Exploring polysilicon deposition conditions through a laboratory CVD prototype

Cost and energy consumption related to obtaining polysilicon impact significantly on the total photovoltaic module cost and its energy payback time. Process simplifications can be performed, leading to cost reductions. Nowadays, among several approaches currently pursued to produce the so called Solar Grade Silicon, the chemical route, named Siemens process, is the dominant one. At the Instituto de Energía Solar research on this topic is focused on the chemical route, in particular on the polysilicon deposition step by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from Trichlorosilane through a laboratory prototype. Valuable information about the phenomena involved in the polysilicon deposition process and the operating conditions is obtained from our experiments. A particular feature of our system is the inclusion of a mass spectrometer. The present work comprises spectra characterization of the polysilicon deposition chemical reaction, temperature and inlet gas mixture composition influence on the deposition rate and analysis of polysilicon deposition conditions for the ?pop-corn' phenomenon to appear, based on experimental experience (Actas de la Special Issue: E-MRS 2012 Spring Meeting ? Symposium A

On track for solar grade silicon through a siemens process-type laboratory reactor: operating conditions and energy savings

Polysilicon cost impacts significantly on the photovoltaics (PV) cost and on the energy payback time. Nowadays, the besetting production process is the so called Siemens process, polysilicon deposition by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) from Trichlorosilane. Polysilicon purification level for PV is to a certain extent less demanding that for microelectronics. At the Instituto de Energía Solar (IES) research on this subject is performed through a Siemens process-type laboratory reactor. Through the laboratory CVD prototype at the IES laboratories, valuable information about the phenomena involved in the polysilicon deposition process and the operating conditions is obtained. Polysilicon deposition by CVD is a complex process due to the big number of parameters involved. A study on the influence of temperature and inlet gas mixture composition on the polysilicon deposition growth rate, based on experimental experience, is shown. Moreover, CVD process accounts for the largest contribution to the energy consumption of the polysilicon production. In addition, radiation phenomenon is the major responsible for low energetic efficiency of the whole process. This work presents a model of radiation heat loss, and the theoretical calculations are confirmed experimentally through a prototype reactor at our disposal, yielding a valuable know-how for energy consumption reduction at industrial Siemens reactors.

Radiation heat savings in polysilicon production: validation of results through a CVD laboratory prototype

This work aims at a deeper understanding of the energy loss phenomenon in polysilicon production reactors by the so-called Siemens process. Contributions to the energy consumption of the polysilicon deposition step are studied in this paper, focusing on the radiation heat loss phenomenon. A theoretical model for radiation heat loss calculations is experimentally validated with the help of a laboratory CVD prototype. Following the results of the model, relevant parameters that directly affect the amount of radiation heat losses are put forward. Numerical results of the model applied to a state-of-the-art industrial reactor show the influence of these parameters on energy consumption due to radiation per kilogram of silicon produced; the radiation heat loss can be reduced by 3.8% when the reactor inner wall radius is reduced from 0.78 to 0.70 m, by 25% when the wall emissivity is reduced from 0.5 to 0.3, and by 12% when the final rod diameter is increased from 12 to 15 cm.

Heat losses in a CVD reactor for polysilicon: comprehensive model and experimental validation

This work addresses heat losses in a CVD reactor for polysilicon production. Contributions to the energy consumption of the so-called Siemens process are evaluated, and a comprehensive model for heat loss is presented. A previously-developed model for radiative heat loss is combined with conductive heat loss theory and a new model for convective heat loss. Theoretical calculations are developed and theoretical energy consumption of the polysilicon deposition process is obtained. The model is validated by comparison with experimental results obtained using a laboratory-scale CVD reactor. Finally, the model is used to calculate heat consumption in a 36-rod industrial reactor; the energy consumption due to convective heat loss per kilogram of polysilicon produced is calculated to be 22-30 kWh/kg along a deposition process.

Thermal shields for heat loss reduction in Siemens-type CVD reactors

The use of thermal shields to reduce radiation heat loss in Siemens-type CVD reactors is analyzed, both theoretically and experimentally. The potential savings from the use of the thermal shields is first explored using a radiation heat model that takes emissivity variations with wavelength into account, which is important for materials that do not behave as grey bodies. The theoretical calculations confirm that materials with lower surface emissivity lead to higher radiation savings. Assuming that radiation heat loss is responsible for around 50% of the total power consumption, a reduction of 32.9% and 15.5% is obtained if thermal shields with constant emissivities of 0.3 and 0.7 are considered, respectively. Experiments considering different thermal shields are conducted in a laboratory CVD reactor, confirming that the real materials do not behave as grey bodies, and proving that significant energy savings in the polysilicon deposition process are obtained. Using silicon as a thermal shield leads to energy savings of between 26.5-28.5%. For wavelength-dependent emissivities, the model shows that there are significant differences in radiation heat loss, of around 25%, when compared to that of constant emissivity. The results of the model highlight the importance of having reliable data on the emissivities within the relevant range of wavelengths, and at deposition temperatures, which remains a pending issue.

