Formal verification of safety protocol in train control system

In order to satisfy the safety-critical requirements, the train control system (TCS) often employs a layered safety communication protocol to provide reliable services. However, both description and verification of the safety protocols may be formidable due to the system complexity. In this paper, interface automata (IA) are used to describe the safety service interface behaviors of safety communication protocol. A formal verification method is proposed to describe the safety communication protocols using IA and translate IA model into PROMELA model so that the protocols can be verified by the model checker SPIN. A case study of using this method to describe and verify a safety communication protocol is included. The verification results illustrate that the proposed method is effective to describe the safety protocols and verify deadlocks, livelocks and several mandatory consistency properties. A prototype of safety protocols is also developed based on the presented formally verifying method.

Artificial cognitive control system based on the shared circuits model of sociocognitive capacities. A first approach

sharedcircuitmodels is presented in this work. The sharedcircuitsmodelapproach of sociocognitivecapacities recently proposed by Hurley in The sharedcircuitsmodel (SCM): how control, mirroring, and simulation can enable imitation, deliberation, and mindreading. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31(1) (2008) 1–22 is enriched and improved in this work. A five-layer computational architecture for designing artificialcognitivecontrolsystems is proposed on the basis of a modified sharedcircuitsmodel for emulating sociocognitive experiences such as imitation, deliberation, and mindreading. In order to show the enormous potential of this approach, a simplified implementation is applied to a case study. An artificialcognitivecontrolsystem is applied for controlling force in a manufacturing process that demonstrates the suitability of the suggested approach

Adaptive control system based on lineal control theory for the path-following problem of a car-like mobile robot

The objective of this paper is to design a path following control system for a car-like mobile robot using classical linear control techniques, so that it adapts on-line to varying conditions during the trajectory following task. The main advantages of the proposed control structure is that well known linear control theory can be applied in calculating the PID controllers to full control requirements, while at the same time it is exible to be applied in non-linear changing conditions of the path following task. For this purpose the Frenet frame kinematic model of the robot is linearised at a varying working point that is calculated as a function of the actual velocity, the path curvature and kinematic parameters of the robot, yielding a transfer function that varies during the trajectory. The proposed controller is formed by a combination of an adaptive PID and a feed-forward controller, which varies accordingly with the working conditions and compensates the non-linearity of the system. The good features and exibility of the proposed control structure have been demonstrated through realistic simulations that include both kinematics and dynamics of the car-like robot.

Structural health monitoring network system with wireless communications inside closed aerospace structures

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) requires integrated "all in one" electronic devices capable of performing analysis of structural integrity and on-board damage detection in aircraft?s structures. PAMELA III (Phased Array Monitoring for Enhanced Life Assessment, version III) SHM embedded system is an example of this device type. This equipment is capable of generating excitation signals to be applied to an array of integrated piezoelectric Phased Array (PhA) transducers stuck to aircraft structure, acquiring the response signals, and carrying out the advanced signal processing to obtain SHM maps. PAMELA III is connected with a host computer in order to receive the configuration parameters and sending the obtained SHM maps, alarms and so on. This host can communicate with PAMELA III through an Ethernet interface. To avoid the use of wires where necessary, it is possible to add Wi-Fi capabilities to PAMELA III, connecting a Wi-Fi node working as a bridge, and to establish a wireless communication between PAMELA III and the host. However, in a real aircraft scenario, several PAMELA III devices must work together inside closed structures. In this situation, it is not possible for all PAMELA III devices to establish a wireless communication directly with the host, due to the signal attenuation caused by the different obstacles of the aircraft structure. To provide communication among all PAMELA III devices and the host, a wireless mesh network (WMN) system has been implemented inside a closed aluminum wingbox. In a WMN, as long as a node is connected to at least one other node, it will have full connectivity to the entire network because each mesh node forwards packets to other nodes in the network as required. Mesh protocols automatically determine the best route through the network and can dynamically reconfigure the network if a link drops out. The advantages and disadvantages on the use of a wireless mesh network system inside closed aerospace structures are discussed.

