Perfect imaging of point sources with positive refraction

The capability of a device called the Spherical Geodesic Waveguide (SGW) to produce images with details below the classic Abbe diffraction limit (super-resolution) is analyzed here. The SGW is an optical system equivalent (by means of Transformation Optics) to the Maxwell Fish Eye (MFE) refractive index distribution. Recently, it has been claimed that the necessary condition to get super-resolution in the MFE and the SGW is the use of a Perfect Point Drain (PPD). The PPD is a punctual receptor placed in the focal point that absorbs the incident wave, without reflection or scattering. A microwave circuit comprising three elements, the SGW, the source and the drain (two coaxial lines loaded with specific impedances) is designed and simulated in COMSOL. The super-resolution properties have been analyzed for different position of the source and drain and for two different load impedances: the PPD and the characteristic line impedance. The results show that in both cases super-resolution occurs only for discrete number of frequencies. Out of these frequencies, the SGW does not show SR in the analysis carried out.

Prediction of bendig load capacity of timber beams by finite element method simulation of knots and grain deviation

A finite element model was used to simulate timberbeams with defects and predict their maximum load in bending. Taking into account the elastoplastic constitutive law of timber, the prediction of fracture load gives information about the mechanisms of timber failure, particularly with regard to the influence of knots, and their local graindeviation, on the fracture. A finite element model was constructed using the ANSYS element Plane42 in a plane stress 2D-analysis, which equates thickness to the width of the section to create a mesh which is as uniform as possible. Three sub-models reproduced the bending test according to UNE EN 408: i) timber with holes caused by knots; ii) timber with adherent knots which have structural continuity with the rest of the beam material; iii) timber with knots but with only partial contact between knot and beam which was artificially simulated by means of contact springs between the two materials. The model was validated using ten 45 × 145 × 3000 mm beams of Pinus sylvestris L. which presented knots and graindeviation. The fracture stress data obtained was compared with the results of numerical simulations, resulting in an adjustment error less of than 9.7%

Modelling Crowd Load for Floor Vibration Analysis

The dynamic floor loads induced by crowds in gymnasium or stadium structures are commonly modelled by superposition of the individual contributions using reduction factors for the different Fourier coefficients. These Fourier coefficients and the reduction factors are calculated using full scale measurements. Generally the testing is performed on platforms or structures that can be considered rigid, such that the natural frequencies are higher than the frequencies of the spectator movement. In this paper we shall present the testing done on a structure that used to be a gymnasium as well as the procedure used to identify its dynamic properties and a first evaluation of the socalled “group effect”.

Capacitive load based on IGBTs for on-site characterization of PV arrays

This paper describes the practical design of a portable capacitive load based on insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which is used to measure the I–V characteristics of PV arrays with short-circuit currents up to 80 A and open circuit voltages up to 800 V. Such measurement allows on-site characterization of PV arrays under real operating conditions and also provides information for the detection of potential array anomalies, such as broken cells or defective connections. The presented I–V load is easy to reproduce and low-cost, characteristics that are within the reach of small-scale organizations involved in PV electrification projects.

Dynamic impedances of bridge abutments

The soil-structure interaction at bridge abutments may introduce important changes in the dynamic properties of short to medium span bridges. The paper presents the results obtained, through the use of the Boundary Element Method (B.E.M.) technique in several typical situations, including semiinfinite and layered media. Both stiffness and damping properties are included.

Comparison of dynamic effects of high-speed traffic load on ballasted track using a simplified two-dimensional and full three-dimensional model.

The vertical dynamic actions transmitted by railway vehicles to the ballasted track infrastructure is evaluated taking into account models with different degree of detail. In particular, we have studied this matter from a two-dimensional (2D) finite element model to a fully coupled three-dimensional (3D) multi-body finite element model. The vehicle and track are coupled via a non-linear Hertz contact mechanism. The method of Lagrange multipliers is used for the contact constraint enforcement between wheel and rail. Distributed elevation irregularities are generated based on power spectral density (PSD) distributions which are taken into account for the interaction. The numerical simulations are performed in the time domain, using a direct integration method for solving the transient problem due to the contact nonlinearities. The results obtained include contact forces, forces transmitted to the infrastructure (sleeper) by railpads and envelopes of relevant results for several track irregularities and speed ranges. The main contribution of this work is to identify and discuss coincidences and differences between discrete 2D models and continuum 3D models, as wheel as assessing the validity of evaluating the dynamic loading on the track with simplified 2D models

Dynamic response of hydro power plants to load variations for providing secondary regulation reserves considering elastic water column effects

In this paper, the dynamic response of a hydro power plant for providing secondary regulation reserve is studied in detail. S pecial emphasis is given to the elastic water column effects both in the penstock and the tailrace tunnel. For this purpose, a nonline ar model based on the analogy between mass and momentum conservation equations of a water conduit and those of wave propagation in transmission lines is used. The influence of the plant configuration and design parameters on the fulfilment of the Spanish Electrical System Operator requirem ents is analysed.

