High-temperature mechanical properties of aluminium alloys reinforced with titanium diboride (TiB2) particles

The physical and mechanical properties of metal matrix composites were improved by the addition of reinforcements. The mechanical properties of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites based on aluminium alloys (6061 and 7015) at high temperatures were studied. Titanium diboride (TiB2) particles were used as the reinforcement. All the composites were produced by hot extrusion. The tensile properties and fracture characteristics of these materials were investigated at room temperature and at high temperatures to determine their ultimate strength and strain to failure. The fracture surface was analysed by scanning electron microscopy. TiB2 particles provide high stability of the aluminium alloys (6061 and 7015) in the fabrication process. An improvement in the mechanical behaviour was achieved by adding TiB2 particles as reinforcement in both the aluminium alloys. Adding TiB2 particles reduces the ductility of the aluminium alloys but does not change the microscopic mode of failure, and the fracture surface exhibits a ductile appearance with dimples formed by coalescence.

Electrical properties of silicon supersaturated with titanium or vanadium for intermediate band material

We have fabricated titanium and vanadium supersaturated silicon layers on top of a silicon substrate by means of ion implantation and pulsed laser melting processes. This procedure has proven to be suitable to fabricate an intermediate band (IB) material, i.e. a semiconductor material with a band of allowed states within the bandgap. Sheet resistance and Hall mobility measurements as a function of the temperature show an unusual behavior that has been well explained in the framework of the IB material theory, supposing that we are dealing with a junction formed by the IB material top layer and the n-Si substrate. Using an analytical model that fits with accuracy the experimental sheet resistance and mobility curves, we have obtained the values of the exponential factor for the thermically activated junction resistance of the bilayer, showing important differences as a function of the implanted element. These results could allow us to engineer the IB properties selecting the implanted element depending on the required properties for a specific application.

Towards a new generation of solar cells: silicon supersaturated with titanium or vanadium

We have analyzed the spectral sub-bandgap photoresponse of silicon (Si) samples implanted with vanadium (V) and titanium (Ti) at different doses and subsequently processed by pulsed-laser melting.

Plaster reinforcement with fibers by mineral wool obtained from the recycle of construction and demolition waste

The use of mineral wool is becoming more widespread due to increased acoustic and thermal demands of Spanish Technical Building Code. This increase affects both in rehabilitation and new construction projects. Therefore, waste generation of this type of insulating material is having more importance. The main objective of this research is to study the possibility of recycling fiber obtained from mineral wool of the C&DW as an alternative material to chopped glass fibers that are currently used as reinforcing elements in the prefabricated plaster. To achieve this objective, series are made of plaster E-35 additived with rock wool residue and glass wool residue at different rates of addition. These series are repeated by changing the additive by E fiberglass (length of 25mm) to make a comparative analysis with respect to the series additived with mineral wool waste. All the series are subjected to the test to determine Shore C surface hardness and mechanical testing to determine the compressive and flexural strength. From the results it can be concluded that: with rock wool residue, increases Shore C hardness up to 15% with respect to the glass fiber and 9% with respect to the glass wool, with a percentage of addition 2%. With rock wool residue, weight is decreased by 5% with respect to the glass fiber and 4% with respect to the glass wool waste, with an addition percentage of 4%. For an addition rate of 4%, results in the flexural strength test with fiberglass are 85% higher than those obtained with glass wool residue. However, for a percentage of 1% addition, the results obtained with glass wool residue are 35% higher than those obtained with fiberglass. For an addition rate of 3% results in the compressive strength test with fiberglass are 54% lower than those obtained with rock wool waste and 70% lower than those obtained with glass wool waste. Comparing the two mineral wools, it can be concluded that up to 3% of the addition, the glass wool series results obtained are 10% higher than those additived with rock wool. However, higher percentages of addition show that the results obtained with rock wool are 35% higher than those obtained with glass wool. The general conclusion is that the series additived with mineral wool from C&DW show better results in tests than the ones used nowadays as plaster reinforcement.

Modelización de la respuesta de elementos estructurales lineales de vidrio plano : vigas y pilares pretensados

