Factors affecting berry composition of Tempranillo grapevines before the arrest of phloem transport.

It is already known that berry ripening is determined by the leaf area/fruit ratio, as well as temperature and leaf physiology. The aim of this work was to assess the influence of these parameters on Tempranillo cultivar throughout stage III of berry development.

Allocation of 14C assimilated in late spring to tissue and biochemical stem components of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) over the seasons

Carbon distribution in the stem of 2-year-old cork oak plants was studied by 14CO2 pulse labeling in late spring in order to trace the allocation of photoassimilates to tissue and biochemical stem components of cork oak. The fate of 14C photoassimilated carbon was followed during two periods: the first 72 h (short-term study) and the first 52 weeks (long-term study) after the 14CO2 photosynthetic assimilation. The results showed that 14C allocation to stem tissues was dependent on the time passed since photoassimilation and on the season of the year. In the first 3 h all 14C was found in the polar extractives. After 3 h, it started to be allocated to other stem fractions. In 1 day, 14C was allocated mostly to vascular cambium and, to a lesser extent, to primary phloem; no presence of 14C was recorded for the periderm. However, translocation of 14C to phellem was observed from 1 week after 14CO2 pulse labeling. The phellogen was not completely active in its entire circumference at labeling, unlike the vascular cambium; this was the tissue that accumulated most photoassimilated 14C at the earliest sampling. The fraction of leaf-assimilated 14C that was used by the stem peaked at 57% 1 week after 14CO2 plant exposure. The time lag between C photoassimilation and suberin accumulation was ∼8 h, but the most active period for suberin accumulation was between 3 and 7 days. Suberin, which represented only 1.77% of the stem weight, acted as a highly effective sink for the carbon photoassimilated in late spring since suberin specific radioactivity was much higher than for any other stem component as early as only 1 week after 14C plant labeling. This trend was maintained throughout the whole experiment. The examination of microautoradiographs taken over 1 year provided a new method for quantifying xylem growth. Using this approach it was found that there was more secondary xylem growth in late spring than in other times of the year, because the calculated average cell division time was much shorter.

An elicitor isolated from smut teliospores (Sporisorium scitamineum) enhances lignin deposition on the cell wall on both sclerenchyma and xylem in sugarcane leaves

Sugarcane leaf shows the classical arrangement of cells which defines a C4 species. Vascular bundles consist of xylem, phloem and fibres, surrounded by an outer layer of sclereids and an inner ring of stone cells associated with the phloem. Some sclereids located below and above the vascular bundles act as docking cells and connect the vascular bundle to the internal surfaces of upper and lower layers of the epidermis. A compact mass of sclereids occupies the total internal volume of the leaf edge. Neither docking cells nor the internal mass of sclereids in the edge were markedly coloured by acriflavin or phloroglucinol, indicating the absence of lignin in their cell walls. However, such staining indicated that fibres of the vascular bundle and the external layer of sclereids were strongly lignified. Incubation of leaf discs with an elicitor produced by the pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum increased the thickness of the lignified cell walls of sclereids as well as the mid and small xylem vessels, as a possible mechanical defense response to the potential entry of the pathogen.