Load displacement in grape harvesters: Discrete Element Analysis.

Dynamic weighing of the hopper in grape harvesters is affected by a number of factors. One of them is the displacement of the load inside the hopper as a consequence of the terrain topography. In this work, the weight obtained by a load cell in a grape harvester has been analysed and quantified using the discrete element method (DEM). Different models have been developed considering different scenarios for the terrain.

Loss model for a high frequency and low load DC/DC synchronous buck converter

This work presents a behavioral-analytical hybrid loss model for a buck converter. The model has been designed for a wide operating frequency range up to 4MHz and a low power range (below 20W). It is focused on the switching losses obtained in the power MOSFETs. Main advantages of the model are the fast calculation time and a good accuracy. It has been validated by simulation and experimentally with one Ga, power transistor and two Si MOSFETs. Results show good agreement between measurements and the model.

Hybrid behavioral-analytical loss model for a high frequency and low load DC/DC buck converter

This work presents a behavioral-analytical hybrid loss model for a buck converter. The model has been designed for a wide operating frequency range up to 4MHz and a low power range (below 20W). It is focused on the switching losses obtained in the power MOSFETs. Main advantages of the model are the fast calculation time (below 8.5 seconds) and a good accuracy, which makes this model suitable for the optimization process of the losses in the design of a converter. It has been validated by simulation and experimentally with one GaN power transistor and three Si MOSFETs. Results show good agreement between measurements and the model

Multiple Input-Output Bidirectional Solid State Transformer Based on a Series Resonant Converter