El vidrio se trata de un material muy apreciado en la arquitectura debido a la transparencia, característica que pocos materiales tienen. Pero, también es un material frágil, con una rotura inmediata cuando alcanza su límite elástico, sin disponer de un período plástico, que advierta de su futura rotura y permita un margen de seguridad. Por ambas razones, el vidrio se ha utilizado en arquitectura como elemento de plementería o relleno, desde tiempos antiguos, pero no como elemento estructural o portante, pese a que es un material interesante para los arquitectos para ese uso, por su característica de transparencia, ya que conseguiría la desmaterialización visual de la estructura, logrando espacios más ligeros y livianos. En cambio, si se tienen en cuenta las propiedades mecánicas del material se puede comprobar que dispone de unas características apropiadas para su uso estructural, ya que su Módulo elástico es similar al del aluminio, elemento muy utilizado en la arquitectura principalmente en las fachadas desde los últimos años, y su resistencia a compresión es muy superior incluso al hormigón armado; aunque su principal problema es su resistencia a tracción que es muy inferior a su resistencia a compresión, lo que penaliza su resistencia a flexión. En la actualidad se empieza a utilizar el vidrio como elemento portante o estructural, pero debido a su peor resistencia a flexión, se utilizan con grandes dimensiones que, a pesar de su transparencia, tienen una gran presencia. Por ello, la presente investigación pretende conseguir una reducción de las secciones de estos elementos estructurales de vidrio. Entonces, para el desarrollo de la investigación es necesario responder a una serie de preguntas fundamentales, cuyas respuestas serán el cuerpo de la investigación: 1. ¿Cuál es la finalidad de la investigación? El objetivo de esta investigación es la optimización de elementos estructurales de vidrio para su utilización en arquitectura. 2. ¿Cómo se va a realizar esa optimización? ¿Qué sistemas se van a utilizar? El sistema para realizar la optimización será la pretensión de los elementos estructurales de vidrio 3. ¿Por qué se va a utilizar la precompresión? Porque el vidrio tiene un buen comportamiento a compresión y un mal comportamiento a tracción lo que penaliza su utilización a flexión. Por medio de la precompresión se puede incrementar esta resistencia a tracción, ya que los primeros esfuerzos reducirán la compresión inicial hasta comenzar a funcionar a tracción, y por tanto aumentará su capacidad de carga. 4. ¿Con qué medios se va a comprobar y justificar ese comportamiento? Mediante simulaciones informáticas con programas de elementos finitos. 5. ¿Por qué se utilizará este método? Porque es una herramienta que arroja ventajas sobre otros métodos como los experimentales, debido a su fiabilidad, economía, rapidez y facilidad para establecer distintos casos. 6. ¿Cómo se garantiza su fiabilidad? Mediante el contraste de resultados obtenidos con ensayos físicos realizados, garantizando de ésta manera el buen comportamiento de los programas utilizados. El presente estudio tratará de responder a todas estas preguntas, para concluir y conseguir elementos estructurales de vidrio con secciones más reducidas gracias a la introducción de la precompresión, todo ello a través de las simulaciones informáticas por medio de elementos finitos. Dentro de estas simulaciones, también se realizarán comprobaciones y comparaciones entre distintas tipologías de programas para comprobar y contrastar los resultados obtenidos, intentando analizar cuál de ellos es el más idóneo para la simulación de elementos estructurales de vidrio. ABSTRACT Glass is a material very appreciated in architecture due to its transparency, feature that just a few materials share. But it is also a brittle material with an immediate breakage when it reaches its elastic limit, without having a plastic period that provides warning of future breakage allowing a safety period. For both reasons, glass has been used in architecture as infill panels, from old times. However, it has never been used as a structural or load‐bearing element, although it is an interesting material for architects for that use: because of its transparency, structural glass makes possible the visual dematerialization of the structure, achieving lighter spaces. However, taking into account the mechanical properties of the material, it is possible to check that it has appropriate conditions for structural use: its elastic modulus is similar to that of aluminium, element widely used in architecture, especially in facades from recent years; and its compressive strength is much higher than even the one of concrete. However, its main problem consists in its tensile strength that is much lower than its compressive strength, penalizing its resistance to bending. Nowadays glass is starting to be used as a bearing or structural element, but due to its worse bending strength, elements with large dimensions must be used, with a large presence despite its transparency. Therefore this research aims to get smaller sections of these structural glass elements. For the development of this thesis, it is necessary to answer a number of fundamental questions. The answers will be the core of this work: 1. What is the purpose of the investigation? The objective of this research is the optimization of structural glass elements for its use in architecture. 2. How are you going to perform this optimization? What systems will be implemented? The system for optimization is the pre‐stress of the structural elements of glass 3. Why are you going to use the pre‐compression? Because glass has a good resistance to compression and a poor tensile behaviour, which penalizes its use in bending elements. Through the pre‐compression it is possible to increase this tensile strength, due to the initial tensile efforts reducing the pre‐stress and increasing its load capacity. 4. What are the means that you will use in order to verify and justify this behaviour? The means are based on computer simulations with finite element programs (FEM) 5. Why do you use this method? Because it is a tool which gives advantages over other methods such as experimental: its reliability, economy, quick and easy to set different cases. 6. How the reliability is guaranteed? It’s guaranteed comparing the results of the simulation with the performed physical tests, ensuring the good performance of the software. This thesis will attempt to answer all these questions, to obtain glass structural elements with smaller sections thanks to the introduction of the pre‐compression, all through computer simulations using finite elements methods. In these simulations, tests and comparisons between different types of programs will also be implemented, in order to test and compare the obtained results, trying to analyse which one is the most suitable for the simulation of structural glass elements.

