Full scale test for explosion water barriers in small cross-section galleries

Underground coal mines explosions generally arise from the inflammation of a methane/air mixture. This explosion can also generate a subsequent coal dust explosion. Traditionally such explosions have being fought eliminating one or several of the factors needed by the explosion to take place. Although several preventive measures are taken to prevent explosions, other measures should be considered to reduce the effects or even to extinguish the flame front. Unlike other protection methods that remove one or two of the explosion triangle elements, namely; the ignition source, the oxidizing agent and the fuel, explosion barriers removes all of them: reduces the quantity of coal in suspension, cools the flame front and the steam generated by vaporization removes the oxygen present in the flame. Passive water barriers are autonomous protection systems against explosions that reduce to a satisfactory safety level the effects of methane and/or flammable dust explosions. The barriers are activated by the pressure wave provoked in the explosion destroying the barrier troughs and producing a uniform dispersion of the extinguishing agent throughout the gallery section in quantity enough to extinguish the explosion flame. Full scale tests have been carried out in Polish Barbara experimental mine at GIG Central Mining Institute in order to determine the requirements and the optimal installation conditions of these devices for small sections galleries which are very frequent in the Spanish coal mines. Full scale tests results have been analyzed to understand the explosion timing and development, in order to assess on the use of water barriers in the typical small crosssection Spanish galleries. Several arrangements of water barriers have been designed and tested to verify the effectiveness of the explosion suppression in each case. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency of the water barriers in stopping the flame front even with smaller amounts of water than those established by the European standard. According to the tests realized, water barriers activation times are between 0.52 s and 0.78 s and the flame propagation speed are between 75 m/s and 80 m/s. The maximum pressures (Pmax) obtained in the full scale tests have varied between 0.2 bar and 1.8 bar. Passive barriers protect effectively against the spread of the flame but cannot be used as a safeguard of the gallery between the ignition source and the first row of water troughs or bags, or even after them, as the pressure could remain high after them even if the flame front has been extinguished.

Accident Management Actions In An Upper-Head Small-Break Loss-Of-Coolant Accident With High-Pressure Safety Injection Failed

Since the Three Mile Island accident, an important focus of pressurized water reactor (PWR) transient analyses has been a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA). In 2002, the discovery of thinning of the vessel head wall at the Davis Besse nuclear power plant reactor indicated the possibility of an SBLOCA in the upper head of the reactor vessel as a result of circumferential cracking of a control rod drive mechanism penetration nozzle - which has cast even greater importance on the study of SBLOCAs. Several experimental tests have been performed at the Large Scale Test Facility to simulate the behavior of a PWR during an upper-head SBLOCA. The last of these tests, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency Rig of Safety Assessment (OECD/NEA ROSA) Test 6.1, was performed in 2005. This test was simulated with the TRACE 5.0 code, and good agreement with the experimental results was obtained. Additionally, a broad analysis of an upper-head SBLOCA with high-pressure safety injection failed in a Westinghouse PWR was performed taking into account different accident management actions and conditions in order to check their suitability. This issue has been analyzed also in the framework of the OECD/NEA ROSA project and the Code Applications and Maintenance Program (CAMP). The main conclusion is that the current emergency operating procedures for Westinghouse reactor design are adequate for these kinds of sequences, and they do not need to be modified.

Experimental study on the effective width of flat slab structures under dynamic seismic loading

This paper investigates the effective width of reinforced concrete flat slab structures subjected to seismic loading on the basis of dynamic shaking table tests. The study is focussed on the behavior of corner slab? column connections with structural steel I- or channel-shaped sections (shearheads) as shear punching reinforcement. To this end, a 1/2 scale test model consisting of a flat slab supported on four box-type steel columns was subjected to several seismic simulations of increasing intensity. It is found from the test results that the effective width tends to increase with the intensity of the seismic simulation, and this increase is limited by the degradation of adherence between reinforcing steel and concrete induced by the strain reversals caused by the earthquake. Also, significant differences are found between the effective width obtained from the tests and the values predicted by formula proposed in the literature. These differences are attributed to the stiffening effect provided by the steel profiles that constitute the punching shear reinforcement.

