Los Yacimientos Ecuatoguineanos de Arenas Silíceas. Caracterización y Establecimiento de sus Posibles Usos.

Dentro de la amplia diversidad de rocas y minerales industriales que yacen en la República de Guinea Ecuatorial se encuentran los yacimientos e indicios de arenas silíceas de Bioko Norte. Las escasas crónicas mencionan actividades de explotación esporádica y temporera en tres pequeñas cortas, actualmente paralizadas, que se ubican en la aldea de El Cacahual, aproximadamente al suroeste de la ciudad de Malabo, destinadas a la fabricación de morteros para pequeñas construcciones locales. Sin embargo, no se registran estudios sobre la composición y la calidad tecnológica de estos materiales. Los recientes trabajos de investigación llevados a cabo por investigadores de la Escuela de Minas de Madrid y la Universidad de Moa (Cuba), con la colaboración de profesores de la Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial, y cuyos resultados se ofrecen en estas líneas, incluyeron campaña de muestreo, caracterización y aplicaciones de estos materiales. Las primeras conclusiones establecen que en la composición sustancial de estos yacimientos aparece el cuarzo como principal fase mineral, acompañado por feldespato, caolinita, mica moscovita e illita (DRX). El estudio morfológico de las muestras por medio de la microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) permitió describir granos con dimensiones muy cercanas y con formas angulosas, subangulosas y ocasionalmente subredondeadas, que indican un transporte escaso o casi nulo; esta evidencia infiere la naturaleza residual de estos yacimientos, formados a partir de la alteración y posterior redeposición eluvial de un supuesto protolito de composición granitoide. Por otra parte, la presencia de fases representadas por dolomita y hematita podrían ser el testimonio de la acción de procesos hidrotermales que afectaron a estas formaciones. Otras tareas que complementaron esta investigación, como el estudio granulométrico, contenido en materia orgánica y ensayos de resistencias mecánicas, que fueron realizadas por el Laboratorio Oficial para Ensayos de Materiales de Construcción (LOEMCO), corroboran la calidad tecnológica de estas arenas.

Uncertainty Analysis in New Seismic Hazard Study of Spain Aimed at the Revision of the Spanish Building Code.

In this paper we present a global overview of the recent study carried out in Spain for the new hazard map, which final goal is the revision of the Building Code in our country (NCSE-02). The study was carried our for a working group joining experts from The Instituto Geografico Nacional (IGN) and the Technical University of Madrid (UPM) , being the different phases of the work supervised by an expert Committee integrated by national experts from public institutions involved in subject of seismic hazard. The PSHA method (Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment) has been followed, quantifying the epistemic uncertainties through a logic tree and the aleatory ones linked to variability of parameters by means of probability density functions and Monte Carlo simulations. In a first phase, the inputs have been prepared, which essentially are: 1) a project catalogue update and homogenization at Mw 2) proposal of zoning models and source characterization 3) calibration of Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE’s) with actual data and development of a local model with data collected in Spain for Mw < 5.5. In a second phase, a sensitivity analysis of the different input options on hazard results has been carried out in order to have criteria for defining the branches of the logic tree and their weights. Finally, the hazard estimation was done with the logic tree shown in figure 1, including nodes for quantifying uncertainties corresponding to: 1) method for estimation of hazard (zoning and zoneless); 2) zoning models, 3) GMPE combinations used and 4) regression method for estimation of source parameters. In addition, the aleatory uncertainties corresponding to the magnitude of the events, recurrence parameters and maximum magnitude for each zone have been also considered including probability density functions and Monte Carlo simulations The main conclusions of the study are presented here, together with the obtained results in terms of PGA and other spectral accelerations SA (T) for return periods of 475, 975 and 2475 years. The map of the coefficient of variation (COV) are also represented to give an idea of the zones where the dispersion among results are the highest and the zones where the results are robust.

Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio measurements in Port-au-Prince (Haiti) area damaged by the 2010 Haiti earthquake

In order to evaluate ground shaking characteristics due to surface soil layers in the urban area of Port-au-Prince, short-period ambient noise observation has been performed approximately in a 500x500m grid. The HVSR method was applied to this set of 36 ambient noise measurement points to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. This map reveals a general increasing trend in the period values, from the Miocene conglomerates in the northern and southern parts of the town to the central and western zones formed of Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial deposits respectively, where the shallow geological materials that cover the basement increase in thickness. Shorter predominant periods (less than 0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones, where the thickness of sediments is smaller whereas longer periods (greater than 0.5 s) appear in Holocene alluvial fans, where the thickness of sediments is larger. The shallow shear-wave velocity structure have been estimated by means of inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion data obtained from vertical-component array records of ambient noise. The measurements were carried out at one open space located in Holocene alluvial deposits, using 3 regular pentagonal arrays with 5, 10 and 20m respectively. Reliable dispersion curves were retrieved for frequencies between 4.0 and 14 Hz, with phase velocity values ranging from 420m/s down to 270 m/s. Finally, the average shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m (VS30) was inverted for characterization of this geological unit.

Module optical analyzer: Identification of defects on the production line

The usefulness of the module optical analyzer when identifying module defects on production line is presented in this paper. Two different case studies performed with two different kind of CPV modules are presented to show the use of MOA both in IES-UPM and Daido Steel facilities.