados, consideramos el límite superior de normalidad de asimetría térmica bilateral en 0,3ºC para todas las zonas corporales estudiadas del miembro inferior exceptuando los tobillos. El parámetro ambiental que más relación tiene con la temperatura registrada por la cámara termográfica es la temperatura de la sala con un coeficiente de correlación cercano a r=1,00, seguido de la presión atmosférica con un coeficiente de correlación cercano r=0,50, y, por último, la humedad que no guarda ningún tipo de relación con la temperatura registrada en cada zona corporal en el rango de valores considerados en el estudio. Por otro lado, los resultados del ANOVA de un factor nos indican que existen diferencias de medias entre los tres grupos formados de temperatura ambiente de sala (1º=18º-21ºC, 2º=22º-24ºC y 3º=25º-31ºC). Además, los resultados de la prueba HSD de Tukey nos indican que existen diferencias entre cada uno de los grupos en todas las zonas corporales estudiadas exceptuando los tobillos. Por último, se propone la ecuación; TC-estándar = TC-real – [0,184 * (TS – 21ºC)] para predecir la influencia de la temperatura ambiente sobre la temperatura registrada por la cámara termográfica. Para concluir, tras los resultados obtenidos, podemos afirmar que la aplicación de un protocolo post-ejercicio de prevención de lesiones basado en la información adquirida a través de valoraciones con termografía infrarroja reduce la incidencia de lesión en el grupo de futbolistas profesionales estudiado. Tenemos que ser conscientes que nos encontramos ante un estudio de campo, donde existen muchos factores que han podido influenciar en los resultados y que son difíciles de controlar. Por lo tanto, debemos ser cautos y concluir que la información adquirida de las evaluaciones termográficas ha sido uno de los aspectos que ayudó a la reducción significativa de la incidencia de lesión en la pretemporada 2009 en el equipo de fútbol profesional español de este estudio, pero que seguramente hayan podido existir otros factores que también hayan favorecido este hecho. ABSTRACT Soccer is a sport with a high incidence of injury. Moreover, in professional soccer injuries lead to a tough recovery process for the players, a reduction athletic performance for them and for their teams, and large economic costs for the club. In this issue, the literature concludes that in the preseason a greater incidence of overuse injury occurs (ie, without contact), and this is a type of injury that we can prevent. Therefore, we consider that it is important to know and develop methods, tools and principles to obtain effective preventive programs that reduce the high injury incidence figures shown in the literature. This study observed and recorded injuries, through the questionnaire F-MARC, from a professional soccer team in the Spanish league during the preseason 2008 (n = 24) and 2009 (n = 24). Moreover, during the 2009 preseason infrared thermography was applied to acquire information about the assimilation of the training load by the players, and this information was used to improve the decision making in the specific post-exercise injury prevention protocols, which were the same used in the previous season 2008. The study had a pre-post design without control group. Is a longitudinal study where, after an initial registration of injuries in the 2008 preseason, subjects were exposed to the independent variable, using infrared thermography, included in the protocol for injury prevention during the 2009 preseason. The results of this study show a significant reduction of up to 60% in the frequency of injury during the 2009 preseason, and a decrease in total injury incidence passing from 8.3 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure in 2008 to 3.4 in 2008. With this, the likelihood of injury decreased significantly from 85% of the players injuried in 2008 to 26% in 2009, also muscle injuries in 2009 fell 70% compared to 2008, and sick leave days that caused by all the injuries happened were reduced a 91.8% in the 2009 preseason. On the other hand, the thermal profile of the players according to their laterality and dominance, is quiet similar in their temperatures, both average and maximum values, with an estimated average of the highest temperatures in the lower back and popliteal areas in the back areas, and lower temperatures in the ankles and knees. All body areas studied, except for the ankle (p <0.05), had no significant differences between both sides of the body, establishing an average difference between both sides of 0.06 ± 0.16 °C. Given these results, we consider the upper limit of normal bilateral thermal asymmetry 0.3 °C for all body areas studied in the lower limb except for ankles. The environmental parameter higher related with temperature recorded by the camera is the temperature of the room with a correlation coefficient close to r = 1.00, followed by atmospheric pressure with a correlation coefficient near r = 0.50, and finally, the humidity that, in the range of values considered in the study, it is not related with temperature in each body area. On the other hand, the results of one-way ANOVA indicate that there are differences between the three temperature of the room groups (1 ° = 18-21 °C, 2 º = 22-24 ºC and 3 º = 25-31 ºC). Moreover, the results of the Tukey HSD test indicate that there are differences between each of the groups for all body areas studied except the ankles. Finally, we propose the equation TC-standard = TC-real – [0,184 * (TS – 21ºC)] to predict the influence of temperature on the temperature recorded by the thermographic camera. In conclusion, we can say from our results that the implementation of a post-exercise injury prevention protocol based on information from assessments with infrared thermography reduces the incidence of injury in professional soccer players. We must be aware that we are facing a field study, where there are many factors that could influence the results and they are difficult to control. Therefore, we must be cautious and conclude that the information acquired from the thermographic evaluation has been one of the aspects that helped to significantly reduce the incidence of injury in the preseason 2009 in the Spanish professional football team, but probably they could exist other factors with a positive effect on the reduction of the injury rates.