Modelos de elementos finitos explícitos para explosiones en estructuras reticuladas de hormigón armado : aplicaciones al estudio del colapso de edificios

La frecuencia con la que se producen explosiones sobre edificios, ya sean accidentales o intencionadas, es reducida, pero sus efectos pueden ser catastróficos. Es deseable poder predecir de forma suficientemente precisa las consecuencias de estas acciones dinámicas sobre edificaciones civiles, entre las cuales las estructuras reticuladas de hormigón armado son una tipología habitual. En esta tesis doctoral se exploran distintas opciones prácticas para el modelado y cálculo numérico por ordenador de estructuras de hormigón armado sometidas a explosiones. Se emplean modelos numéricos de elementos finitos con integración explícita en el tiempo, que demuestran su capacidad efectiva para simular los fenómenos físicos y estructurales de dinámica rápida y altamente no lineales que suceden, pudiendo predecir los daños ocasionados tanto por la propia explosión como por el posible colapso progresivo de la estructura. El trabajo se ha llevado a cabo empleando el código comercial de elementos finitos LS-DYNA (Hallquist, 2006), desarrollando en el mismo distintos tipos de modelos de cálculo que se pueden clasificar en dos tipos principales: 1) modelos basados en elementos finitos de continuo, en los que se discretiza directamente el medio continuo mediante grados de libertad nodales de desplazamientos; 2) modelos basados en elementos finitos estructurales, mediante vigas y láminas, que incluyen hipótesis cinemáticas para elementos lineales o superficiales. Estos modelos se desarrollan y discuten a varios niveles distintos: 1) a nivel del comportamiento de los materiales, 2) a nivel de la respuesta de elementos estructurales tales como columnas, vigas o losas, y 3) a nivel de la respuesta de edificios completos o de partes significativas de los mismos. Se desarrollan modelos de elementos finitos de continuo 3D muy detallados que modelizan el hormigón en masa y el acero de armado de forma segregada. El hormigón se representa con un modelo constitutivo del hormigón CSCM (Murray et al., 2007), que tiene un comportamiento inelástico, con diferente respuesta a tracción y compresión, endurecimiento, daño por fisuración y compresión, y rotura. El acero se representa con un modelo constitutivo elastoplástico bilineal con rotura. Se modeliza la geometría precisa del hormigón mediante elementos finitos de continuo 3D y cada una de las barras de armado mediante elementos finitos tipo viga, con su posición exacta dentro de la masa de hormigón. La malla del modelo se construye mediante la superposición de los elementos de continuo de hormigón y los elementos tipo viga de las armaduras segregadas, que son obligadas a seguir la deformación del sólido en cada punto mediante un algoritmo de penalización, simulando así el comportamiento del hormigón armado. En este trabajo se denominarán a estos modelos simplificadamente como modelos de EF de continuo. Con estos modelos de EF de continuo se analiza la respuesta estructural de elementos constructivos (columnas, losas y pórticos) frente a acciones explosivas. Asimismo se han comparado con resultados experimentales, de ensayos sobre vigas y losas con distintas cargas de explosivo, verificándose una coincidencia aceptable y permitiendo una calibración de los parámetros de cálculo. Sin embargo estos modelos tan detallados no son recomendables para analizar edificios completos, ya que el elevado número de elementos finitos que serían necesarios eleva su coste computacional hasta hacerlos inviables para los recursos de cálculo actuales. Adicionalmente, se desarrollan modelos de elementos finitos estructurales (vigas y láminas) que, con un coste computacional reducido, son capaces de reproducir el comportamiento global de la estructura con una precisión similar. Se modelizan igualmente el hormigón en masa y el acero de armado de forma segregada. El hormigón se representa con el modelo constitutivo del hormigón EC2 (Hallquist et al., 2013), que también presenta un comportamiento inelástico, con diferente respuesta a tracción y compresión, endurecimiento, daño por fisuración y compresión, y rotura, y se usa en elementos finitos tipo lámina. El acero se representa de nuevo con un modelo constitutivo elastoplástico bilineal con rotura, usando elementos finitos tipo viga. Se modeliza una geometría equivalente del hormigón y del armado, y se tiene en cuenta la posición relativa del acero dentro de la masa de hormigón. Las mallas de ambos se unen mediante nodos comunes, produciendo una respuesta conjunta. En este trabajo se denominarán a estos modelos simplificadamente como modelos de EF estructurales. Con estos modelos de EF estructurales se simulan los mismos elementos constructivos que con los modelos de EF de continuo, y comparando sus respuestas estructurales frente a explosión se realiza la calibración de los primeros, de forma que se obtiene un comportamiento estructural similar con un coste computacional reducido. Se comprueba que estos mismos modelos, tanto los modelos de EF de continuo como los modelos de EF estructurales, son precisos también para el análisis del fenómeno de colapso progresivo en una estructura, y que se pueden utilizar para el estudio simultáneo de los daños de una explosión y el posterior colapso. Para ello se incluyen formulaciones que permiten considerar las fuerzas debidas al peso propio, sobrecargas y los contactos de unas partes de la estructura sobre otras. Se validan ambos modelos con un ensayo a escala real en el que un módulo con seis columnas y dos plantas colapsa al eliminar una de sus columnas. El coste computacional del modelo de EF de continuo para la simulación de este ensayo es mucho mayor que el del