Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein regulates cell wall defense and resistance to necrotrophic fungi

The Arabidopsis heterotrimeric G-protein controls defense responses to necrotrophic and vascular fungi. The agb1 mutant impaired in the Gβ subunit displays enhanced susceptibility to these pathogens. Gβ/AGB1 forms an obligate dimer with either one of the Arabidopsis Gγ subunits (γ1/AGG1 and γ2/AGG2). Accordingly, we now demonstrate that the agg1 agg2 double mutant is as susceptible as agb1 plants to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. To elucidate the molecular basis of heterotrimeric G-protein-mediated resistance, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis of agb1-1 mutant and wild-type plants upon inoculation with P. cucumerina. This analysis, together with metabolomic studies, demonstrated that G-protein-mediated resistance was independent of defensive pathways required for resistance to necrotrophic fungi, such as the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid, and tryptophan-derived metabolites signaling, as these pathways were not impaired in agb1 and agg1 agg2 mutants. Notably, many mis-regulated genes in agb1 plants were related with cell wall functions, which was also the case in agg1 agg2 mutant. Biochemical analyses and Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy of cell walls from G-protein mutants revealed that the xylose content was lower in agb1 and agg1 agg2 mutants than in wild-type plants, and that mutant walls had similar FTIR spectratypes, which differed from that of wild-type plants. The data presented here suggest a canonical functionality of the Gβ and Gγ1/γ2 subunits in the control of Arabidopsis immune responses and the regulation of cell wall composition.

Neutron spectrometry using artificial neural networks for a bonner sphere spectrometer with 3He detector

Neutron spectra unfolding and dose equivalent calculation are complicated tasks in radiation protection, are highly dependent of the neutron energy, and a precise knowledge on neutron spectrometry is essential for all dosimetry-related studies as well as many nuclear physics experiments. In previous works have been reported neutron spectrometry and dosimetry results, by using the ANN technology as alternative solution, starting from the count rates of a Bonner spheres system with a LiI(Eu) thermal neutrons detector, 7 polyethylene spheres and the UTA4 response matrix with 31 energy bins. In this work, an ANN was designed and optimized by using the RDANN methodology for the Bonner spheres system used at CIEMAT Spain, which is composed of a He neutron detector, 12 moderator spheres and a response matrix for 72 energy bins. For the ANN design process a neutrons spectra catalogue compiled by the IAEA was used. From this compilation, the neutrons spectra were converted from lethargy to energy spectra. Then, the resulting energy ?uence spectra were re-binned by using the MCNP code to the corresponding energy bins of the He response matrix before mentioned. With the response matrix and the re-binned spectra the counts rate of the Bonner spheres system were calculated and the resulting re-binned neutrons spectra and calculated counts rate were used as the ANN training data set.

Performance of artificial neural networks and genetical evolved artificial neural networks unfolding techniques

With the Bonner spheres spectrometer neutron spectrum is obtained through an unfolding procedure. Monte Carlo methods, Regularization, Parametrization, Least-squares, and Maximum Entropy are some of the techniques utilized for unfolding. In the last decade methods based on Artificial Intelligence Technology have been used. Approaches based on Genetic Algorithms and Artificial Neural Networks have been developed in order to overcome the drawbacks of previous techniques. Nevertheless the advantages of Artificial Neural Networks still it has some drawbacks mainly in the design process of the network, vg the optimum selection of the architectural and learning ANN parameters. In recent years the use of hybrid technologies, combining Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, has been utilized to. In this work, several ANN topologies were trained and tested using Artificial Neural Networks and Genetically Evolved Artificial Neural Networks in the aim to unfold neutron spectra using the count rates of a Bonner sphere spectrometer. Here, a comparative study of both procedures has been carried out.

Hacia el concepto de moda sostenible

¿Cómo se puede establecer un “consumo responsable” en moda? Procesos de creación y nuevos hábitos de consumo se suman para construir un panorama más razonable que haga posible un sistema de la moda sostenible

Low-dimensional modeling of streaks in a wedge flow boundary layer

This paper is concerned with the low dimensional structure of optimal streaks in a wedge flow boundary layer, which have been recently shown to consist of a unique (up to a constant factor) three-dimensional streamwise evolving mode, known as the most unstable streaky mode. Optimal streaks exhibit a still unexplored/unexploited approximate self-similarity (not associated with the boundary layer self-similarity), namely the streamwise velocity re-scaled with their maximum remains almost independent of both the spanwise wavenumber and the streamwise coordinate; the remaining two velocity components instead do not satisfy this property. The approximate self-similar behavior is analyzed here and exploited to further simplify the description of optimal streaks. In particular, it is shown that streaks can be approximately described in terms of the streamwise evolution of the scalar amplitudes of just three one-dimensional modes, providing the wall normal profiles of the streamwise velocity and two combinations of the cross flow velocity components; the scalar amplitudes obey a singular system of three ordinary differential equations (involving only two degrees of freedom), which approximates well the streamwise evolution of the general streaks.