Urban trees and atmospheric pollutants in big cities: Effects in Madrid

Una investigación sobre la mejora de la contaminación del aire (CA) por medio de arbolado urbano se realizó en Madrid, una ciudad con casi 4 M de habitantes, 2,8 M de vehículos y casi 3 M de árboles de mantenimiento público. La mayoría de los árboles estaban en dos bosques periurbanos. Los 650.000 restantes era pies de alineación y parques. Los taxones estudiados fueron Platanus orientalis (97.205 árboles), Ulmus sp. (70.557), Pinus pinea (49.038), Aesculus hippocastanum (22.266), Cedrus sp. (13.678) y Quercus ilex (1.650), de calles y parques. Muestras foliares se analizaron en diferentes épocas del año, así como datos de contaminación por PM10 de 28 estaciones de medición de la contaminación durante 30 años, y también la intensidad del tráfico (IMD) en 2.660 calles. La acumulación de metales pesados (MP) sobre hojas y dentro de estas se estimó en relación con la CA y del suelo y la IMD del tráfico. La concentración media de Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb y Zn en suelo (materia seca) alcanzó: 489,5, 0,7, 49,4, 60,9, 460,9, 12,8, 155,9 y 190,3 mg kg-1 respectivamente. Los árboles urbanos, particularmente coníferas (debido a la mayor CA en invierno) contribuyen significativamente a mejorar la CA sobre todo en calles con alta IMD. La capacidad de las seis sp. para capturar partículas de polvo en su superficies foliares está relacionada con la IMD del tráfico y se estimó en 16,8 kg/año de MP tóxicos. Pb y Zn resultaron ser buenos marcadores antrópicos en la ciudad en relación con el tráfico, que fue la principal fuente de contaminación en los árboles y suelos de Madrid. Las especies de árboles variaron en función de su capacidad para capturar partículas (dependiendo de las propiedades de sus superficies foliares) y acumular los MP absorbidos de los suelos. Las concentraciones foliares de Pb y Zn estuvieron por encima de los límites establecidos en diferentes sitios de la ciudad. La microlocalización de Zn mediante microscópico mostró la translocación al xilema y floema. Se detectaron puntos de contaminación puntual de Cu and Cr en antiguos polígonos industriales y la distribución espacial de los MP en los suelos de Madrid mostró que en incluso en zonas interiores del El Retiro había ciertos niveles elevados de [Pb] en suelo, tal vez por el emplazamiento la Real Fábrica de Porcelana en la misma zona hace 200 años. Distintas áreas del centro de la ciudad también alcanzaron niveles altos de [Pb] en suelo. Según los resultados, el empleo de una combinación de Pinus pinea con un estrato intermedio de Ulmus sp. y Cedrus sp. puede ser la mejor recomendación como filtro verde eficiente. El efecto del ozono (O3) sobre el arbolado en Madrid fue también objeto de este estudio. A pesar de la reducción de precursores aplicada en muchos países industrializados, O3 sigue siendo la principal causa de CA en el hemisferio norte, con el aumento de [O3] de fondo. Las mayores [O3] se alcanzaron en regiones mediterráneas, donde el efecto sobre la vegetación natural es compensado por el xeromorfismo y la baja conductancia estomática en respuesta los episodios de sequía estival característicos de este clima. Durante una campaña de monitoreo, se identificaron daños abióticos en hojas de encina parecidos a los de O3 que estaban plantadas en una franja de césped con riego del centro de Madrid. Dada la poca evidencia disponible de los síntomas de O3 en frondosas perennifolias, se hizo un estudio que trató de 1) confirman el diagnóstico de daño de O3, 2) investigar el grado de los síntomas en encinas y 3) analizar los factores ambientales que contribuyeron a los daños por O3, en particular en lo relacionado con el riego. Se analizaron los marcadores macro y micromorfológicos de estrés por O3, utilizando las mencionadas encinas a modo de parcela experimental. Los síntomas consistieron en punteado intercostal del haz, que aumentó con la edad. Además de un punteado subyacente, donde las células superiores del mesófilo mostraron reacciones características de daños por O3. Las células próximas a las zonas dañadas, presentaron marcadores adicionales de estrés oxidativo. Estos marcadores morfológicos y micromorfológicos de estrés por O3 fueron similares a otras frondosas caducifolias con daños por O3. Sin embargo, en nuestro caso el punteado fue evidente con AOT40 de 21 ppm•h, asociada a riego. Análisis posteriores mostraron que los árboles con riego aumentaron su conductancia estomática, con aumento de senescencia, manteniéndose sin cambios sus características xeromórficas foliares. Estos hallazgos ponen de relieve el papel primordial de la disponibilidad de agua frente a las características xeromórficas a la hora de manifestarse los síntomas en las células por daños de O3 en encina. ABSTRACT Research about air pollution mitigation by urban trees was conducted in Madrid (Spain), a southern European city with almost 4 M inhabitants, 2.8 M daily vehicles and 3 M trees under public maintenance. Most trees were located in two urban forests, while 650'000 trees along urban streets and in parks. The urban taxa included Platanus orientalis (97'205 trees), Ulmus sp. (70’557), Pinus pinea (49'038), Aesculus hippocastanum (22’266), Cedrus sp. (13'678 and Quercus ilex (1'650) along streets and parks. Leave samples were analysed sequentially in different seasons, PM10 data from 28 air monitoring stations during 30 years and traffic density estimated from 2’660 streets. Heavy metal (HM) accumulation on the leaf surface and within leaves was estimated per tree related to air and soil pollution, and traffic intensity. Mean concentration of Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in topsoil samples (dry mass) amounted in Madrid: 489.5, 0.7, 49.4, 60.9, 460.9, 12.8, 155.9 and 190.3 mg kg-1 respectively. Urban trees, particularly conifers (due to higher pollution in winter) contributed significantly to alleviate air pollution especially near to high ADT roads. The capacity of the six urban street trees species to capture air-born dust on the foliage surface as related to traffic intensity was estimated to 16.8 kg of noxious metals from exhausts per year. Pb and Zn pointed to be tracers of anthropic activity in the city with vehicle traffic as the main source of diffuse pollution on trees and soils. Tree species differed by their capacity to capture air-borne dust (by different leaf surface properties) and to allocate HM from soils. Pb and Zn concentrations in the foliage were above limits in different urban sites and microscopic Zn revelation showed translocation in xylem and phloem tissue. Punctual contamination in soils by Cu and Cr was identified in former industrial areas and spatial trace element mapping showed for central Retiro Park certain high values of [Pb] in soils even related to a Royal pottery 200 years ago. Different areas in the city centre also reached high levels [Pb] in soils. According to the results, a combination of Pinus pinea with understorey Ulmus sp. and Cedrus sp. layers can be recommended for the best air filter efficiency. The effects of ozone (O3) on trees in different areas of Madrid were also part of this study. Despite abatement programs of precursors implemented in many industrialized countries, ozone remained the main air pollutant throughout the northern hemisphere with background [O3] increasing. Some of the highest ozone concentrations were measured in regions with a Mediterranean climate but the effect on the natural vegetation is alleviated by low stomatal uptake and frequent leaf xeromorphy in response to summer drought episodes characteristic of this climate. During a bioindication survey, abiotic O3-like injury was identified in foliage. Trees were growing on an irrigated lawn strip in the centre of Madrid. Given the little structural evidence available for O3 symptoms in broadleaved evergreen species, a study was undertaken in 2007 with the following objectives 1) confirm the diagnosis, 2) investigate the extent of symptoms in holm oaks growing in Madrid and 3) analyse the environmental factors contributing to O3 injury, particularly, the site water supply. Therefore, macro- and micromorphological markers of O3 stress were analysed, using the aforementioned lawn strip as an intensive study site. Symptoms consisted of adaxial and intercostal stippling increasing with leaf age. Underlying stippling, cells in the upper mesophyll showed HR-like reactions typical of ozone stress. The surrounding cells showed further oxidative stress markers. These morphological and micromorphological markers of ozone stress were similar to those recorded in deciduous broadleaved species. However, stippling became obvious already at an AOT40 of 21 ppm•h and was primarily found at irrigated sites. Subsequent analyses showed that irrigated trees had their stomatal conductance increased and leaf life-span reduced whereas their leaf xeromorphy remained unchanged. These findings suggest a central role of water availability versus leaf xeromorphy for ozone symptom expression by cell injury in holm oak.