modelo de EF estructurales, lo cual hace inviable su aplicación en edificios completos, mientras que el modelo de EF estructurales presenta una respuesta global suficientemente precisa con un coste asumible. Por último se utilizan los modelos de EF estructurales para analizar explosiones sobre edificios de varias plantas, y se simulan dos escenarios con cargas explosivas para un edificio completo, con un coste computacional moderado. The frequency of explosions on buildings whether they are intended or accidental is small, but they can have catastrophic effects. Being able to predict in a accurate enough manner the consequences of these dynamic actions on civil buildings, among which frame-type reinforced concrete buildings are a frequent typology is desirable. In this doctoral thesis different practical options for the modeling and computer assisted numerical calculation of reinforced concrete structures submitted to explosions are explored. Numerical finite elements models with explicit time-based integration are employed, demonstrating their effective capacity in the simulation of the occurring fast dynamic and highly nonlinear physical and structural phenomena, allowing to predict the damage caused by the explosion itself as well as by the possible progressive collapse of the structure. The work has been carried out with the commercial finite elements code LS-DYNA (Hallquist, 2006), developing several types of calculation model classified in two main types: 1) Models based in continuum finite elements in which the continuous medium is discretized directly by means of nodal displacement degrees of freedom; 2) Models based on structural finite elements, with beams and shells, including kinematic hypothesis for linear and superficial elements. These models are developed and discussed at different levels: 1) material behaviour, 2) response of structural elements such as columns, beams and slabs, and 3) response of complete buildings or significative parts of them. Very detailed 3D continuum finite element models are developed, modeling mass concrete and reinforcement steel in a segregated manner. Concrete is represented with a constitutive concrete model CSCM (Murray et al., 2007), that has an inelastic behaviour, with different tension and compression response, hardening, cracking and compression damage and failure. The steel is represented with an elastic-plastic bilinear model with failure. The actual geometry of the concrete is modeled with 3D continuum finite elements and every and each of the reinforcing bars with beam-type finite elements, with their exact position in the concrete mass. The mesh of the model is generated by the superposition of the concrete continuum elements and the beam-type elements of the segregated reinforcement, which are made to follow the deformation of the solid in each point by means of a penalty algorithm, reproducing the behaviour of reinforced concrete. In this work these models will be called continuum FE models as a simplification. With these continuum FE models the response of construction elements (columns, slabs and frames) under explosive actions are analysed. They have also been compared with experimental results of tests on beams and slabs with various explosive charges, verifying an acceptable coincidence and allowing a calibration of the calculation parameters. These detailed models are however not advised for the analysis of complete buildings, as the high number of finite elements necessary raises its computational cost, making them unreliable for the current calculation resources. In addition to that, structural finite elements (beams and shells) models are developed, which, while having a reduced computational cost, are able to reproduce the global behaviour of the structure with a similar accuracy. Mass concrete and reinforcing steel are also modeled segregated. Concrete is represented with the concrete constitutive model EC2 (Hallquist et al., 2013), which also presents an inelastic behaviour, with a different tension and compression response, hardening, compression and cracking damage and failure, and is used in shell-type finite elements. Steel is represented once again with an elastic-plastic bilineal with failure constitutive model, using beam-type finite elements. An equivalent geometry of the concrete and the steel is modeled, considering the relative position of the steel inside the concrete mass. The meshes of both sets of elements are bound with common nodes, therefore producing a joint response. These models will be called structural FE models as a simplification. With these structural FE models the same construction elements as with the continuum FE models are simulated, and by comparing their response under explosive actions a calibration of the former is carried out, resulting in a similar response with a reduced computational cost. It is verified that both the continuum FE models and the structural FE models are also accurate for the analysis of the phenomenon of progressive collapse of a structure, and that they can be employed for the simultaneous study of an explosion damage and the resulting collapse. Both models are validated with an experimental full-scale test in which a six column, two floors module collapses after the removal of one of its columns. The computational cost of the continuum FE model for the simulation of this test is a lot higher than that of the structural FE model, making it non-viable for its application to full buildings, while the structural FE model presents a global response accurate enough with an admissible cost. Finally, structural FE models are used to analyze explosions on several story buildings, and two scenarios are simulated with explosive charges for a full building, with a moderate computational cost.