ClimApp: A Novel Approach of an Intelligent HVAC Control System

This paper describes a novel deployment of an intelligent user-centered HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioner) control system. The main objective of this system is to optimize user comfort and to reduce energy consumption in office buildings. Existing commercial HVAC control systems work in a fixed and predetermined way. The novelty of the proposed system is that it adapts dynamically to the user and to the building environment. For this purpose the system architecture has been designed under the paradigm of Ambient Intelligence. A prototype of the system proposed has been tested in a real-world environment.

Variable impedance LED matrix control system for lamps in PV applications

The interest in LED lighting has been growing recently due to the high efficacy, lifelime and ruggedness that this technology offers. However the key element to guarantee those parameters with these new electronic devices is to keep under control the working temperature of the semiconductor crystal. This paper propases a LED lamp design that fulfils the requ irements of a PV lighting systems, whose main quality criteria is reliability. It uses directly as a power supply a non·stabilized constant voltage source, as batteries. An electronic control architecture is used to regulate the current applied to the LEO matri)( according to their temperature and the voltage output value of the batteries with two pulse modulation signals (PWM) signals. The first one connects and disconnects the LEOs to the power supply and the second one connects and disconnects several emitters to the electric circuit changing its overall impedance. A prototype of the LEO lamp has been implemented and tested at different temperaturas and battery voltages.

On-line learning of a fuzzy controller for a precise vehicle cruise control system

Usually, vehicle applications require the use of artificial intelligent techniques to implement control methods, due to noise provided by sensors or the impossibility of full knowledge about dynamics of the vehicle (engine state, wheel pressure or occupiers weight). This work presents a method to on-line evolve a fuzzy controller for commanding vehicles? pedals at low speeds; in this scenario, the slightest alteration in the vehicle or road conditions can vary controller?s behavior in a non predictable way. The proposal adapts singletons positions in real time, and trapezoids used to codify the input variables are modified according with historical data. Experimentation in both simulated and real vehicles are provided to show how fast and precise the method is, even compared with a human driver or using different vehicles.

Sistema eléctrico y de control de potencia de un túnel aerodinámico = Design of the power distribution and control system for a wind tunnel facility

Este proyecto trata de diseñar el sistema eléctrico y de control de potencia de una maqueta del túnel aerodinámico ACLA-16 de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM). Dicha maqueta se utiliza para estudiar el efecto de la capa límite atmosférica, debido a su importancia en el impacto sobre estructuras civiles. Primero se desarrolla una parte teórica sobre qué son los túneles aerodinámicos, las aplicaciones que tienen y conceptos básicos acerca de la capa límite atmosférica. Luego se analiza el diseño geométrico de la maqueta del túnel y se detallan los elementos que debe tener el sistema eléctrico. Además, se realiza una simulación por ordenador con un programa de CFD (Fluent) para comparar los resultados experimentales reales con los resultados numéricos de la simulación para comprobar si se pueden extraer resultados aceptables por ordenador y así ahorrar costes y tiempo en el estudio de ensayos.

Sistema eléctrico y de control de potencia de un túnel aerodinámico = Design of the power distribution and control system for a wind tunnel facility

El proyecto está basado en el estudio de la planta de potencia de un túnel aerodinámico. Para ello se ha realizado una breve introducción definiendo qué es un túnel aerodinámico, cuál es su propósito, qué tipos hay, etc. Posteriormente se ha escogido un tipo concreto de túnel entre todas las posibilidades y se ha procedido a su estudio. Se ha definido una forma y unas dimensiones y tras calcular las pérdidas de carga, se ha seleccionado la planta de potencia necesaria para compensar dichas pérdidas, dimensionándose también las conexiones de esta desde la acometida de potencia eléctrica. Por último se han dimensionado las conexiones correspondientes a la iluminación y los servicios que competen al túnel aerodinámico.