Las fuentes de alimentación de modo conmutado (SMPS en sus siglas en inglés) se utilizan ampliamente en una gran variedad de aplicaciones. La tarea más difícil para los diseñadores de SMPS consiste en lograr simultáneamente la operación del convertidor con alto rendimiento y alta densidad de energía. El tamaño y el peso de un convertidor de potencia está dominado por los componentes pasivos, ya que estos elementos son normalmente más grandes y más pesados que otros elementos en el circuito. Para una potencia de salida dada, la cantidad de energía almacenada en el convertidor que ha de ser entregada a la carga en cada ciclo de conmutación, es inversamente proporcional a la frecuencia de conmutación del convertidor. Por lo tanto, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación se considera un medio para lograr soluciones más compactas con los niveles de densidad de potencia más altos. La importancia de investigar en el rango de alta frecuencia de conmutación radica en todos los beneficios que se pueden lograr: además de la reducción en el tamaño de los componentes pasivos, el aumento de la frecuencia de conmutación puede mejorar significativamente prestaciones dinámicas de convertidores de potencia. Almacenamiento de energía pequeña y el período de conmutación corto conducen a una respuesta transitoria del convertidor más rápida en presencia de las variaciones de la tensión de entrada o de la carga. Las limitaciones más importantes del incremento de la frecuencia de conmutación se relacionan con mayores pérdidas del núcleo magnético convencional, así como las pérdidas de los devanados debido a los efectos pelicular y proximidad. También, un problema potencial es el aumento de los efectos de los elementos parásitos de los componentes magnéticos - inductancia de dispersión y la capacidad entre los devanados - que causan pérdidas adicionales debido a las corrientes no deseadas. Otro factor limitante supone el incremento de las pérdidas de conmutación y el aumento de la influencia de los elementos parásitos (pistas de circuitos impresos, interconexiones y empaquetado) en el comportamiento del circuito. El uso de topologías resonantes puede abordar estos problemas mediante el uso de las técnicas de conmutaciones suaves para reducir las pérdidas de conmutación incorporando los parásitos en los elementos del circuito. Sin embargo, las mejoras de rendimiento se reducen significativamente debido a las corrientes circulantes cuando el convertidor opera fuera de las condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. A medida que la tensión de entrada o la carga cambian las corrientes circulantes incrementan en comparación con aquellos en condiciones de funcionamiento nominales. Se pueden obtener muchos beneficios potenciales de la operación de convertidores resonantes a más alta frecuencia si se emplean en aplicaciones con condiciones de tensión de entrada favorables como las que se encuentran en las arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas. La regulación de la carga y en particular la regulación de la tensión de entrada reducen tanto la densidad de potencia del convertidor como el rendimiento. Debido a la relativamente constante tensión de bus que se encuentra en arquitecturas de potencia distribuidas los convertidores resonantes son adecuados para el uso en convertidores de tipo bus (transformadores cc/cc de estado sólido). En el mercado ya están disponibles productos comerciales de transformadores cc/cc de dos puertos que tienen muy alta densidad de potencia y alto rendimiento se basan en convertidor resonante serie que opera justo en la frecuencia de resonancia y en el orden de los megahercios. Sin embargo, las mejoras futuras en el rendimiento de las arquitecturas de potencia se esperan que vengan del uso de dos o más buses de distribución de baja tensión en vez de una sola. Teniendo eso en cuenta, el objetivo principal de esta tesis es aplicar el concepto del convertidor resonante serie que funciona en su punto óptimo en un nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples para atender las necesidades futuras de las arquitecturas de potencia. El nuevo transformador cc/cc bidireccional de puertos múltiples se basa en la topología de convertidor resonante serie y reduce a sólo uno el número de componentes magnéticos. Conmutaciones suaves de los interruptores hacen que sea posible la operación en las altas frecuencias de conmutación para alcanzar altas densidades de potencia. Los problemas posibles con respecto a inductancias parásitas se eliminan, ya que se absorben en los Resumen elementos del circuito. El convertidor se caracteriza con una muy buena regulación de la carga propia y cruzada debido a sus pequeñas impedancias de salida intrínsecas. El transformador cc/cc de puertos múltiples opera a una frecuencia de conmutación fija y sin regulación de la tensión de entrada. En esta tesis se analiza de forma teórica y en profundidad el funcionamiento y el diseño de la topología y del transformador, modelándolos en detalle para poder optimizar su diseño. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos se corresponden con gran exactitud a aquellos proporcionados por los modelos. El efecto de los elementos parásitos son críticos y afectan a diferentes aspectos del convertidor, regulación de la tensión de salida, pérdidas de conducción, regulación cruzada, etc. También se obtienen los criterios de diseño para seleccionar los valores de los condensadores de resonancia para lograr diferentes objetivos de diseño, tales como pérdidas de conducción mínimas, la eliminación de la regulación cruzada o conmutación en apagado con corriente cero en plena carga de todos los puentes secundarios. Las conmutaciones en encendido con tensión cero en todos los interruptores se consiguen ajustando el entrehierro para obtener una inductancia magnetizante finita en el transformador. Se propone, además, un cambio en los señales de disparo para conseguir que la operación con conmutaciones en apagado con corriente cero de todos los puentes secundarios sea independiente de la variación de la carga y de las tolerancias de los condensadores resonantes. La viabilidad de la topología propuesta se verifica a través una extensa tarea de simulación y el trabajo experimental. La optimización del diseño del transformador de alta frecuencia también se aborda en este trabajo, ya que es el componente más voluminoso en el convertidor. El impacto de de la duración del tiempo muerto y el tamaño del entrehierro en el rendimiento del convertidor se analizan en un ejemplo de diseño de transformador cc/cc de tres puertos y cientos de vatios de potencia. En la parte final de esta investigación se considera la implementación y el análisis de las prestaciones de un transformador cc/cc de cuatro puertos para una aplicación de muy baja tensión y de decenas de vatios de potencia, y sin requisitos de aislamiento. Abstract Recently, switch mode power supplies (SMPS) have been used in a great variety of applications. The most challenging issue for designers of SMPS is to achieve simultaneously high efficiency operation at high power density. The size and weight of a power converter is dominated by the passive components since these elements are normally larger and heavier than other elements in the circuit. If the output power is constant, the stored amount of energy in the converter which is to be delivered to the load in each switching cycle is inversely proportional to the converter’s switching frequency. Therefore, increasing the switching frequency is considered a mean to achieve more compact solutions at higher power density levels. The importance of investigation in high switching frequency range comes from all the benefits that can be achieved. Besides the reduction in size of passive components, increasing switching frequency can significantly improve dynamic performances of power converters. Small energy storage and short switching period lead to faster transient response of the converter against the input voltage and load variations. The most important limitations for pushing up the switching frequency are related to increased conventional magnetic core loss as well as the winding loss due to the skin and proximity effect. A potential problem is also increased magnetic parasitics – leakage inductance and capacitance between the windings – that cause additional loss due to unwanted currents. Higher switching loss and the increased influence of printed circuit boards, interconnections and packaging on circuit behavior is another limiting factor. Resonant power conversion can address these problems by using soft switching techniques to reduce switching loss incorporating the parasitics into the circuit elements. However the performance gains are significantly reduced due to the circulating currents when the converter operates out of the nominal operating conditions. As the input voltage or the load change the circulating currents become higher comparing to those ones at nominal operating conditions. Multiple Input-Output Many potential gains from operating resonant converters at higher switching frequency can be obtained if they are employed in applications with favorable input voltage conditions such as those found in distributed power architectures. Load and particularly input voltage regulation reduce a converter’s power density and efficiency. Due to a relatively constant bus voltage in distributed power architectures the resonant converters are suitable for bus voltage conversion (dc/dc or solid state transformation). Unregulated two port dc/dc transformer products achieving very high power density and efficiency figures are based on series resonant converter operating just at the resonant frequency and operating in the megahertz range are already available in the market. However, further efficiency improvements of power architectures are expected to come from using two or more separate low voltage distribution buses instead of a single one. The principal objective of this dissertation is to implement the concept of the series resonant converter operating at its optimum point into a novel bidirectional multiple port dc/dc transformer to address the future needs of power architectures. The new multiple port dc/dc transformer is based on a series resonant converter topology and reduces to only one the number of magnetic components. Soft switching commutations make possible high switching frequencies to be adopted and high power densities to be achieved. Possible problems regarding stray inductances are eliminated since they are absorbed into the circuit elements. The converter features very good inherent load and cross regulation due to the small output impedances. The proposed multiple port dc/dc transformer operates at fixed switching frequency without line regulation. Extensive theoretical analysis of the topology and modeling in details are provided in order to compare with the experimental results. The relationships that show how the output voltage regulation and conduction losses are affected by the circuit parasitics are derived. The methods to select the resonant capacitor values to achieve different design goals such as minimum conduction losses, elimination of cross regulation or ZCS operation at full load of all the secondary side bridges are discussed. ZVS turn-on of all the switches is achieved by relying on the finite magnetizing inductance of the Abstract transformer. A change of the driving pattern is proposed to achieve ZCS operation of all the secondary side bridges independent on load variations or resonant capacitor tolerances. The feasibility of the proposed topology is verified through extensive simulation and experimental work. The optimization of the high frequency transformer design is also addressed in this work since it is the most bulky component in the converter. The impact of dead time interval and the gap size on the overall converter efficiency is analyzed on the design example of the three port dc/dc transformer of several hundreds of watts of the output power for high voltage applications. The final part of this research considers the implementation and performance analysis of the four port dc/dc transformer in a low voltage application of tens of watts of the output power and without isolation requirements.