Análisis de la degradación, desintegración y biodegradabilidad de bolsas de poliéster y almidón en compostaje de residuos urbanos: escalas de laboratorio e industrial

El principal objetivo de esta tesis es verificar que las bolsas biodegradables de copoliéster (PBAT) con base de almidón (UNE 13432: 2001) alcanzan los niveles de degradación y desintegración requeridos para su certificación (%D= ≥ 90%), medido en condiciones reales de compostaje industrial. Para lograr mayor representatividad, los ensayos se han realizado en dos plantas de tratamiento de residuos urbanos en las que se aplican las técnicas de compostaje más comunes en el ámbito europeo y nacional, pila y túnel, mediante el compostaje de la FORSU. Se llevaron a cabo dos tipos de ensayos. Por un lado se realizó un ensayo escala de laboratorio (ISO 14855), orientado como indicador de la biodegradabilidad del polímero en el formato bolsa comercializado. Por otro lado, se desarrollaron una batería de ensayos realizados en dos plantas de compostaje de residuos urbanos: el Centro de Tratamiento de Residuos de Torija (Ávila), que realiza el compostaje mediante pila volteada, y el Centro de Tratamiento de Residuos de Arenas de San Pedro (Ávila), que realiza el compostaje en túnel. Para la obtención de resultados se han contrastado parámetros como el porcentaje de biodegradación (%B), el porcentaje de desintegración (%D), degradación superficial de las muestras, calidad de la FORSU inicial (caracterizaciones y análisis físico-químico) y calidad del MB final (análisis físico-químico e IG). Atendiendo al objetivo general se demuestra que las bolsas de copoliéster con base de almidón certificadas (UNE EN 13432:2001) han alcanzado el 94,37% ± 0,007% de desintegración en la planta de compostaje de FORSU con pila volteada; y el 86,36% ± 0,151% en la planta de compostaje de FORSU con túnel estático. A pesar de la aparente diferencia, el resultado del análisis concluye que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre técnicas de compostaje. La presencia de impropios y el contendido de metales pesados en la FORSU no han influido en la desintegración de las bolsas de estudio. En cambio, se ha detectado una influencia estadísticamente significativa entre el contenido de materia orgánica total y de nutrientes de la FORSU y el porcentaje de desintegración de las muestras. No se detectado una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de bolsas de estudio en las concentraciones definidas, y la calidad del MB, medido mediante el análisis físico-químico, microbiológico y el IG del MB. La concentración de los metales pesados en la mayoría de las muestras de material bioestabilizado cumplió con los límites establecidos para la categoría A, aplicable al “compost” procedente de la fracción orgánica recogida de forma separada según el RD 506/2013 de productos fertilizantes. También se detectó fitotoxicidad alta (FA) según la metodología y criterios de valoración definidos. Esta fitotoxicidad no está relacionada con la presencia de las bolsas de estudio sino con la calidad de la FORSU de partida y/o con los productos liberados durante el proceso de compostaje. ABSTRACT The main objective of this thesis is to verify that the copolyester (PBAT) starch based (UNE 13432: 2001) biodegradable bags reach levels of degradation and disintegration required for it´s certification (% D = ≥ 90%), measured in terms of real industrial composting. The tests were performed at two municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants, where the most common composting techniques applied at European and national level were represented, windrow and tunnel. Two types of tests were carried out: First, a laboratory scale test (ISO 14855), as an indicator of the polymer biodegradation of the commercialized bag format. Second, a battery of tests was conducted at two MSW composting plants, Waste Treatment Center of Torija (Guadalajara), that makes compost by turned pile, and the Waste Treatment Center of Arenas de San Pedro (Ávila), where makes compost by static tunnel. To obtain the results, the parameters such as the biodegradation percentage (% B), the disintegration percentage (% D), surface degradation of the samples, the initial quality of FORSU (characterizations and physico-chemical analysis) and bioestabilithated material (MB) quality (physico-chemical analysis and IG) have been compared. In reference to the general aim It shows that the copolyester starch based certified (UNE-EN 13432) bags have reached 94.37% ± 0.007% of disintegration in the composting turned pile; and 86.36% ± 0.151% in the static tunnel. Despite the apparent difference, the result of the analysis concludes that there are no statistically significant differences between composting techniques. The presence of non-compostable materials and the heavy metals content in the FORSU has not affected in the disintegration of the bags. Instead, It has been detected a statistically significant influence over the total organic matter content and nutrient content in the FORSU and the samples disintegration percentage. A statistically significant relationship between the bag presence in the defined concentrations and the quality of MB measured by physical-chemical analysis, microbiological analysis and IG of the MB is not detected. The concentration of heavy metals in most MB samples was within the limits of A-Class, applicable to "compost" from organic waste collected separately according to RD 506/2013 of fertilizers. High phytotoxicity (FA) was also detected according to the methodology and evaluation defined. The phytotoxicity is not related to the presence of bags but it is with the FORSU initial quality and/or with the products released during the composting process.

