Effect of row orientation on soil water content and vine water status on a Cabernet franc vineyard in Madrid, spain

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of row orien¬tation on vine and soil water status in an irrigated vineyard. The trial was developed during 2006, 2007 and 2008, in the South East region of Madrid (Spain) on 5-year old Cabernet franc grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) grafted onto 140Ru. Plant spacing was 2.5 m x 1.5 m and vines were trained to a VSP. Four orientations were stu¬died: North-South (N-S), East-West (E-W), Northeast-Southwest (N+45) and North-South +20o (N+20). Irrigation (0.4•ET0) started when shoot growth stopped. Soil water availability was measured using a TDR technique with forty buried probes. Row orientation did not have any effect on water consumption in the vineyard. At maturity, leaf water potential was measured at predawn, early mor¬ning, midday and 14:00 solar time, on both canopy sides - sun and shade – ; the early morning measurement was the one that better differentiated treatments. Leaf water potential was a good indica¬tor of plant water status. Differences between (N-S and E-W) and (N+20 and N+45) treatments were obtained both on sun and shade canopy sides, N+20 and N+45 having lower leaf water potentials then drier leaves. The water stress integral shows that N-S and E-W reach the end of maturation with a greater level of hydration than N+45 and N+20. As a whole, N+45 and N+20 orientations, without affecting too much the soil available water content, induce regularly more water stress to the vine at some periods, probably due to an higher sunlight interception in early morning which makes water limitation for the vine more early and thus more severe during the day.

Relationship between fibre orientation and tensile strength of natural collagen membranes for heart valve leaflets

Heart valve prostheses are used to replace native heart valves which that are damaged because of congenital diseases or due to ageing. Biological prostheses made of bovine pericardium are similar to native valves and do not require any anticoagulation treatment, but are less durable than mechanical prostheses and usually fail by tearing. Researches are oriented in improving the resistance and durability of biological heart valve prostheses in order to increase their life expectancy. To understand the mechanical behaviour of bovine pericardium and relate it to its microstructure (mainly collagen fibres concentration and orientation) uniaxial tensile tests have been performed on a model material made of collagen fibres. Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS) has been also used to characterize the microstructure without damaging the material. Results with the model material allowed us to obtain the orientation of the fibres, relating the microstructure to mechanical performance

Distributed orientation agreement in a group of robots

In this article, a method for the agreement of a set of robots on a common reference orientation based on a distributed consensus algorithm is described. It only needs that robots detect the relative positions of their neighbors and communicate with them. Two different consensus algorithms based on the exchange of information are proposed, tested and analyzed. Systematic experiments were carried out in simulation and with real robots in order to test the method. Experimental results show that the robots are able to agree on the reference orientation under certain conditions. Scalability with an increasing number of robots was tested successfully in simulation with up to 49 robots. Experiments with real robots succeeded proving that the proposed method works in reality.

In situ control of As dimer orientation on Ge(100) surfaces

We investigated the preparation of single domain Ge(100):As surfaces in a metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy reactor. In situ reflection anisotropy spectra (RAS) of vicinal substrates change when arsenic is supplied either by tertiarybutylarsine or by background As4 during annealing. Low energy electron diffraction shows mutually perpendicular orientations of dimers, scanning tunneling microscopy reveals distinct differences in the step structure, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms differences in the As coverage of the Ge(100): As samples. Their RAS signals consist of contributions related to As dimer orientation and to step structure, enabling precise in situ control over preparation of single domain Ge(100): As surfaces.

Distributed Orientation Agreement in a Group of Robots

In this article, a method for the agreement of a set of robots on a common reference orientation based on a distributed consensus algorithm is described. It only needs that robots detect the relative positions of their neighbors and communicate with them. Two different consensus algorithms based on the exchange of information are proposed, tested and analyzed. Systematic experiments were carried out in simulation and with real robots in order to test the method. Experimental results show that the robots are able to agree on the reference orientation under certain conditions. Scalability with an increasing number of robots was tested successfully in simulation with up to 49 robots. Experiments with real robots succeeded proving that the proposed method works in reality.

Kinematic analysis of a novel 2-d.o.f. orientation device

This paper presents the development of a new parallel robot designed for helping with bone milling surgeries. The robot is a small modular wrist with 2 active degrees of freedom, and it is proposed to be used as an orientation device located at the end of a robotic arm designed for bone milling processes. A generic kinematic geometry is proposed for this device. This first article shows the developments on the workspace optimization and the analysis of the force field required to complete a reconstruction of the inferior jawbone. The singularities of the mechanism are analyzed, and the actuator selection is justified with the torque requirements and the study of the force space. The results obtained by the simulations allow building a first prototype using linear motors. Bone milling experiment video is shown as additional material.

