Reaction pathways in the solid state synthesis of multiferroic BiFeO 3

The obtaining of multiferroicBiFeO3 as a pure single-phase product is particularly complex since the formation of secondary phases seems to be unavoidable. The process by which these secondary impurities are formed is studied by analyzing the diffusion and solidstate reactivity of the Bi2O3–Fe2O3 system. Experimental evidence is reported which indicates that the progressive diffusion of Bi3+ ions into the Fe2O3 particles governs the solidstatesynthesis of the perovskite BiFeO3 phase. However a competition is established between the diffusion process which tends to complete the formation of BiFeO3, and the crystallization of stable Bi2Fe4O9 mullite crystals, which tend to block that formation reaction.

Elementos para una nueva metodología de cálculo de diques verticales

El comercio marítimo actual requiere buques de un tamaño cada vez mayor. Para dar servicio a estos buques los puertos tienen que ofrecer grandes calados y las obras de abrigo están cimentadas cada vez a mayor profundidad, particularmente en el caso de España que es un país con escasos puertos naturales y poca plataforma continental y la mayoría de sus puertos son exteriores. La construcción de obras de abrigo en calados tan grandes (hasta 50 metros de profundidad) resulta sumamente costosa, y dado que a esas profundidades generalmente el oleaje no rompe, la tipología más habitual es la de diques verticales, reflejantes puros, tanto por ahorro de costes como por impacto ambiental. Al ir a mayores calados las olas a las que se enfrentan los diques son cada vez mayores, y esto acusa el desconocimiento exacto de los fenómenos que hidrodinámicos que tienen lugar, y por tanto las deficiencias de los métodos de dimensionamiento de diques verticales empleados. La incertidumbre en la definición de los fenómenos involucrados lleva a la mayoración indiscriminada de las acciones y al sobredimensionamiento de los diques, con el consiguiente sobrecoste, y a otra conclusión más grave: el desconocimiento de los factores de seguridad reales. Esto obliga a continuar profundizando en los fundamentos de los fenómenos observados. La presente tesis se basa en el análisis de datos recogidos por la instrumentación del dique de Botafoc (Ibiza) desde el año 2003. Esta instrumentación es de las que ha ofrecido mediciones de temporales de forma más consistente en todo el mundo. El análisis de los datos conduce a una serie de resultados muy reveladores y novedosos en cuanto a la forma de las distribuciones de los empujes, la influencia del periodo del oleaje sobre las mismas, y la importancia de los flujos inducidos por el oleaje a través de las banquetas de cimentación. Todas las conclusiones alcanzadas están sólidamente justificadas desde el punto de vista teórico. También se ponen de manifiesto otros fenómenos interesantes que no eran objeto de la presente investigación como la importancia del retranqueo del espaldón. El alcance inicial de la tesis pretendía dar explicación a la influencia del periodo del oleaje sobre las distribuciones de presiones, sin embargo la gran cantidad de descubrimientos realizados llevan a pensar en la posibilidad de desarrollar una nueva metodología de cálculo de esfuerzos hidrodinámicos en diques verticales. Esta nueva metodología está en desarrollo por el autor de la presente tesis y será presentada en futuros trabajos. Además del importante avance conceptual del estado de la técnica que supone, otro producto de la investigación ha sido el desarrollo de dos patentes de invención y una tercera aún en desarrollo. Maritime trade nowadays requires ships of increasing size, and ports must go to deeper draughts to shelter those ships. In high depths vertical breakwaters are the most economical alternative; however there are many questions about reflection of waves not yet clarified. This uncertainties drive to oversize breakwaters and the corresponding rise in costs. Moreover the main issue is that safety margins are not known. This thesis is based on the analysis of data collected by instrumentation of the Botafoc breakwater (Ibiza) since 2003, having recorded a wide range of data. The data analysis leads to very interesting discovers such as the shape of the distribution of the pressures, the influence of wave period, and the importance of the wave induced flows through foundation. All conclusions reached are solidly justified from the theoretical point of view. Other interesting phenomena that were not the subject of this research have been revealed such as the importance of crown wall position. The initial scope of the thesis aimed to give explanation to the influence of the wave period on distributions of pressure; however the interesting discoveries made suggest developing a new methodology for calculating hydrodynamic efforts vertical breakwaters. This new methodology is currently under development by the author of this thesis and will be presented in future works. Besides the important conceptual advance the state of the art involved, another product of the research has been the development of two patents.