Almacenamiento de energía térmica por calor latente en los edificios: bases para la optimización de aplicaciones pasivas, opacas y traslúcidas

La principal motivación para la elección del tema de la tesis es nuestra realidad energética y ambiental. Y más específicamente, la necesidad urgente de dar una respuesta a esta realidad desde el sector de la edificación. Por lo que, el trabajo parte de la búsqueda de soluciones pasivas que ayuden a la reducción del consumo energético y de las emisiones de C02 de los edificios, tanto nuevos como existentes. El objeto de estudio son aplicaciones innovadoras, basadas en el uso de materiales reactivos, con un efecto térmico de memoria bidireccional. La energía es un elemento imprescindible para el desarrollo. Sin embargo, el modelo energético predominante, basado principalmente en la utilización de combustibles de origen fósil, es uno de los importantes responsables del deterioro ambiental que sufre el planeta. Además, sus reservas son limitadas y están concentradas en unas pocas regiones del mundo, lo que genera problemas de dependencia, competitividad y de seguridad de suministro. Dado el gran potencial de ahorro energético del sector de la edificación, la Unión Europea en sus directivas enfatiza la necesidad de mejorar la eficiencia energética de los edificios. Añadiendo, además, la obligatoriedad de desarrollar edificios “energía casi nula”, cuyo prerrequisito es tener un muy alto rendimiento energético. En España, los edificios son responsables del 31% del consumo de energía primaria. La mayor parte de este consumo se relaciona a la utilización de sistemas activos de acondicionamiento. Una medida efectiva para reducir la demanda es mejorar la envolvente. Sin embargo, hay que buscar estrategias adicionales para aumentar aún más la eficiencia de los edificios nuevos y existentes. Para los climas de España, el uso de la inercia térmica ha probado ser una estrategia válida. Sin embargo, su funcionamiento está vinculado al peso y al volumen de los materiales utilizados. Esto limita sus posibilidades en la rehabilitación energética y en los nuevos edificios basados en la construcción ligera. Una alternativa es el uso de aplicaciones de almacenamiento térmico por calor latente, utilizando materiales de cambio de fase (PCM). Los PCM son sustancias con un muy alto calor de fusión, capaces de almacenar una gran cantidad de energía térmica sin requerir aumentos significativos de peso o volumen. Estas características los hacen idóneos para reducir el consumo relacionado con el acondicionamiento térmico, en edificios nuevos y existentes. En la parte preliminar de la investigación, se encontró que para lograr un aprovechamiento óptimo de las aplicaciones con PCM es necesario tener un conocimiento profundo de su funcionamiento y de las variables del sistema. De ahí que el objetivo principal de la presente tesis sea: establecer las bases para la optimizatión integral de las aplicaciones con almacenamiento de energía térmica por calor latente, identificando y validando sus variables más relevantes. La investigación consta de tres partes. La primera, documental, sistematizando y jerarquizando la información científica publicada; la segunda, numérica, basada en un análisis paramétrico de una aplicación con PCM, utilizando simulaciones térmicas; y la tercera, experimental, monitorizando el funcionamiento térmico y energético de diferentes aplicaciones con PCM en módulos a escala real. Los resultados brindan un más profundo entendimiento del funcionamiento de las aplicaciones evaluadas. Han permitido identificar sus variables relevantes, cuantificar su influencia, y determinar condiciones óptimas para su utilización así como situaciones en las que sería muy difícil justificar su uso. En el proceso, se realizó la caracterización térmica y energética de aplicaciones con PCM, tanto opacas como traslúcidas. Además, se ha encontrado que las aplicaciones con PCM son capaces de aumentar la eficiencia