Multi-fluid Eulerian model of an electrospray in a host gas.

An Eulerian multifluid model is used to describe the evolution of an electrospray plume and the flow induced in the surrounding gas by the drag of the electrically charged spray droplets in the space between an injection electrode containing the electrospray source and a collector electrode. The spray is driven by the voltage applied between the two electrodes. Numerical computations and order-of-magnitude estimates for a quiescent gas show that the droplets begin to fly back toward the injection electrode at a certain critical value of the flux of droplets in the spray, which depends very much on the electrical conditions at the injection electrode. As the flux is increased toward its critical value, the electric field induced by the charge of the droplets partially balances the field due to the applied voltage in the vicinity of the injection electrode, leading to a spray that rapidly broadens at a distance from its origin of the order of the stopping distance at which the droplets lose their initial momentum and the effect of their inertia becomes negligible. The axial component of the electric field first changes sign in this region, causing the fly back. The flow induced in the gas significantly changes this picture in the conditions of typical experiments. A gas plume is induced by the drag of the droplets whose entrainment makes the radius of the spray away from the injection electrode smaller than in a quiescent gas, and convects the droplets across the region of negative axial electric field that appears around the origin of the spray when the flux of droplets is increased. This suppresses fly back and allows much higher fluxes to be reached than are possible in a quiescent gas. The limit of large droplet-to-gas mass ratio is discussed. Migration of satellite droplets to the shroud of the spray is reproduced by the Eulerian model, but this process is also affected by the motion of the gas. The gas flow preferentially pushes satellite droplets from the shroud to the core of the spray when the effect of the inertia of the droplets becomes negligible, and thus opposes the well-established electrostatic/inertial mechanism of segregation and may end up concentrating satellite droplets in an intermediate radial region of the spray.

Proyecto de mejora de instalaciones de calefacción, ACS y envolvente térmica de un edificio existente

En este escrito se pretende llevar a cabo la realización de un proyecto técnico sobre eficiencia energética en edificios. El proyecto comienza con el estudio de la demanda térmica de un edificio, es decir, de sus necesidades de calefacción, refrigeración y agua caliente sanitaria (ACS). Una vez realizado este análisis, se procede al estudio de distintas alternativas para la disminución del coste asociado al consumo energético del edificio, las cuales son: mejora del aislamiento de la envolvente térmica del edificio, instalación de colectores solares para la producción de ACS y el cambio de los quemadores de las calderas. De estas medidas se han presupuestado aquellas que poseen un bajo periodo de retorno de la inversión, y se ha desarrollado su planificación, programación temporal y análisis económico. ABSTRACT In this document is pretended to be carry out the performance of a technical project about energy efficiency in buildings. The project begins with the study of the thermal demand of the building, that is to say, the heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW) needs. Once the analysis has been done, is proceeded the study of different alternatives for diminishing the cost associate to the building energy consumption, which are: improvement of the insulation of the building, solar collector installation to produce DHW and change of the burner of the boilers. Among this measures, has been budgeted the ones that possess a low invest pay-back, and it is been developed their planning, their temporal programming and their economic analysis.

Tracking and back-tracking

This paper presents a review of back-tracking geometry not only for single axis but also for two-axis tracking and analyses the corresponding energy gains. It compares the different back-tracking strategies with the ideal tracking in terms of energy yield concluding, on the one hand, that back-tracking is more useful for single horizontal axis than for the single vertical one, and on the other hand, that back-tracking is more efficient when applied in the primary axis of a two-axis tracker

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber thinning and the homo-interface model: Influence of Mo back contact and 3-stage process on device characteristics

Thinning the absorber layer is one of the possibilities envisaged to further decrease the production costs of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin films solar cell technology. In the present study, the electronic transport in submicron CIGSe-based devices has been investigated and compared to that of standard devices. It is observed that when the absorber is around 0.5 μm-thick, tunnelling enhanced interface recombination dominates, which harms cells energy conversion efficiency. It is also shown that by varying either the properties of the Mo back contact or the characteristics of 3-stage growth processing, one can shift the dominating recombination mechanism from interface to space charge region and thereby improve the cells efficiency. Discussions on these experimental facts led to the conclusions that 3-stage process implies the formation of a CIGSe/CIGSe homo-interface, whose location as well as properties rule the device operation; its influence is enhanced in submicron CIGSe based solar cells.