A non-persistently transmitted-virus induces a pull?push strategy inits aphid vector to optimize transmission and spread

Plant viruses are known to modify the behaviour of their insect vectors, both directly and indirectly,generally adapting to each type of virus?vector relationship in a way that enhances transmissionefficiency. Here, we report results of three different studies showing how a virus transmitted in a non-persistent (NP) manner (Cucumber mosaic virus; CMV, Cucumovirus) can induce changes in its host plant,cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Marumba) that modifies the behaviour of its aphid vector (Aphis gossypiiGlover; Hemiptera: Aphididae) in a way that enhances virus transmission and spread non-viruliferousaphids changed their alighting, settling and probing behaviour activities over time when exposed toCMV-infected and mock-inoculated cucumber plants. Aphids exhibited no preference to migrate fromCMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants at short time intervals (1, 10 and 30 min after release), butshowed a clear shift in preference to migrate from CMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants 60 min afterrelease. Our free-choice preference assays showed that A. gossypii alates preferred CMV-infected overmock-inoculated plants at an early stage (30 min), but this behaviour was reverted at a later stage andaphids preferred to settle and reproduce on mock-inoculated plants. The electrical penetration graph(EPG) technique revealed a sharp change in aphid probing behaviour over time when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At the beginning (first 15 min) aphid vectors dramatically increased the number of shortsuperficial probes and intracellular punctures when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At a later stage (sec-ond hour of recording) aphids diminished their feeding on CMV-infected plants as indicated by much lesstime spent in phloem salivation and ingestion (E1 and E2). This particular probing behaviour includingan early increase in the number of short superficial probes and intracellular punctures followed by aphloem feeding deterrence is known to enhance the transmission efficiency of viruses transmitted in aNP manner. We conclude that CMV induces specific changes in a plant host that modify the alighting,settling and probing behaviour of its main vector A. gossypii, leading to optimum transmission and spreadof the virus. Our findings should be considered when modelling the spread of viruses transmitted in a NPmanner.