energética inclusive en recintos con diseños optimizados, demostrando ser una de las estrategias adecuadas para lograr el muy alto desempeño energético requerido en los edificios energía nula. ABSTRACT The main motivation for choosing the theme of the thesis is our energy and environmental reality. And more specifically, the urgent need to respond to this reality from the building sector. This is why, the work start with the search of passive solutions that help reduce energy consumption and C02 emissions of buildings, in both new and existing ones. The object of study is innovative applications based on the use of responsive materials, with bidirectional thermal memory. Energy is an essential element for development. However, the predominant energy model, based primarily on the use of fossil fuels, is one of the major responsible for the environmental deterioration of the planet, the cause of most of the CO2 emissions. Furthermore, reserves of fossil fuels are limited and are concentrated in a few regions of the world, which creates issues related to dependency, competitiveness, and security of supply. Given the large potential for energy savings in the building sector, the European Union in its directives emphasizes the need to improve energy efficiency in buildings. Also, adding the obligation to develop "nearly zero energy" buildings, whose first prerequisite is to achieve a very high energy efficiency. In Spain, buildings are responsible for 31% of primary energy consumption and most of this consumption is related to the used of HVAC systems. One of the most effective measures to reduce demand is to improve the envelope. However, it is necessary to look for additional strategies to further increase the efficiency of new and existing buildings. For the predominant climates in Spain, use of the thermal inertia may be a valid strategy. Nevertheless, its operation is linked to weight and volume of the materials used. This limits their possibilities in the existing buildings energy retrofitting and in the new buildings based on lightweight construction. An alternative is the use of latent heat thermal energy storage applications (LHTES), using phase change materials (PCM). PCM are substances with a high heat of fusion, capable of storing a large amount of thermal energy without requiring significant increases in weight or volume. These features make them ideal for reducing energy consumption associated with thermal conditioning in both new and existing buildings. In the preliminary part of the investigation, it was found that to get optimum utilization of the PCM applications is needed to have a deep understanding of its operation and, in particular, how the system variables affect its performance. Hence, the main objective of this thesis is: to establish the basis for the integral optimization of applications with latent heat thermal energy storage, identifying and validating the most relevant variables. The research comprises of three parts. The first, documentary, systematizing and prioritizing published scientific information. The second, numeric, based on a parametric analysis of an application PCM using thermal simulations. The third, experimental, monitoring the thermal and energy performance of different applications with PCM on real scale test cells. The results provide a complete understanding of the functioning of the evaluated LHTES application. They have allowed to identify their relevant variables, quantify their influence and determine optimum conditions for use as well as situations where it would be very difficult to justify its use. In the process, it was carried out the power and thermal characterization of various opaque and translucent PCM applications. Furthermore, it has been found that applications with PCM can increase the energy efficiency, even in buildings with optimized designs; proving to be one of the appropriate measures to achieve the high energy performance required in zero energy buildings.