Mechanical properties of tungsten alloys with Y2O3 and titanium additions

In this research the mechanical behaviour of pure tungsten (W) and its alloys (2 wt.% Ti–0.47 wt.% Y2O3 and 4 wt.% Ti–0.5 wt.% Y2O3) is compared. These tungsten alloys, have been obtained by powder metallurgy. The yield strength, fracture toughness and elastic modulus have been studied in the temperature interval of 25 °C to 1000 °C. The results have shown that the addition of Ti substantially improves the bending strength and toughness of W, but it also dramatically increases the DBTT. On the other hand, the addition of 0.5% Y2O3, is enough to improve noticeably the oxidation behaviour at the higher temperatures. The grain size, fractography and microstructure are studied in these materials. Titanium is a good grain growth inhibitor and effective precursor of liquid phase in HIP. The simultaneous presence of Y2O3 and Ti permits to obtain materials with low pores presence

Invariance of the Glass Transition Temperature of Plant Vitrification Solutions with Cooling Rate

The solutions studied were Plant Vitrification Solutions 1, 2 and 3: (PVS1: Uragami et al. 1989, Plant Cell Rep. 8, 418; PVS2: Sakai et al. 1990, Plant Cell Rep. 9, 30; PVS3: Nishizawa et al. 1993, Plant Sci. 91, 67). Cooling was performed using the calorimeter control (5, 10 and 20°C min-1), or for higher rates, by quenching the closed pan with PVS in LN, either naked (faster - 5580°C min-1) or introduced in cryovials (reduced rate 360°C min-1). Quenched pans were then transferred to the sample chamber, pre-cooled to -196°C. Glass transition temperature was observed by DSC with a TA 2920 instrument, upon warming pans with solution samples from -145°C to room temperature, at standard warming rate10°C min-1.

Muro cortina modular con marco de baja transmitancia térmica integrado en el vidrio aislante a través de adhesivos estructurales = Unitised curtain wall with low thermal transmittance frame integrated within the insulating glass unit through structural adhesives

Los muros cortina modulares están constituidos por paneles prefabricados que se fijan al edificio a través de anclajes a lo largo del borde del forjado. El proceso de prefabricación garantiza buena calidad y control de los acabados y el proceso de instalación es rápido y no requiere andamiaje. Por estas razones su uso está muy extendido en torres. Sin embargo, el diseño de los marcos de aluminio podría ser más eficiente si se aprovechara la rigidez de los vidrios para reducir la profundidad estructural de los montantes. Asimismo, se podrían reducir los puentes térmicos en las juntas si se sustituyeran los marcos por materiales de menor conductividad térmica que el aluminio. Esta investigación persigue desarrollar un muro cortina alternativo que reduzca la profundidad estructural, reduzca la transmisión térmica en las juntas y permita un acabado enrasado al interior, sin que sobresalgan los montantes. La idea consiste en conectar un marco de material compuesto de fibra de vidrio a lo largo del borde del vidrio aislante a través de adhesivos estructurales para así movilizar una acción estructural compuesta entre los dos vidrios y lograr una baja transmitancia térmica. El marco ha de estar integrado en la profundidad del vidrio aislante. En una primera fase se han efectuado cálculos estructurales y térmicos preliminares para evaluar las prestaciones a un nivel esquemático. Además, se han realizado ensayos a flexión en materiales compuestos de fibra de vidrio y ensayos a cortante en las conexiones adhesivas entre vidrio y material compuesto. Con la información obtenida se ha seleccionado el material del marco y del adhesivo y se han efectuado cambios sobre el diseño original. Los análisis numéricos finales demuestran una reducción de la profundidad estructural de un 80% y una reducción de la transmisión térmica de un 6% en comparación con un sistema convencional tomado como referencia. El sistema propuesto permite obtener acabados enrasados. ABSTRACT Unitised curtain wall systems consist of pre manufactured cladding panels which can be fitted to the building via pre fixed brackets along the edge of the floor slab. They are universally used for high rise buildings because the factory controlled assembly of units ensures high quality and allows fast installation without external access. However, its frame is structurally over-dimensioned because it is designed to carry the full structural load, failing to take advantage of potential composite contribution of glass. Subsequently, it is unnecessarily deep, occupying valuable space, and protrudes to the inside, causing visual disruption. Moreover, it is generally made of high thermal conductivity metal alloys, contributing to substantial thermal transmission at joints. This research aims to develop a novel frame-integrated unitised curtain wall system that will reduce thermal transmission at joints, reduce structural depth significantly and allow an inside flush finish. The idea is to adhesively bond a Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) frame to the edge of the Insulated Glass Unit (IGU), thereby achieving composite structural behaviour and low thermal transmittance. The frame is to fit within the glazing cavity depth. Preliminary analytical structural and numerical thermal calculations are carried out to assess the performance of an initial schematic design. 4-point bending tests on GFRP and single-lap shear tests on bonded connections between GFRP and glass are performed to inform the frame and adhesive material selection process and to characterise these materials. Based on the preliminary calculations and experimental tests, some changes are put into effect to improve the performance of the system and mitigate potential issues. Structural and thermal numerical analysis carried out on the final detail design confirm a reduction of the structural depth to almost one fifth and a reduction of thermal transmission of 6% compared to a benchmark conventional system. A flush glazed appearance both to the inside and the outside are provided while keeping the full functionality of a unitised system.