Sistema eléctrico y de control de potencia de un tunel aerodinámico = Design of the power distributation and control system for a wind tunnel facility

La utilización de túneles aerodinámicos en ingeniería civil está cada vez más demandada debido al actual desarrollo urbanístico, esto es, la necesidad de edificios cada vez más altos en los que concentrar mayor cantidad de población, puentes y estructuras que faciliten el paso de medios de transporte alternativos, la importancia de los aspectos artísticos en la construcción (además de los funcionales), etc. Son muchos los factores que pueden hacer necesario el ensayo de alguna de esas estructuras en un túnel aerodinámico, y no existe un criterio universal a la hora de decidir si conviene o no hacerlo.

Magnetic Attitude Control System for a Small Satellite. Impact on the Thermal Performance

El principal objetivo de la tesis es estudiar el acoplamiento entre los subsistemas de control de actitud y de control térmico de un pequeño satélite, con el fin de buscar la solución a los problemas relacionados con la determinación de los parámetros de diseño. Se considera la evolución de la actitud y de las temperaturas del satélite bajo la influencia de dos estrategias de orientación diferentes: 1) estabilización magnética pasiva de la orientación (PMAS, passive magnetic attitude stabilization), y 2) control de actitud magnético activo (AMAC, active magnetic attitude control). En primer lugar se presenta el modelo matemático del problema, que incluye la dinámica rotacional y el modelo térmico. En el problema térmico se considera un satélite cúbico modelizado por medio de siete nodos (seis externos y uno interno) aplicando la ecuación del balance térmico. Una vez establecido el modelo matemático del problema, se estudia la evolución que corresponde a las dos estrategias mencionadas. La estrategia PMAS se ha seleccionado por su simplicidad, fiabilidad, bajo coste, ahorrando consumo de potencia, masa coste y complejidad, comparado con otras estrategias. Se ha considerado otra estrategia de control que consigue que el satélite gire a una velocidad requerida alrededor de un eje deseado de giro, pudiendo controlar su dirección en un sistema inercial de referencia, ya que frecuentemente el subsistema térmico establece requisitos de giro alrededor de un eje del satélite orientado en una dirección perpendicular a la radiación solar incidente. En relación con el problema térmico, para estudiar la influencia de la velocidad de giro en la evolución de las temperaturas en diversos puntos del satélite, se ha empleado un modelo térmico linealizado, obtenido a partir de la formulación no lineal aplicando un método de perturbaciones. El resultado del estudio muestra que el tiempo de estabilización de la temperatura y la influencia de las cargas periódicas externas disminuye cuando aumenta la velocidad de giro. Los cambios de temperatura se reducen hasta ser muy pequeños para velocidades de rotación altas. En relación con la estrategia PMAC se ha observado que a pesar de su uso extendido entre los micro y nano satélites todavía presenta problemas que resolver. Estos problemas están relacionados con el dimensionamiento de los parámetros del sistema y la predicción del funcionamiento en órbita. Los problemas aparecen debido a la dificultad en la determinación de las características magnéticas de los cuerpos ferromagnéticos (varillas de histéresis) que se utilizan como amortiguadores de oscilaciones en los satélites. Para estudiar este problema se presenta un modelo analítico que permite estimar la eficiencia del amortiguamiento, y que se ha aplicado al estudio del comportamiento en vuelo de varios satélites, y que se ha empleado para comparar los resultados del modelo con los obtenidos en vuelo, observándose que el modelo permite explicar satisfactoriamente el comportamiento registrado. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is to study the coupling between the attitude control and thermal control subsystems of a small satellite, and address the solution to some existing issues concerning the determination of their parameters. Through the thesis the attitude and temperature evolution of the satellite is studied under the influence of two independent attitude stabilization and control strategies: (1) passive magnetic attitude stabilization (PMAS), and (2) active magnetic attitude control (AMAC). In this regard the mathematical model of the problem is explained and presented. The mathematical model includes both the rotational dynamics and the thermal model. The thermal model is derived for a cubic satellite by solving the heat balance equation for 6 external and 1 internal nodes. Once established the mathematical model of the problem, the above mentioned attitude strategies were applied to the system and the temperature evolution of the 7 nodes of the satellite was studied. The PMAS technique has been selected to be studied due to its prevalent use, simplicity, reliability, and cost, as this strategy significantly saves the overall power, weight, cost, and reduces the complexity of the system compared to other attitude control strategies. In addition to that, another control law that provides the satellite with a desired spin rate along a desired axis of the satellite, whose direction can be controlled with respect to the inertial reference frame is considered, as the thermal subsystem of a satellite usually demands a spin requirement around an axis of the satellite which is positioned perpendicular to the direction of the coming solar radiation. Concerning the thermal problem, to study the influence of spin rate on temperature evolution of the satellite a linear approach of the thermal model is used, which is based on perturbation theory applied to the nonlinear differential equations of the thermal model of a spacecraft moving in a closed orbit. The results of this study showed that the temperature stabilization time and the periodic influence of the external thermal loads decreases by increasing the spin rate. However, the changes become insignificant for higher values of spin rate. Concerning the PMAS strategy, it was observed that in spite of its extended application to micro and nano satellites, still there are some issues to be solved regarding this strategy. These issues are related to the sizing of its system parameters and predicting the in-orbit performance. The problems were found to be rooted in the difficulties that exist in determining the magnetic characteristics of the ferromagnetic bodies (hysteresis rods) that are applied as damping devices on-board satellites. To address these issues an analytic model for estimating their damping efficiency is proposed and applied to several existing satellites in order to compare the results with their respective in-flight data. This model can explain the behavior showed by these satellites.