Repeatability and Two-Dimensionality of Model Scale Sloshing Impacts

Canonical test cases for sloshing wave impact problems are pre-sented and discussed. In these cases the experimental setup has been simpli?ed seeking the highest feasible repeatability; a rectangular tank subjected to harmonic roll motion has been the tested con?guration. Both lateral and roof impacts have been studied, since both cases are relevant in sloshing assessment and show speci?c dynamics. An analysis of the impact pressure of the ?rst four impact events is provided in all cases. It has been found that not in all cases a Gaussian ?tting of each individual peak is feasible. The tests have been conducted with both water and oil in order to obtain high and moderate Reynolds number data; the latter may be useful as simpler test cases to assess the capabilities of CFD codes in simulating sloshing impacts. The re-peatability of impact pressure values increases dramatically when using oil. In addition, a study of the two-dimensionality of the problem using a tank con?guration that can be adjusted to 4 di?erent thicknesses has been carried out. Though the kinemat-ics of the free surface does not change signi cantly in some of the cases, the impact pressure values of the ?rst impact events changes substantially from the small to the large aspect ratios thus meaning that attention has to be paid to this issue when reference data is used for validation of 2D and 3D CFD codes.

A scaled-time test method

The Pseudo-Dynamic Test Method (PDTM) is being developped currently as an alternative to the shaking table testing of large size models. However, the stepped slow execution of the former type of test has been found to be the source of important errors arising from the stress relaxation. A new continuous test method, wich allows the selection of a suitable time-scale factor in the response in order to control these errors, es proposed here. Such scaled-time response is theoretically obtained by simply augmenting the mass of the structure for wich some practical solutions are proposed.

The scaled-time test as an alternative to the pseudo-dynamic test

The stepped and excessively slow execution of pseudo-dynamic tests has been found to be the source of some errors arising from strain-rate effect and stress relaxation. In order to control those errors, a new continuous test method which allows the selection of a more suitable time scale factor in the response is proposed in this work. By dimensional analysis, such scaled-time response is obtained theoretically by augmenting the inertial and damping properties of the structure, for which we propose the use of hydraulic pistons which are servo-controlled to produce active mass and damping, nevertheless using an equipment which is similar to that required in a pseudo-dynamic test. The results of the successful implementation of this technique for a simple specimen are shown here.

A shake table test of typical mediterranean reinforced concrete structures

This research investigates the ultimate earthquake resistance of typical RC moment resisting frames designed accordingly to current standards, in terms of ultimate energy absorption/dissipation capacity. Shake table test of a 2/5 scale model, under several intensities of ground motion, are carried out. The loading effect of the earthquake is expressed as the total energy that the quake inputs to the structure, and the seismic resistance is interpreted as the amount of energy that the structure dissipates in terms of cumulative inelastic strain energy.

Semantic evaluation at large scale (SEALS)

This paper describes the main goals and outcomes of the EU-funded Framework 7 project entitled Semantic Evaluation at Large Scale (SEALS). The growth and success of the Semantic Web is built upon a wide range of Semantic technologies from ontology engineering tools through to semantic web service discovery and semantic search. The evaluation of such technologies ? and, indeed, assessments of their mutual compatibility ? is critical for their sustained improvement and adoption. The SEALS project is creating an open and sustainable platform on which all aspects of an evaluation can be hosted and executed and has been designed to accommodate most technology types. It is envisaged that the platform will become the de facto repository of test datasets and will allow anyone to organise, execute and store the results of technology evaluations free of charge and without corporate bias. The demonstration will show how individual tools can be prepared for evaluation, uploaded to the platform, evaluated according to some criteria and the subsequent results viewed. In addition, the demonstration will show the flexibility and power of the SEALS Platform for evaluation organisers by highlighting some of the key technologies used.

Large-scale testing of proficiency in English: Back to multiple choice?

The paper analyses whether that a properly designed multiple choice test can discriminate with a high level of accuracy if a student in our context has reached a B2 level according to the CEFRL.

Diseño y test VHDL de un cambiador de formato para ver TV3D en un televisor convencional