Aparcamiento subterráneo en el Hospital Clínico San Carlos de Madrid

El presente documento tiene por objetivo la explicacion y justificacion de todos aquellos elementos que conforman el proyecto de construccion del Aparcamiento subterraneo en el Hospital Clinico San Carlos. En primer lugar se ha realizado el Estudio Previo de Soluciones, en el que se han estudiado distintas alternativas posibles para la realizacion del aparcamiento subterraneo. Tras haberlas disenado, descrito, y contrastado, se escogio la que conllevaba el mejor compendio de virtudes segun los parametros o conceptos establecidos. Una vez escogida la solucion, en la fase de estudios que nos ocupa, se procedio a redactar el proyecto de construccion propiamente dicho. Esto implica desarrollar la solucion a fondo, definiendo todos sus elementos. Para ello, se preciso de unos estudios con gran nivel de detalle que sirvieron de base para los el diseno, los calculos, y el desarrollo tecnico que ello conlleva.

Discurso de investidura como Doctor Honoris Causa del Profesor Doctor D. Enrique Alarcón [Universidad Carlos III]

Sean mis primeras palabras de agradecimiento a la Universidad Carlos III y en particular a los Departamentos de Mecánica de los Medios Continuos y de Matemáticas por el honor concedido al otorgarme el grado de Doctor. Honor debido, más que a méritos propios, a la amistad con que siempre me han distinguido el equipo rectoral, y los compañeros de los Departamentos citados especialmente los profesores Carlos Navarro y Francisco Marcellán con los que he tenido la fortuna de compartir ideales de enseñanza e investigación. La Universidad Carlos III fue creada en un esfuerzo por redistribuir los nuevos núcleos culturales en zonas tradicionalmente utilizadas como ciudades-dormitorio, contribuir a su desarrollo, descentralizar los focos de saber establecidos y provocar la competencia intelectual mediante la incorporación de profesores jóvenes y en posesión de experiencia internacional. Todo lo ha cumplido con exceso en las diferentes ramas del saber a que se dedica y ello, unido a una intensa actividad cultural paralela, la ha transformado en uno de los polos más atractivos para la juventud estudiosa y el mundo científico de la Comunidad de Madrid. En la medida de mis posibilidades y desde su fundación he colaborado con la Universidad en la búsqueda de profesores adecuados y en el análisis de la evolución de sus grupos de ingeniería. Si antes la motivación estribaba en la curiosidad intelectual ante una experiencia tan interesante como el desarrollo ex novo de una Universidad, ahora mi interés estará reforzado por el agradecimiento a esta distinción y por la deuda de gratitud a la que sólo puedo corresponder ofreciendo públicamente mi disponibilidad a colaborar con aquélla en lo que se considere pueda ser útil.

Pliegues de luz. Sobre la arquitectura de Juan Carlos Sancho y Sol Madridejos. Sancho-Madridejos architecture office. Madrid

Juan Carlos Sancho and Sol Madridejos are at the forefront of Madrid's contemporary architectural scene.

Las narices del príncipe Carlos

Anuario El País 1990

A Coordinated Plan for Teaching Software Engineering in the University Rey Juan Carlos.

Un plan para organizar las enseñanzas de la ingeniería del software en las titulaciones de informática de la URJC. Nowadays both industry and academic environments are showing a lot of interest in the Software Engineering discipline. Therefore, it is a challenge for universities to provide students with appropriate training in this area, preparing them for their future professional practice. There are many difficulties to provide that training. The outstanding ones are: the Software Engineering area is too broad and class hours are scarce; the discipline requires a high level of abstraction; it is difficult to reproduce real world situations in the classroom to provide a practical learning environment; the number of students per professor is very high (at least in Spain); companies develop software with a maturity level rarely over level 2 of the CMM for Software (again, at least in Spain) as opposed to what is taught at the University. Besides, there are different levels and study plans, making more difficult to structure the contents to teach in each term and degree. In this paper we present a plan for teaching Software Engineering trying to overcome some of the difficulties above.

La caja bien temperada. Sobre el Museo de arte Contemporáneo de Alicante, MACA, de Juan Carlos Sancho y Sol Madridejos

Artículo sobre el Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Alicante, el MACA de Juan Carlos Sancho y Sol Madridejos.

Arquitectura española contemporánea. La casa de D. Carlos Gato, en la calle de Zurbarán en Madrid

Arquitectura española contemporánea. La casa de D. Carlos Gato, en la calle de Zurbarán en Madrid