A multi-resource load balancing algorithm for cloud cache systems

With the advent of cloud computing model, distributed caches have become the cornerstone for building scalable applications. Popular systems like Facebook [1] or Twitter use Memcached [5], a highly scalable distributed object cache, to speed up applications by avoiding database accesses. Distributed object caches assign objects to cache instances based on a hashing function, and objects are not moved from a cache instance to another unless more instances are added to the cache and objects are redistributed. This may lead to situations where some cache instances are overloaded when some of the objects they store are frequently accessed, while other cache instances are less frequently used. In this paper we propose a multi-resource load balancing algorithm for distributed cache systems. The algorithm aims at balancing both CPU and Memory resources among cache instances by redistributing stored data. Considering the possible conflict of balancing multiple resources at the same time, we give CPU and Memory resources weighted priorities based on the runtime load distributions. A scarcer resource is given a higher weight than a less scarce resource when load balancing. The system imbalance degree is evaluated based on monitoring information, and the utility load of a node, a unit for resource consumption. Besides, since continuous rebalance of the system may affect the QoS of applications utilizing the cache system, our data selection policy ensures that each data migration minimizes the system imbalance degree and hence, the total reconfiguration cost can be minimized. An extensive simulation is conducted to compare our policy with other policies. Our policy shows a significant improvement in time efficiency and decrease in reconfiguration cost.

Design of a twin capacitive load and its application to the outdoor rating of photovoltaic modules

This paper describes the design of an original twin capacitive load that is able of tracing simultaneously the I?V characteristics of two photovoltaic modules. Besides, an example of the application of this dual system to the outdoor rating of photovoltaic modules is presented, whose results have shown a good degree of repeatability.

Space-state robust control of a Buck converter with amorphous core coil and variable load

Pulse-width modulation is widely used to control electronic converters. One of the most frequently used topologies for high DC voltage/low DC voltage conversion is the Buck converter. These converters are described by a second order system with an LC filter between the switching subsystem and the load. The use of a coil with an amorphous magnetic material core rather than an air core permits the design of smaller converters. If high switching frequencies are used to obtain high quality voltage output, then the value of the auto inductance L is reduced over time. Robust controllers are thus needed if the accuracy of the converter response must be preserved under auto inductance and payload variations. This paper presents a robust controller for a Buck converter based on a state space feedback control system combined with an additional virtual space variable which minimizes the effects of the inductance and load variations when a switching frequency that is not too high is applied. The system exhibits a null steady-state average error response for the entire range of parameter variations. Simulation results and a comparison with a standard PID controller are also presented.

3-Phase Rectifier System with very demanding dynamic load: Architecture analysis and control strategy

A distributed power architecture for aerospace application with very restrictive specifications is analyzed. Parameters as volume, weight and losses are analyzed for the considered power architectures. In order to protect the 3 phase generator against high load steps, an intermediate bus (based in a high capacitance) to provide energy to the loads during the high load steps is included. Prototypes of the selected architecture for the rectifier and EMI filter are built and the energy control is validated.