La difusión de TV3D actual utiliza formatos como el Side-by-Side o Top-and-Bottom, en los que cada par de imágenes, correspondiente a las vistas de los ojos derecho e izquierdo, se encapsula con la mitad de la resolución espacial en una sola imagen. Estas imágenes se muestran de manera casi simultánea de forma que el ojo humano compone una imagen con profundidad que se asemeja a la visión binocular natural. Desde hace un par de años las principales plataformas de televisión han empezado a crear canales con contenido 3D. La televisión 3D (TV3D) se ha introducido en los hogares gracias a los televisores estereoscópicos. Estos televisores, que son compatibles con los formatos antes mencionados, extraen de cada imagen sus dos vistas, recuperan la resolución original y presentan cada vista alternativamente en la pantalla, generando al mismo tiempo una señal de sincronismo para las gafas activas, creando de esta forma la sensación tridimensional de las imágenes. En este PFC se pretende realizar el diseño VHDL de un cambiador de formato que genere en tiempo real la secuencia de imágenes correspondiente a los ojos derecho e izquierdo, con resolución completa, a partir de una secuencia codificada en formato tipo Top-and-Bottom y el banco de test para su prueba. Este circuito se implementará como un periférico del procesador NIOS II de Altera. El diseño podría utilizarse como parte de un sistema que permita la visualización de las actuales emisiones de televisión 3D en un televisor convencional. La tecnología de referencia que se utilizará serán las FPGAs, más concretamente la tarjeta Cyclone III FPGA Starter Kit (EP3C25 FPGA) de Altera, junto a una tarjeta de ampliación de Microtronix con entrada y salida HDMI para video y audio. Además se pretende crear la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de futuros trabajos relacionados con la televisión 3D. ABSTRACT Current TV3D broadcasting uses formats as Side-by-Side or Top-and-Bottom, where every single pair of images, corresponding to left and right eyes views, are encapsulated with half spatial resolution in one single image. These images are almost simultaneously displayed so that the human eye forms an image with depth resembling naturally binocular vision. From a couple of years the major TV platforms have begun to create 3D content channels. 3D Television (3DTV) has been introduced in homes through stereoscopic televisions. These televisions, which are compatible with the above formats, each image is extracted from the two views, and recover the original resolution and displays alternately each view in screen, while generating a synchronization signal for active glasses, thereby creating the three-dimensional sensation of the images. The main objective in this PFC is to make the design of an exchanger VHDL format in real time to generate the image sequence corresponding to the right and left eyes, with full resolution from an encoded sequence type format Top-and-Bottom and test bench for testing. This circuit is implemented as a Altera NIOS II processor peripheral.The design could be used as part of a system enabling the display of current television broadcasts 3D on a conventional television. The reference technology that will be use are FPGAs, more specifically Cyclone III FPGA Starter Card Kit (EP3C25 FPGA) Altera, along with an expansion card Microtronix with HDMI input and output video and audio. It also aims to create documentation for the development of future works related to 3D TV.

Flexible low-cost system to test batteries and ultracapacitors for electric and hybrid vehicles in real working conditions

Batteries and ultracapacitors for hybrid and electric vehicles must satisfy very demanding working conditions that are not usual in other applications. In this sense, specific tests must be performed in order to draw accurate conclusions about their behaviour. To do so, new advanced test benches are needed. These platforms must allow the study of a wide variety of energy storage systems under conditions similar to the real ones. In this paper, a flexible, low-cost and highly customizable system is presented. This system allows batteries and ultracapacitors to be tested in many and varied ways, effectively emulating the working conditions that they face in an electric vehicle. The platform was specifically designed to study energy storage systems for electric and hybrid vehicles, meaning that it is suitable to test different systems in many different working conditions, including real driving cycles. This flexibility is achieved keeping the cost of the platform low, which makes the proposed test bench a feasible alternative for the industry. As an example of the functionality of the platform, a test consisting of a 17-minute ARTEMIS urban cycle with a NiMH battery pack is presented.

Bankable procedures for the technical quality assurance of large scale PV plants

Strict technical quality assurance procedures are essential for PV plant bankability. When large-scale PV plants are concerned, this is typically accomplished in three consecutive phases: an energy yield forecast, that is performed at the beginning of the project and is typically accomplished by means of a simulation exercise performed with dedicated software; a reception test campaign, that is performed at the end of the commissioning and consists of a set of tests for determining the efficiency and the reliability of the PV plant devices; and a performance analysis of the first years of operation, that consists in comparing the real energy production with the one calculated from the recorded operating conditions and taking into account the maintenance records. In the last six years, IES-UPM has offered both indoor and on-site quality control campaigns for more than 60 PV plants, with an accumulated power of more than 300 MW, in close contact with Engineering, Procurement and Construction Contractors and financial entities. This paper presents the lessons learned from such experience.