Improving web learning through model optimization using bootstrap for a tour-guide robot

We perform a review of Web Mining techniques and we describe a Bootstrap Statistics methodology applied to pattern model classifier optimization and verification for Supervised Learning for Tour-Guide Robot knowledge repository management. It is virtually impossible to test thoroughly Web Page Classifiers and many other Internet Applications with pure empirical data, due to the need for human intervention to generate training sets and test sets. We propose using the computer-based Bootstrap paradigm to design a test environment where they are checked with better reliability.

Early dysfunction of functional connectivity in healthy elderly with subjective memory complaints

It is still an open question whether subjective memory complaints (SMC) can actually be considered to be clinically relevant predictors for the development of an objective memory impairment and even dementia. There is growing evidence that suggests that SMC are associated with an increased risk of dementia and with the presence of biological correlates of early Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, in order to shed some light on this issue, we try to discern whether subjects with SMC showed a different profile of functional connectivity compared with subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy elderly subjects. In the present study, we compare the degree of synchronization of brain signals recorded with magnetoencephalography between three groups of subjects (56 in total): 19 with MCI, 12 with SMC and 25 healthy controls during a memory task. Synchronization likelihood, an index based on the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems, was used to measure functional connectivity. Briefly, results show that subjects with SMC have a very similar pattern of connectivity to control group, but on average, they present a lower synchronization value. These results could indicate that SMC are representing an initial stage with a hypo-synchronization (in comparison with the control group) where the brain system is still not compensating for the failing memory networks, but behaving as controls when compared with the MCI subjects.

Disruption of abscisic acid signaling constitutively activates Arabidopsis resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina.

Plant resistance to necrotrophic fungi is regulated by a complex set of signaling pathways that includes those mediated by the hormones salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA). The role of ABA in plant resistance remains controversial, as positive and negative regulatory functions have been described depending on the plant-pathogen interaction analyzed. Here, we show that ABA signaling negatively regulates Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Arabidopsis plants impaired in ABA biosynthesis, such as the aba1-6 mutant, or in ABA signaling, like the quadruple pyr/pyl mutant (pyr1pyl1pyl2pyl4), were more resistant to P. cucumerina than wild-type plants. In contrast, the hab1-1abi1-2abi2-2 mutant impaired in three phosphatases that negatively regulate ABA signaling displayed an enhanced susceptibility phenotype to this fungus. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed that the ABA pathway negatively regulates defense genes, many of which are controlled by the SA, JA, or ET pathway. In line with these data, we found that aba1-6 resistance to P. cucumerina was partially compromised when the SA, JA, or ET pathway was disrupted in this mutant. Additionally, in the aba1-6 plants, some genes encoding cell wall-related proteins were misregulated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and biochemical analyses of cell walls from aba1-6 and wild-type plants revealed significant differences in their Fourier transform infrared spectratypes and uronic acid and cellulose contents. All these data suggest that ABA signaling has a complex function in Arabidopsis basal resistance, negatively regulating SA/JA/ET-mediated resistance to necrotrophic fungi.

Optimization of Monte Carlo code for clinical simulation of electron beams

The aim of this work is to optimize a Monte Carlo (MC) kernel for electron radiation therapy (IOERT) compatible with intraoperative usage and to integrate it within an existing IOERT dedicated treatment planning system (TPS)

Iterative determination of clinical beam phase space from dose measurements

Monte Carlo (MC) method can accurately compute the dose produced by medical linear accelerators. However, these calculations require a reliable description of the electron and/or photon beams delivering the dose, the phase space (PHSP), which is not usually available. A method to derive a phase space model from reference measurements that does not heavily rely on a detailed model of the accelerator head is presented. The iterative optimization process extracts the characteristics of the particle beams which best explains the reference dose measurements in water and air, given a set of constrains

Low-Dimensional Modelling for optimal streaks in the blasius boundary layer

This paper is concerned with the low dimensional structure of optimal streaks in the Blasius boundary layer. Optimal streaks are well known to exhibit an approximate self-similarity, namely the streamwise velocity re-scaled with their maximum remains almost independent of both the spanwise wavenumber and the streamwise coordinate. However, the reason of this self-similar behavior is still unexplained as well as unexploited. After revisiting the structure of the streaks near the leading edge singularity, two additional approximately self-similar relations involving the velocity components and their wall normal derivatives are identified. Based on these properties, we derive a low dimensional model with two degrees of freedom. The comparison with the results obtained from the linearized boundary layer equations shows that this model is consistent and provide good approximations.

Central pain augmentation in fibromyalgia during subjectively-matched mechanical stimulation

The precise pathophysiology of fibromyalgia, a syndrome characterized by, among other symptoms, chronic widespread pain, remains to be elucidated (Abeles et al., 2007). The fact that, when subjected to the same amount of stimulation, patients show enhanced brain responses as compared to controls provides evidence of central pain augmentation in this syndrome. We aimed to characterize brain response differences when stimulation is adjusted to elicit similar subjective levels of pain in both groups.