Influence of substrate type and orientation on the morphology and optical properties of selective area growth of GaN and InGaN nanocolumns

A relevant issue concerning optoelectronic devices based on III-nitrides is the presence of strong polarization fields that may reduce efficiency.

Modelo de análisis organizativo para la mejora del desempeño de empresas sociales

La empresa social es un modelo organizativo que presenta un interesante potencial para resolver problemáticas sociales. La empresa social ha despertado interés tanto en países industrializados como en economías en vías de desarrollo porque representa un modelo dentro del capitalismo que persigue objetivos sociales mediante la realización de actividades de mercado (compra y venta de productos y/o servicios principalmente). A pesar de sus raíces lejanas en el tiempo se trata de un campo de conocimiento relativamente joven, donde la literatura académica presenta escasez de estudios empíricos. El desarrollo teórico para buscar claridad conceptual ha sido el principal caballo de batalla de los últimos años, y por tanto, se ha prestado poca atención a generar evidencias sobre cómo funcionan las empresas sociales y sobre sus claves de su éxito. Se considera que la mejora en la comprensión de este modelo organizativo pasa por la construcción de herramientas para que académicos y practicantes mejoren su conocimiento sobre los mecanismos internos de las empresas sociales. En este contexto nace la presente tesis doctoral sobre empresa social, que tiene por objetivo la creación de un marco de análisis que permita el estudio de las empresas sociales desde una dimensión organizativa, es decir, que aborde los elementos clave que describen el funcionamiento de este tipo de organizaciones. Para ello, en este trabajo se aborda la construcción del modelo para el análisis organizativo de las empresas sociales a partir del análisis semántico de las 45 principales definiciones de empresa social. A partir de este análisis se identifican dos dimensiones de análisis de la empresa social: -Cuatro principios, comunes a todas las manifestaciones del fenómeno, que recogen la esencia del concepto. -Ocho elementos organizativos específicos de la empresa social que describen la forma en la que cada iniciativa se implementa en un contexto determinado. Es decir, elementos de diseño presentes en diferente medida que dan lugar a tipologías de empresa social diferentes. Estos elementos son: la proposición de valor social, la búsqueda de impacto a largo plazo, la cultura organizativa, la conexión con los beneficiarios, el liderazgo emprendedor y los mecanismos de gobernanza, el ecosistema colaborativo, la estrategia empresarial y la orientación a la autosuficiencia económica. A partir de este marco de análisis, se construyen dos herramientas de diagnóstico que permiten su aplicación al estudio de empresas sociales: una tabla de indicadores para el análisis externo (por parte de un investigador ajeno a la organización) y un cuestionario de diagnóstico para el análisis interno (a través del personal de la empresa social objeto de estudio). Las herramientas intentan dar respuesta a la necesidad de desarrollar constructos para el estudio empírico de las empresas sociales. Para analizar la utilidad del modelo y de las herramientas se llevaron a cabo tres estudios de caso: -La empresa social ACCIONA Microenergía Perú que proporciona energía eléctrica a comunidades rurales aisladas en la región peruana de Cajamarca. -La empresa social Integra-e que propone un mecanismo de inserción socio-laboral en Madrid para jóvenes en riesgo de exclusión a través de la formación en Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). -Un conjunto de redes de telecentros pertenecientes a la red LAC de la fundación Telecentres.org que proporcionan acceso a servicios de información (Internet entre otros) en diferentes países de Latinoamérica. La aplicación de las herramientas mostró ser útil en los tres estudios de caso para obtener una relación de evidencias con las que analizar la proximidad de una organización al ideal de empresa social. El ejercicio de análisis también resultó interesante como ejercicio reflexivo para las entidades participantes. Los resultados del cuestionario fueron especialmente interesantes en los telecentros de la Fundación Telecentre.org ya que al ser un estudio multicaso se pudo realizar un rico análisis estadístico sobre el funcionamiento de los telecentros y su desempeño. El estudio permitió identificar relaciones interesantes entre los ocho elementos de diseño del modelo propuesto y el desempeño de la organización. En particular, se detectó que para todos los casos estudiados: -La dimensión económica es la componente del desempeño que mayor desafíos plantea. -La existencia de una alta correlación entre el desempeño y siete de los ocho elementos organizativos del modelo. -La importancia de la cultura organizativa como elemento que explica el desempeño global de la organización y la satisfacción de los empleados. El campo de la empresa social presenta importantes retos de futuro, como la claridad conceptual, el desarrollo de estudios empíricos y la medida de su impacto social. El conocimiento de las claves organizativas puede ayudar a diseñar empresas sociales más robustas o a que organizaciones con fines sociales que no se basan en mecanismos de mercado consideren la posibilidad de incorporar éstos en su estrategia. ABSTRACT Social enterprise is an organizational model with a strong potential to help solving social problems. Recently, interest for the model has risen in both industrialized and developing countries because it is organized to achieve altruistic or social goals through market activities (mainly sales of products and services). Despite its historic roots, it is a relatively young field of research, where academic literature has little empirical data to accompany the theoretical development of social enterprise. Conceptual clarification has been the main challenge during the recent years, and there has been little attention given to generate evidence on how social enterprises operate and their keys to success. Progress in empirical study involves the construction of tools for researchers, in order to increase understanding of the internal mechanisms of social enterprises. This thesis aims to create a conceptual framework to study social enterprises from an organizational point of view, by analyzing the key elements that explain the operation and organization of this organizational model. The framework for the organizational analysis of social enterprises was built supported by the semantic analysis of 45 main definitions of social enterprise. The framework is divided into two dimensions: -There are four principles which capture the essence of the social enterprise concept, and are present in the manifestations of cases. -There are eight design elements which help analyze the characteristics of each particular social enterprise initiative: the social value proposition, social impact orientation, organizational culture, links to beneficiaries, entrepreneurial leadership, collaborative ecosystem, entrepreneurial strategy and orientation to economic self-sufficiency. Two diagnostic tools were developed to apply the framework to case studies: a scoreboard of indicators (to be used by the researcher during external analysis of the organization) and a questionnaire (to be answered by the social enterprise staff). The dissertation undertakes the study of three case studies: -ACCIONA Microenergia Peru, a social enterprise that provides electricity to isolated rural communities in the Peruvian region of Cajamarca. -Integra-e, a social enterprise located in Madrid that promotes socioprofessional integration of young people through training in ICT. -A sample of telecenters of the LAC network that provide access to information services (such as Internet) in Latin America. Applying the tools proved to be useful in all three cases, because it helped to obtain evidence to compare the proximity of an organization to an ideal type of social enterprise. In all the cases studied, the economic sustainability proved to be the biggest challenge for the organizations. The application of the questionnaire to the telecenters was especially informative because it was a multicase study which provided a rich statistical analysis on the performance of call centers. The study identified unique relationships between the model elements and the organziation performance. A statistical analysis shows a high correlation between performance and seven organizational elements described in the model. The organizational culture seems to be an important factor in explaining the overall organizational performance and employee satisfaction. The field of social enterprise has significant future challenges -such as conceptual clarity, the development of empirical studies and social impact assessment. A deep understanding of key organizational aspects of social enterprises can help in the design of more robust organizations and to bring success to social-purpose organizations.