Efecto de la infección por virus persistentes y no persistentes sobre el comportamiento alimenticio, la preferencia, tasa de aterrizaje y asentamiento y la eficacia biológica de Aphis gossypii Glover

En el complejo de plagas que atacan a los principales cultivos hortícolas protegidos, destacan principalmente los Hemípteros, y dentro de estos los pulgones, dada su importancia como vectores de virus que provocan considerables daños y pérdidas económicas. Debido a que la dispersión de la mayoría de los virus de plantas puede ser eficaz con densidades bajas de vectores y su control es muy complicado al no existir métodos curativos para su control, es necesario generar nuevos conocimientos sobre las interacciones virus-vector con el fin de desarrollar nuevas y eficaces estrategias de control. Por ello, el objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido conocer el efecto de la infección viral (directo-mediado por la presencia del virus en el vector- e indirecto-mediado por las alteraciones físico-químicas que se originan en la planta como consecuencia de la infección viral-) sobre el comportamiento y eficacia biológica del vector Aphis gossypii Glover y sus posibles repercusiones en la epidemiología de virosis de transmisión no persistente (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, Cucumovirus) y persistente (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV, Polerovirus). El primer objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral, se centró en el estudio del efecto indirecto del virus de transmisión no persistente CMV sobre el comportamiento alimenticio y la preferencia del pulgón A. gossypii en el cultivo de pepino. Los ensayos de despegue y aterrizaje mostraron que los pulgones que fueron liberados en las plantas de pepino infectadas con CMV tuvieron una mayor propensión en migrar hacia las plantas no infectadas (60, 120 y 180 minutos después de la liberación) que aquellos que fueron sometidos al tratamiento contrario (planta no infectada hacia planta infectada con CMV). El estudio de preferencia y asentamiento mostró que el vector A. gossypii prefiere asentarse en plantas infectadas con CMV en una etapa temprana de evaluación (30 minutos después de la liberación). Sin embargo, este comportamiento se revirtió en una etapa posterior (4 y 48 horas después de la liberación), donde los pulgones se asentaron más en las plantas no infectadas. A través de la técnica de Gráficos de Penetración Eléctrica (EPG) se observó un efecto indirecto del virus CMV, revelado por un cambio brusco en el comportamiento de prueba del pulgón a lo largo del tiempo, cuando éstos fueron expuestos a las plantas infectadas con CMV. Los primeros 15 minutos de registro EPG mostraron que los pulgones hicieron un número mayor de punciones intracelulares (potencial drops - pds) y pruebas en las plantas infectadas con CMV que en las plantas no infectadas. Por otra parte, la duración de la primera prueba fue más corta y la duración total de las pds por insecto fue mucho más larga en las plantas infectadas con CMV. Se observaron diferencias significativas en el tiempo transcurrido desde el final de la última pd hasta el final de la prueba, siendo ese tiempo más corto para los pulgones que estaban alimentándose en plantas infectadas con CMV. En la segunda hora de registro los pulgones rechazaron las plantas infectadas con CMV como fuente de alimento, permaneciendo menos tiempo en las fases de prueba en floema (fase de salivación – E1 y fase de ingestión del floema – E2). El comportamiento alimenticio observado sobre las plantas infectadas con CMV favorece la adquisición y posterior transmisión de los virus de transmisión no persistente, los cuales son adquiridos e inoculados durante la realización de pruebas intracelulares en las primeras pruebas de corta duración. En el segundo objetivo de la Tesis se evaluó el efecto directo e indirecto del virus de transmisión persistente CABYV en el comportamiento alimenticio y preferencia del pulgón A. gossypii en cultivo de pepino, especie susceptible al virus, y algodón, especie inmune al virus. No se observó un efecto directo del virus relevante en el comportamiento alimenticio del vector, ya que los resultados obtenidos a nivel floemático en plantas de pepino no se observaron en plantas de algodón, inmune al virus CABYV. Esto sugiere que los resultados obtenidos en pepino, pueden deberse a un “posible efecto indirecto” originado por la infección de las plantas susceptibles al virus durante la realización del ensayo, lo que indirectamente puede modificar el comportamiento del pulgón durante la fase de evaluación. Sin embargo, el virus CABYV modificó indirectamente el comportamiento alimenticio de su vector a través de cambios en la planta infectada. Los pulgones tardaron menos tiempo en llegar al floema, realizaron un mayor número de pruebas floemáticas y permanecieron durante más tiempo en actividades floemáticas en plantas infectadas con CABYV. El comportamiento observado sobre las plantas infectadas con CABYV favorece la adquisición de virus persistentes, los cuales son adquiridos durante la alimentación sostenida en floema. El estudio de preferencia y asentamiento de A. gossypii mostró que los pulgones virulíferos prefieren asentarse en plantas no infectadas a corto y largo plazo de evaluación (2, 4 y 48 horas después de la liberación). Los ensayos de despegue y aterrizaje mostraron que los pulgones virulíferos que fueron liberados en las plantas de pepino infectadas con CABYV tuvieron una mayor propensión en migrar hacia las plantas no infectadas (3, 6, 24 y 48 horas después de la liberación) que aquellos que fueron sometidos al tratamiento contrario (planta no infectada hacia planta infectada con CABYV). Sin embargo, los pulgones no virulíferos no mostraron preferencia por plantas de pepino no infectadas o infectadas con CABYV en ninguno de los ensayos (preferencia o despegue) o periodos evaluados (corto y largo plazo). Los resultados indican que el virus CABYV es capaz de modificar indirectamente el comportamiento alimenticio de su vector a través de cambios en la planta infectada, favoreciendo su adquisición por su principal vector, A. gossypii. Una vez que los pulgones tienen capacidad de transmitir el virus (virulíferos) se produce un cambio en su comportamiento prefiriendo asentarse sobre plantas no infectadas optimizándose así la dispersión viral. El tercer objetivo de la Tesis, fue evaluar los efectos directos e indirectos del virus CABYV así como los