Roma y la formación de los arquitectos en la Academia de España, 1904-1940

La presente tesis doctoral analiza qué significa Roma en el proceso de formación del arquitecto de las cuatro primeras décadas del siglo XX. Análisis que se realiza a través del estudio de los nueve arquitectos pensionados en la Academia de España, su relación con los arquitectos y trabajos de los pensionados en otras academias extranjeras en la ciudad y con los representantes más destacados del debate arquitectónico romano. Francisco Aznar y Antonio Flórez fueron los pensionados en la primera década del siglo, unos años en que se continuaba la enseñanza según el sistema académico decimonónico donde el romanticismo y el preciosismo en las representaciones y las reconstrucciones ideales de los conjuntos monumentales siguen la estética de la Ècole des Beaux-Artes de París. Teodoro de Anasagasti y Roberto Fernández Balbuena, pensionados en la siguiente década, representan la transición de la arquitectura española abriéndose a la atención de las propuestas europeas. Emilio Moya, Fernando García Mercadal y Adolfo Blanco, pensionados en la tercera década, pertenecen a la llamada “generación de la primera modernidad”, pues aplican en sus proyectos los conceptos que rigen la arquitectura del momento. Los últimos pensionados, Mariano Rodríguez Orgaz e Ignacio Hervada pertenecen a una época en la que se da prioridad a establecer criterios para la restauración del patrimonio monumental y a la construcción de arquitecturas que representen el poder de las dictaduras europeas. A pesar de la dispersión y desaparición de muchas de estas figuras y de sus trabajos durante el conflicto civil español, todos contribuyeron a introducir en España el cambio de mentalidad que el país necesitaba para su progreso intelectual y cultural, así como para la conservación y promoción de su patrimonio. En la tesis se explica que durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX, Roma fue tribuna desde la que contemplar lo acontecido en Europa, lugar donde encontrar soluciones a la crisis de identidad nacional que viven algunos países en esos años y promotora de la tradición como instrumento para el conocimiento de las raíces de la cultura de la civilización europea. Fueron dos los fenómenos que posibilitaron hacerla merecedora de estos títulos: por un lado, la presencia de pensionados en las academias artísticas facilitó el conocimiento de las propuestas de cada nación, y por otro, la posibilidad que el reglamento de la Academia española de 1894 daba a sus artistas de viajar por Europa y América para formarse en los centros más significativos del momento. A pesar de la falta de recursos para sufragar los viajes y difundir los trabajos de los pensionados y del estallido de los conflictos mundiales, la Academia española consiguió superar las inclemencias administrativas y obtener una óptima posición entre las academias más destacadas de entre las presentes en Roma. Además, se ha querido llenar un vacío historiográfico en la historia de la Academia de España en Roma, de la arquitectura española y de las pensiones de Arquitectura en las academias artísticas romanas, al mismo tiempo que se ha explicado el significado del viaje de estudios a Roma para los arquitectos de la primera mitad del siglo XX, que cambia notablemente con respecto al interés que movió ese mismo viaje en los dos siglos anteriores.

Consideraciones técnico-económicas para la aplicación de la tecnología al desarrollo en el diseño y fabricación de una válvula de apertura y cierre para un punto de agua

Es conocida la importancia del agua como factor clave en el Desarrollo Humano. El agua debe ser suficiente para cubrir las necesidades básicas de las personas (de 50 a 100 litros/persona/día) y con unas condiciones mínimas de calidad (3 litros/persona/día de agua potable). Los problemas principales relacionados con el agua son el acceso, la cantidad y calidad de la misma, y el coste. La falta de calidad da lugar a enfermedades, que en muchos casos son mortales al complicarse con problemas relacionados con una deficiente alimentación y/o con otras enfermedades, falta de medicamentos o de asistencia médica. En otros casos, está relacionada con el acceso incorrecto al saneamiento y la falta higiene. Y en todos los casos, la población afectada es la más pobre. Sin embargo, a pesar que los agentes implicados en las labores de cooperación como ONGs, agencias donantes de ayuda al desarrollo, etc. adoptan el “Modelo de Respuesta a la Demanda”, estudios existentes sobre los puntos de agua (un punto de agua es la parte de la instalación de abastecimiento de agua por donde se accede al agua) y su relación con la tecnología utilizada en los proyectos de instalación de sistemas de abastecimiento de agua, ponen de manifiesto que en los primeros cinco años de funcionamiento, aproximadamente un 30% de los puntos de agua se convierten en no funcionales. En el presente proyecto se estudian las causas del abandono de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua, presentando una solución de bajo coste a uno de sus problemas técnicos más frecuentes, como es el diseño de la válvula de apertura y cierre de la instalación de abastecimiento de agua, o grifo.