Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish INHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

Death of Dr Francisco Javier Ayala-Carcedo, Spanish lNHIGEO Member, at Burgos, Spain, 28 November 2004

On the testing of large PV arrays

This paper reports on the IES-UPM experience from 2006 to 2010 in the field of the characterization of PV arrays of commercial large PV plants installed in Spain within the framework of the profitable economic scenarios associated to feed-in tariff laws. This experience has extended to 200 MW and has provided valuable lessons to minimize uncertainty, which plays a key role in quality assurance procedures. The paper deals not only with classic I–V measurements but also with watt-metering-based procedures. Particular attention is paid to the selection of irradiance and cell temperature sensors

Methodology for the metric restoration of the historical cartography applied to Francisco Coello's cartografic series of the Royal Site of Aranjuez

Hojas Kilométricas (Kilometric Sheets). Specifically, the study focuses on those sheets referring to the city centre and surrounding area of the Royal Site of Aranjuez, a town in the south of the Province of Madrid. The aim of this study is to restore the actual size and measurements of scanned images of the Hojas Kilométricas. This would allow us, among other things, to reestablish both the format and scale of the original plans. To achieve this goal it is necessary to rectify and then georeference these images, i.e. assign them a geographic reference system. This procedure is essential in the overlaying and comparison of the Hojas Kilométricas of the Royal Site with other historical cartography as well as other sources related to the same area from different time periods. Subsequent research would allow us, for example, to reconstruct the time-evolution of the urban area, to spot new construction and to pinpoint the locations of any altered or missing buildings or architectural features. In addition, this would allow us to develop and integrate databases for GIS models applicable to the management of our cultural heritage.

Alternativas de ensayo de potencia sobre grandes generadores fotovoltaicos

Este artículo presenta diferentes alternativas de ensayo para caracterizar en campo grandes generadores fotovoltaicos. Las medidas de curvas I-V con trazadores electrónicos, previa desconexión de la planta, son rápidas y permiten detectar anomalías del generador fotovoltaico como puntos calientes, polarización y sombreados. Sin embargo, la medida de potencia correspondiente engloba demasiada incertidumbre como para ser tomada en cuenta contractualmente. Las medidas de potencia continua usando un vatímetro, tomadas de manera simultánea al funcionamiento normal de la planta, proporcionan mayor precisiónen los resultados, especialmente si se siguen algunas precauciones para disminuir la incertidumbre. Los resultados presentados proceden de los ensayos efectuados en unas 50 centrales fotovoltaicas comerciales, representativas de una potencia cercana a 250 MW.

Effect of soiling in CPV systems

The effect of soiling in flat PV modules has been already studied, causing a reduction of the electrical output of 4% on average. For CPV's, as far as soiling produces light scattering at the optical collector surface, the scattered rays should be definitively lost because they cannot be focused onto the receivers again. While the theoretical study becomes difficult because soiling is variable at different sites, it becomes easier to begin the monitoring of the real field performance of concentrators and then raise the following question: how much does the soiling affect to PV concentrators in comparison with flat panels?? The answers allow to predict the PV concentrator electrical performance and to establish a pattern of cleaning frequency. Some experiments have been conducted at the IES-UPM and CSES-ANU sites, consisting in linear reflective concentration systems, a point focus refractive concentrator and a flat module. All the systems have been measured when soiled and then after cleaning, achieving different increases of ISC. In general, results show that CPV systems are more sensitive to soiling than flat panels, accumulating losses in ISC of about 14% on average in three different tests conducted at IESUPM and CSES-ANU test sites in Madrid (Spain) and Canberra (Australia). Some concentrators can reach losses up to 26% when the system is soiled for 4 months of exposure.

A 800 kW I-V curve

This paper presents the measurement of the I-V curve of an 800 kW PV generator by means of an own-made capacitive load. Along the lines of some previous works, it is shown that an I-V curve analysis can also be applied to big PV generators and that, when measuring the operating conditions with reference modules and taking some precautions (especially regarding the operating cell temperature), it is still a useful tool for characterizing them and therefore can be incorporated into maintenance procedures. As far as we know, this is the largest I-V curve measured so far.