efectos indirectos del virus CMV en la eficacia biológica del vector A. gossypii. Los resultados obtenidos en los ensayos realizados con el virus persistente CABYV indican que el virus parece no modificar directamente ni indirectamente la eficacia biológica del vector en plantas de pepino o algodón, no observándose diferencias estadísticas en ninguno de los parámetros poblacionales evaluados (tiempo de desarrollo, tasa intrínseca de crecimiento, tiempo generacional medio, tasa media de crecimiento relativo y ninfas totales). En cuanto a los ensayos realizados con el virus no persistente, CMV, los resultados muestran un efecto indirecto del virus sobre la biología del vector. Así resultó que tanto la tasa intrínseca de crecimiento natural (rm) como la tasa media de crecimiento relativo (RGR) fueron más altas para pulgones crecidos sobre plantas infectadas con CMV que sobre plantas no infectadas, favoreciendo la reproducción y crecimiento poblacional del vector sobre plantas infectadas con CMV. Los resultados obtenidos en la presente Tesis, ofrecen un ejemplo de como los virus de plantas pueden manipular directa e indirectamente a su vector, maximizando así su dispersión entre las plantas. Esos nuevos conocimientos generados tienen implicaciones importantes en la transmisión, dispersión y en la epidemiología de los virus y deben ser considerados para diseñar o ajustar los modelos de simulación existentes y patrones de dispersión que describen las epidemias de estos virus. ABSTRACT The main objective of this Thesis has been to understand the effect of the viral infection (direct-mediated by the presence of the virus in the vector and indirect mediated by the chemical and physical changes originated in the plant as a consequence of the viral infection) on the behaviour and biological efficacy of the vector Aphis gossypii Glover and its consequences in the epidemiology of two viral diseases, one with non-persistent transmission (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, Cucumovirus) and another with persistent transmission (Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus, CABYV, Polerovirus). The first objective of this Thesis was the study of the indirect effect of the nonpersistent virus CMV on the feeding behaviour and preference of the aphid A. gossypii in cucumber plants. The results of the alighting and settling behaviour studies showed that aphids exhibited no preference to migrate from CMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants at short time intervals (1, 10 and 30 min after release), but showed a clear shift in preference to migrate from CMV-infected to mock-inoculated plants 60 min after release. Our free-choice preference assays showed that A. gossypii alates preferred CMV-infected over mockinoculated plants at an early stage (30 min), but this behaviour was reverted at a later stage and aphids preferred to settle and reproduce on mock-inoculated plants. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique revealed a sharp change in aphid probing behaviour over time when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At the beginning (first 15 min) aphid vectors dramatically increased the number of short superficial probes and intracellular punctures when exposed to CMV-infected plants. At a later stage (second hour of recording) aphids diminished their feeding on CMV-infected plants as indicated by much less time spent in phloem salivation and ingestion (E1 and E2). This particular probing behaviour including an early increase in the number of short superficial probes and intracellular punctures followed by a phloem feeding deterrence is known to enhance the transmission efficiency of viruses transmitted in a NP manner. We conclude that CMV induces specific changes in a plant host that modify the alighting, settling and probing behaviour of its main vector A. gossypii, leading to optimum transmission and spread of the virus. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the effects that the persistently aphid transmitted Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV) can induce directly and indirectly on the alighting, settling and probing behaviour activities of the cotton aphid A. gossypii. Only minor direct changes on aphid feeding behaviour was observed due to CABYV when viruliferous aphids fed on mock-inoculated plants. However, the feeding behaviour of non-viruliferous aphids was very different on CABYV-infected than on mockinoculated plants. Non-viruliferous aphids spent longer time feeding from the phloem when plants were infected by CABYV than on mock-inoculated plants, suggesting that CABYV indirectly manipulates aphid feeding behaviour through its shared host plant in order to favour viral acquisition. The vector alighting and settling preference was compared between nonviruliferous and viruliferous aphids. Viruliferous aphids showed a clear preference for mockinoculated over CABYV-infected plants at short and long time, while such behaviour was not observed for non-viruliferous aphids. Overall, our results indicate that CABYV induces changes in its host plant that modifies aphid feeding behaviour in a way that virus acquisition from infected plants is enhanced. Once the aphids become viruliferous they prefer to settle on healthy plants, leading to optimize the transmission and spread of the virus. The third objective was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of CABYV and indirect effects of the CMV on the A. gossypii fitness. Obtained results for the persistent virus CABYV showed that the virus did not modify the vector fitness in cucumber or cotton plants. None of the evaluated variables was statistically significant (development time (d), intrinsic growth rate (rm), mean relative growth rate (RGR) and total number of nymphs). On the other hand, data obtained for the non-persistent virus (CMV) showed an indirect effect of the virus on the vector fitness. Thus, the rm and RGR were higher for aphids grown on CMV-infected plants compared to aphids grown on mock-inoculated plants. Overall, the obtained results are clear examples of how plant viruses could manipulate directly and indirectly vector behaviour to optimize its own dispersion. These results are important for a better understanding of transmission, dispersion and epidemiology of plant viruses transmitted by vectors. This information could be also considered to design or adjust simulation models and dispersion patterns that describe plant virus epidemics.