Loose Coupling Based Reference Scheme for Shop Floor-Control-System/Production-Equipment Integration.

Acoplamiento del sistema informático de control de piso de producción (SFS) con el conjunto de equipos de fabricación (SPE) es una tarea compleja. Tal acoplamiento involucra estándares abiertos y propietarios, tecnologías de información y comunicación, entre otras herramientas y técnicas. Debido a la turbulencia de mercados, ya sea soluciones personalizadas o soluciones basadas en estándares eventualmente requieren un esfuerzo considerable de adaptación. El concepto de acoplamiento débil ha sido identificado en la comunidad de diseño organizacional como soporte para la sobrevivencia de la organización. Su presencia reduce la resistencia de la organización a cambios en el ambiente. En este artículo los resultados obtenidos por la comunidad de diseño organizacional son identificados, traducidos y organizados para apoyar en la solución del problema de integración SFS-SPE. Un modelo clásico de acoplamiento débil, desarrollado por la comunidad de estudios de diseño organizacional, es resumido y trasladado al área de interés. Los aspectos claves son identificados para utilizarse como promotores del acoplamiento débil entre SFS-SPE, y presentados en forma de esquema de referencia. Así mismo, este esquema de referencia es presentado como base para el diseño e implementación de una solución genérica de acoplamiento o marco de trabajo (framework) de acoplamiento, a incluir como etapa de acoplamiento débil entre SFS y SPE. Un ejemplo de validación con varios conjuntos de equipos de fabricación, usando diferentes medios físicos de comunicación, comandos de controlador, lenguajes de programación de equipos y protocolos de comunicación es presentado, mostrando un nivel aceptable de autonomía del SFS. = Coupling shop floor software system (SFS) with the set of production equipment (SPE) becomes a complex task. It involves open and proprietary standards, information and communication technologies among other tools and techniques. Due to market turbulence, either custom solutions or standards based solutions eventually require a considerable effort of adaptation. Loose coupling concept has been identified in the organizational design community as a compensator for organization survival. Its presence reduces organization reaction to environment changes. In this paper the results obtained by the organizational de sign community are identified, translated and organized to support the SFS-SPE integration problem solution. A classical loose coupling model developed by organizational studies community is abstracted and translated to the area of interest. Key aspects are identified to be used as promoters of SFS-SPE loose coupling and presented in a form of a reference scheme. Furthermore, this reference scheme is proposed here as a basis for the design and implementation of a generic coupling solution or coupling framework, that is included as a loose coupling stage between SFS and SPE. A validation example with various sets of manufacturing equipment, using different physical communication media, controller commands, programming languages and wire protocols is presented, showing an acceptable level of autonomy gained by the SFS.