Caracterización en campo de grandes generadores fotovoltaicos

Las medidas de curvas I-V con trazadores electrónicos, previa desconexión de la planta, son rápidas y permiten de tectar anomalías del generador fotovoltaico como puntos calientes, polarización y sombreados. Sin embargo, la medida de potencia correspondiente engloba demasiada incertidumbre como para ser tomada en cuenta contractualmente. Las medidas de potencia continua usando un vatímetro, tomadas de manera simultánea al funcionamiento normal de la planta, proporcionan mayor precisión en los resultados, especialmente si se siguen algunas precauciones para disminuir la incertidumbre. Los resultados presentados proceden de los ensayos efectuados en unas 50 centrales fotovoltaicas comerciales, representativas de una potencia cercana a 250 MW.

Alternativas de ensayo de potencia sobre grandes generadores fotovoltaicos

Este artículo presenta diferentes alternativas de ensayo para caracterizar en campo grandes generadores fotovoltaicos. Las medidas de curvas I-V con trazadores electrónicos, previa desconexión de la planta, son rápidas y permiten detectar anomalías del generador fotovoltaico como puntos calientes, polarización y sombreados. Sin embargo, la medida de potencia correspondiente engloba demasiada incertidumbre como para ser tomada en cuenta contractualmente. Las medidas de potencia continua usando un vatímetro, tomadas de manera simultánea al funcionamiento normal de la planta, proporcionan mayor precisión en los resultados, especialmente si se siguen algunas precauciones para disminuir la incertidumbre. Los resultados presentados proceden de los ensayos efectuados en unas 50 centrales fotovoltaicas comerciales, representativas de una potencia cercana a 250 MW.

In-field assessment of batteries and PV modules in a large photovoltaic rural electrification programme

Assuring the sustainability of quality in photovoltaic rural electrification programmes involves enhancing the reliability of the components of solar home systems as well as the characterization of the overall programme cost structure. Batteries and photovoltaic modules have a great impact on both the reliability and the cost assessment, the battery being the weakest component of the solar home system and consequently the most expensive element of the programme. The photovoltaic module, despite being the most reliable component, has a significant impact cost-wise on the initial investment, even at current market prices. This paper focuses on the in-field testing of both batteries and photovoltaic modules working under real operating conditions within a sample of 41 solar home systems belonging to a large photovoltaic rural electrification programme with more than 13,000 installed photovoltaic systems. Different reliability parameters such as lifetime have been evaluated, taking into account different factors, for example energy consumption rates, or the manufacturing quality of batteries. A degradation model has been proposed relating both loss of capacity and time of operation. The user e solar home system binomial is also analysed in order to understand the meaning of battery lifetime in rural electrification.

Bankable procedures for the technical quality assurance of large scale PV plants

Strict technical quality assurance procedures are essential for PV plant bankability. When large-scale PV plants are concerned, this is typically accomplished in three consecutive phases: an energy yield forecast, that is performed at the beginning of the project and is typically accomplished by means of a simulation exercise performed with dedicated software; a reception test campaign, that is performed at the end of the commissioning and consists of a set of tests for determining the efficiency and the reliability of the PV plant devices; and a performance analysis of the first years of operation, that consists in comparing the real energy production with the one calculated from the recorded operating conditions and taking into account the maintenance records. In the last six years, IES-UPM has offered both indoor and on-site quality control campaigns for more than 60 PV plants, with an accumulated power of more than 300 MW, in close contact with Engineering, Procurement and Construction Contractors and financial entities. This paper presents the lessons learned from such experience.

Rehabilitación, regeneración y renovación urbana en Bilbao la Vieja, San Francisco y Zabala

El artículo analiza el proceso de rehabilitación de los barrios de Bilbao la Vieja, San Francisco y Zabala entre los años 1990 y 2014. El caso es destacable en el panorama de la rehabilitación urbana en España por ser una experiencia de largo recorrido con intervenciones de rehabilitación edificatoria, de renovación urbana y de regeneración urbana, entendidas como multidimensionales desde los primeros planes, y cuyo modelo de gestión, bajo el liderazgo y compromiso institucional, ha ido adaptándose a las circunstancias cambiantes y al desarrollo del propio proceso.

Ruinas del convento de San Francisco en La Coruña

Informes oficiales. Ruinas del convento de San Francisco en La Coruña