Jujube fruit water relations during fruit maturation stage under different water deficit conditions

The fruit maturation stage is considered the optimal phenological stage for implementing water deficitin jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.), since a low, moderate or severe water deficit at this time has no effect onyield, fruit volume or eating quality. However, no information exists at fruit water relations level on themechanisms developed by Z. jujuba to confront drought. The purpose of the present study was to increaseour understanding of the relationship between leaf and fruit water relations of jujube plants under dif-ferent irrigation conditions during fruit maturation, paying special attention to analysing whether fruitsize depends on fruit turgor. For this, adult jujube trees (cv. Grande de Albatera) were subjected to fiveirrigation treatments. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements inorder to attain non-limiting soil water conditions in 2012 and 2013. T1 plants were subjected to deficitirrigation throughout the 2012 season, according to the criteria frequently used by the growers in thearea. T2 (2012), T3 and T4 (2013) were irrigated as T0 except during fruit maturation, in which irrigationwas withheld for 32, 17 and 24 days, respectively. The results indicated that the jujube fruit maturationperiod was clearly sensitive to water deficit. During most of this stage water could enter the fruits viathe phloem rather than via the xylem. From the beginning of water withholding to when maximumwater stress levels were achieved, fruit and leaf turgor were maintained in plants under water deficit.However, a direct relation between turgor and fruit size was not found in jujube fruits, which could bedue to an enhancement of a cell elasticity mechanism (elastic adjustment) which maintains fruit turgorby reducing fruit cells size or to the fact that jujube fruit growth depends on the fruit growth-effectiveturgor rather than just turgor pressure.