Reaction pathways in the solid state synthesis of multiferroic BiFeO3

The obtaining of multiferroic BiFeO3 as a pure single-phase product is particularly complex since the formation of secondary phases seems to be unavoidable. The process by which these secondary impurities are formed is studied by analyzing the diffusion and solid state reactivity of the Bi2O3?Fe2O3 system. Experimental evidence is reported which indicates that the progressive diffusion of Bi3+ ions into the Fe2O3 particles governs the solid state synthesis of the perovskite BiFeO3 phase. However a competition is established between the diffusion process which tends to complete the formation of BiFeO3, and the crystallization of stable Bi2Fe4O9 mullite crystals, which tend to block that formation reaction.

‘State-of-the-art’ of building integrated photovoltaic products

During the last decades, the photovoltaic (PV) modules and their associated architectural materials are increasingly being incorporated into the construction of the building envelope such as façade, roof and skylights in the urban centers. This paper analyzes the-state-of-the-art of the PV elements and construction materials which are advertised as BIPV-products at the most important companies in the world. For this purpose 136 companies and 445 PV elements have been investigated and analyzed from a technical and architectural point of view. Also, the study has been divided into two main groups according to industry which producing the product: BIPV-Modules, which comes from the PV modules manufacturers and consist of standard PV-modules with some variations in its aesthetic features, support or dimensions; and PV-Constructions Elements, which consist of conventional constructive elements with architectural features intentionally manufactured for photovoltaic integration. In advance for conclusions, the solar tile is the most common PV-constructions element, the Si-crystalline is the most widely used PV technology, and the BIPV-urban furniture is the fastest growing market experienced in recent years. However, it is clear the absences of innovative elements which meet at the same time both the constructive purpose as the quality standards of PV technology.

Statistical distributions obtained from the compression of monodisperse, soft and frictionless particles

The cyclic compression of several granular systems has been simulated with a molecular dynamics code. All the samples consisted of bidimensional, soft, frictionless and equal-sized particles that were initially arranged according to a squared lattice and were compressed by randomly generated irregular walls. The compression protocols can be described by some control variables (volume or external force acting on the walls) and by some dimensionless factors, that relate stiffness, density, diameter, damping ratio and water surface tension to the external forces, displacements and periods. Each protocol, that is associated to a dynamic process, results in an arrangement with its own macroscopic features: volume (or packing ratio), coordination number, and stress; and the differences between packings can be highly significant. The statistical distribution of the force-moment state of the particles (i.e. the equivalent average stress multiplied by the volume) is analyzed. In spite of the lack of a theoretical framework based on statistical mechanics specific for these protocols, it is shown how the obtained distributions of mean and relative deviatoric force-moment are. Then it is discussed on the nature of these distributions and on their relation to specific protocols.

Agile Product Inception: Framework Analysis and Support

In this dissertation, after testing that neither the definition of Agile methodologies, nor the current tools that support them, such as Scrum or XP, gave guidance for stages of software development prior to the definition of the first interaction of development; we proceeded to study the state of the art of Inception techniques, that is, techniques to deal with this early phase of the project, that would help guide its development. From the analysis of these Inception techniques, we defined what we considered as the essential properties of an Inception framework. With that list at hand, it was found that no current Inception framework supported all the features, also, we found that it did not exist, either, any software application on the market that did it. Finally, after checking the above gaps, we defined the Inception framework "Agile Incepti-ON", with all the practices necessary to meet the requirements specified above. In addition to this, a software application was developed to support the practices defined in the Inception framework, called "Agile Dojo".