TEM study of the AlN grain orientation grown on NCD diamond substrate

Piezoelectric AlN layer grain orientation, grown by room temperature reactive sputtering, is analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Two types of samples are studied: (i) AlN grown on well-polished NCD (nano-crystalline diamond) diamond, (ii) AlN grown on an up-side down NCD layer previously grown on a Si substrate, i.e. diamond surface as smooth as that of Si substrates. The second set of sample show a faster lignment of their AlN grain caxis attributed to it smoother diamond free surface. No grain orientation relationship between diamond substrate grain and the AlN ones is evidenced, which seems to indicate the preponderance role of the surface substrate state.

Importancia de los modelos de conducta en la intención emprendedora en estudiantes de ingeniería = The importance of role models for the entrepreneurial intention of technical degrees students

El emprendimiento de base tecnológica es un tema crítico para la generación de crecimiento económico, por lo que conocer los determinantes de la intención emprendedora de estudiantes de universidades técnicas adquiere una especial relevancia. En este estudio se analiza la importancia de los modelos de conducta en la intención emprendedora entre los estudiantes de carreras técnicas. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes de padres empresarios tienen una intención emprendedora superior a la media, mientras que los de hijos de padres funcionarios están por debajo de ella. Igualmente, la ausencia de modelos de conducta emprendedora en el entorno cercano disminuye la intención emprendedora, mientras que la ausencia de funcionarios no la hace aumentar.

What is the optimal stitching orientation from an aerial survey perspective?

Mosaicing is a technique that allows obtaining a large high resolution image by stitching several images together. These base images are usually acquired from an elevated point of view. Until recently, low-altitude image acquisition has been performed typically by using using airplanes, as well as other manned platforms. However, mini unmanned aerial vehicles (MUAV) endowed with a camera have lately made this task more available for small for cicil applications, for example for small farmers in order to obtain accurate agronomic information about their crop fields. The stitching orientation, or the image acquisition orientation usually coincides with the aircraft heading assuming a downwards orientation of the camera. In this paper, the efect of the image orientation in the eficiency of the aerial coverage path planning is studied. Moreover, an algorithm to compute an optimal stitching orientation angle is proposed and results are numerically compared with classical approaches.