NetCDF based data archiving system applied to ITER Fast Plant System Control prototype

EURATOM/CIEMAT and Technical University of Madrid (UPM) have been involved in the development of a FPSC [1] (Fast Plant System Control) prototype for ITER, based on PXIe (PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation). One of the main focuses of this project has been data acquisition and all the related issues, including scientific data archiving. Additionally, a new data archiving solution has been developed to demonstrate the obtainable performances and possible bottlenecks of scientific data archiving in Fast Plant System Control. The presented system implements a fault tolerant architecture over a GEthernet network where FPSC data are reliably archived on remote, while remaining accessible to be redistributed, within the duration of a pulse. The storing service is supported by a clustering solution to guaranty scalability, so that FPSC management and configuration may be simplified, and a unique view of all archived data provided. All the involved components have been integrated under EPICS [2] (Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System), implementing in each case the necessary extensions, state machines and configuration process variables. The prototyped solution is based on the NetCDF-4 [3] and [4] (Network Common Data Format) file format in order to incorporate important features, such as scientific data models support, huge size files management, platform independent codification, or single-writer/multiple-readers concurrency. In this contribution, a complete description of the above mentioned solution is presented, together with the most relevant results of the tests performed, while focusing in the benefits and limitations of the applied technologies.

Dynamic control of a reconfigurable stair-climbing mobility system

Electric-powered wheelchairs improve the mobility of people with physical disabilities, but the problem to deal with certain architectural barriers has not been resolved satisfactorily. In order to solve this problem, a stair-climbing mobility system (SCMS) was developed. This paper presents a practical dynamic control system that allows the SCMS to exhibit a successful climbing process when faced with typical architectural barriers such as curbs, ramps, or staircases. The implemented control system depicts high simplicity, computational efficiency, and the possibility of an easy implementation in a microprocessor-/microcontroller-based system. Finally, experiments are included to support theoretical results.

Control de movimientos en presas de hormigón mediante DGPS. Comparación con otros métodos de auscultación e implicaciones para la seguridad. Estudio de caso en la presa de La Aceña (Ávila)

Las normativas que regulan la seguridad de las presas en España han recogido la necesidad de conocer los desplazamientos y deformaciones de sus estructuras y cimientos. A día de hoy, son muchas las presas en explotación que no cuentan con un sistema de auscultación adecuado para controlar este tipo de variables, ya que la instalación de métodos clásicos de precisión en las mismas podría no ser viable técnicamente y, de serlo, supondría un coste económico importante y una dudosa garantía del proceso de ejecución de la obra civil correspondiente. Con el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías, la informática y las telecomunicaciones, han surgido nuevos sistemas de auscultación de desplazamientos. Los sistemas GPS actuales, diseñados para el control de estructuras, guiado de maquinaria, navegación y topografía, estabilidad de taludes, subsidencias, etc. permiten alcanzar precisiones centimétricas. El sistema de control de movimientos basado en la tecnología DGPS (GPS diferencial) combinada con un filtro estadístico con el que se alcanzan sensibilidades de hasta ±1 mm en el sistema, suficientes para una auscultación normal de presas según los requerimientos de la normativa actual. Esta exactitud se adapta a los desplazamientos radiales de las presas, donde son muy comunes valores de amplitudes en coronación de hasta 15 mm en las de gravedad y de hasta 45 mm en el caso de las presas bóveda o arco. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar la viabilidad del sistema DGPS en el control de movimientos de presas de hormigón comparando los diferentes sistemas de auscultación y su correlación con las variables físicas y las vinculadas al propio sistema GPS diferencial. Ante la necesidad de dar respuesta a estas preguntas y de validar e incorporar a la mencionada tecnología en la ingeniería civil en España, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de caso en La Aceña (Ávila). Esta es una de las pocas presas españolas que se está controlando con dicha tecnología y de forma simultánea con los sistemas clásicos de auscultación y algunos otros de reciente aplicación La presente investigación se ha organizado con idea de dar respuesta a varias preguntas que el explotador de presas se plantea y que no se analizan en el estado del arte de la técnica: cómo hacer la configuración espacial del sistema y cuáles son los puntos necesarios que se deben controlar, qué sistemas de comunicaciones son los más fiables, cuáles son los costes asociados, calibración del software, vida útil y mantenimientos requeridos, así como la posibilidad de telecontrolar los datos. Entre las ventajas del sistema DGPS, podemos señalar su bajo coste de implantación y posibilidad de controlarlo de forma remota, así como la exactitud y carácter absoluto de los datos. Además, está especialmente indicado para presas aisladas o mal comunicadas y para aquellas otras en las que el explotador no tiene referencia alguna de la magnitud de los desplazamientos o deformaciones propias de la presa en toda su historia. Entre los inconvenientes de cualquier sistema apoyado en las nuevas tecnologías, destaca la importancia de las telecomunicaciones ya sea en el nivel local en la propia presao desde su ubicación hasta el centro de control de la explotación. Con la experiencia alcanzada en la gestión de la seguridad de presas y sobre la base de la reciente implantación de los nuevos métodos de auscultación descritos, se ha podido analizar cada una de sus ventajas e inconvenientes. En el capítulo 5, se presenta una tabla de decisión para el explotador que servirá como punto de partida para futuras inversiones. El impacto de esta investigación se ha visto reflejado en la publicación de varios artículos en revistas indexadas y en el debate suscitado entre gestores y profesionales del sector en los congresos nacionales e internacionales en los que se han presentado resultados preliminares. All regulations on the safety of dams in Spain have collected the need to know the displacements and deformations of the structure and its foundation. Today there are many dams holding not have an adequate system of auscultation to control variables such as the installation of classical methods of precision in the same might not be technically feasible, and if so, would cost important economic and guarantee the implementation process of the dubious civil works. With the development of new technologies, computing and telecommunications, new displacements auscultation systems have emerged. Current GPS systems designed to control structures, machine guidance, navigation and topography, slope stability, subsidence, etc, allow to reach centimeter-level accuracies. The motion control system based on DGPS technology applies a statistical filter that sensitivities are achieved in the system to ± 1 mm, sufficient for normal auscultation of dams as required by current regulations. This accuracy is adapted to the radial displacement of dams, which are common values in coronation amplitudes up to 15 mm in gravity dams and up to 45 mm in arch or arc dams. This research aims to analyze the feasibility of DGPS system in controlling movements of concrete dams, comparing the different systems auscultation and its correlation with physical variables and linked to differential GPS system itself. Given the need to answer this question and to validate and incorporate this technology to civil engineering in Spain, has conducted a case study in real time at the dam La Aceña (Ávila). This dam is one of the few Spanish companies, which are controlling with this technology and simultaneously with the classic auscultation systems and some other recent application. This research has been organized with a view to responding to questions that the dam operator arises and in the state of the art technique not discussed: how to make spatial configuration of the system and what are the necessary control points what communication systems are the most reliable, what are the associated costs, calibration software, service life and maintenance requirements, possibility of monitoring, etc. Among the advantages we can point to its low cost of implementation, the possibility of remote, high accuracy and absolute nature of the data. It could also be suitable for those isolated or poorly communicated dams and those in which the operator has no reference to the magnitude of displacements or deformations own prey in its history. The disadvantages of any system based on the new technologies we highlight the importance of telecommunications, either locally or from this dam control center of the farm. With the experience gained in the management of dam safety and based on the recent introduction of new methods of auscultation described, it has been possible to analyze each of their advantages and disadvantages. A decision table for the operator, which will serve as a starting point for future investments is presented. The impact of research, has been reflected in the publication of several articles in refereed journals and discussion among managers and professionals in national and international conferences in which they participated.