Social issues in sustainable supply chain networks: state of the art and further research directions

The study of supply networks sustainability is a field with a long path behind. Nonetheless, most studies to date are focused on the environmental sub dimension of sustainability, while the social perspective in supply chain networks research still shows a potential for pioneering contri butions. Moreover, from the development standpoint we have observed a paradigm shift advancing from a narrow concept of development, centered on purely economic dimensions, towards more refined issues such as inclusive business, shared value or poverty footprint, all of which are highly related to supply chain activities. In this paper we present a review of the current state of the art on social sustainability of supply chains and we identify the main existing trends in this field. After conducting this study, we can state that a new sphere of knowledge is emerging at the interface between sustainable supply chain networks and development research. The academic community is called to play an important dovetailing role in this scenario by advancing both conceptual and methodological contributions.

Teaching art and history to photonics students

The case to be reported in this paper is the teaching of topics involving the relation among Photonics, its history, the international situation and the artistic movements in each period. These kind of new studies correspond to a new tendency in teaching interdisciplinary topics to students coming from different areas. Two main courses, one in History and other one in Art, will be taken as examples. Theses two courses have been taught for several years in Madrid, Spain, for Telecomm students and the results have been very satisfactory

Participatory design and business modeling

En este proyecto miraremos como los campos de Diseño Participativo de las tecnologías de la información (DP, Participatory IT Design) y el diseño empresarial de modelos de negocio interactúan entre sí. Exploraremos el hueco que existe en los asuntos que aborda un proyecto de DP señalado por Kyng (2010). DP es una forma de enfocar el diseño para diseñar sistemas informáticos que tiene su propia ideología, haciendo mucho hincapié en la participación de los usuarios en el proceso. Esta ideología propia de DP da paso a un conjunto de métodos y herramientas para diseñar. DP tiene sus orígenes en Escandinavia en la década de los setenta cuando cambios de progreso social de la sociedad se introdujeron en el lugar de trabajo. Ya hay algunos investigadores del campo de DP que empiezan a estudiar este hueco señalado por Kyng. Un modelo de negocios es la forma en que un negocio crea, entrega y captura valor. En las últimas décadas las empresas informáticas han cambiado su modelo de negocios, transformándose en una oferta de servicios informáticos mayoritariamente. El mundo empresarial ya conoce los beneficios de las metodologías de diseño orientadas al usuario, sin embargo no acaban de ser adoptadas por las empresas informáticas. En el proyecto buscamos responder a las preguntas que surgen al juntar estas dos áreas de estudio. ¿Cómo interpreta la comunidad de DP el mundo empresarial? ¿La teoría empresarial como trata la metodología de diseño orientado al usuario? ¿Cómo afecta en una compañía real su política de usuario a su modelo de negocio y que técnicas utilizan para involucrar al usuario? ¿Qué intereses comunes y opuestos existen entre DP y el mundo empresarial? ¿Cuál es el futuro de DP en el mundo empresarial? En cuanto a la metodología del proyecto realice un estudio de la literatura de los campos de DP y el mundo empresarial usando fuentes recomendadas por expertos de cada área así como trabajos encontrados por mi propia cuenta que eran relevantes al tema tratado. Además realice un estudio de compañías desarrolladoras de software locales a Copenhague. Mediante una serie de visitas y entrevistas con esas compañías obtuve información del modelo de negocio y proceso de desarrollo de software de las mismas. También dialogamos en cuanto a su visión de DP y metodologías de diseño orientado al usuario y como se podrían beneficiar de ellas. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto he encontrado que DP y el mundo empresarial tienen dos visiones muy diferentes. Mientras uno busca obtener el máximo beneficio el otro busca apoderar a los usuarios en su área de trabajo. Aunque al igual que DP las empresas necesitan obtener información acerca de los usuario como sus necesidades, gustos, etc. Está claro que el software producido para el mundo empresarial tiene mucho espacio para mejorar ya que suele venir con manuales de instrucciones extensos y es necesario un entrenamiento previo para su utilización. Un problema importante de la introducción de DP en las empresas es la falta de predisposición de los usuarios en colaborar en el proceso de desarrollo ya que no hay demasiada tendencia a usuarios a dar feedback. El trabajo de investigacion de Timpka y Vimarlund (1998) Participatory Design In Economic Terms: A Theoretical Discussion llega a la conclusión de que DP es económicamente favorable para los desarrolladores. Pero omite muchos factores críticos de la economía de una empresa. En cuanto al futuro de DP en el mundo empresarial, DP tiene que adaptarse a las compañías desarrolladoras de software. A sus necesidades y teniendo en cuenta sus límites de recursos. Pero hay ciertos aspectos que deben ser abordados. El primer aspecto es el uso de recursos en las técnicas de DP, ya que utilizan demasiados. Otro aspecto que debería abordar es el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de comunicación y redes sociales, ya que apenas se han utilizado en DP. Mientras que otras áreas de estudio han hecho uso de estas nuevas tecnologías y se han revolucionado DP no ha sido capaz de integrarlas en sus técnicas. Por último en el proyecto realizo una comparativa del actual modelo de negocios y proceso de desarrollo de software de la compañía Forecast.it. En esta comparativa miro como cambiaria el negocio en el caso de que se produjeran cambios en ella al introducir la ideología de DP. Donde más se notan los cambios seria en su esquema de desarrollo de software ya que habría que hacer hueco para nuevos factores y pasos.

State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems

Isolated electrical systems lack electrical interconnection to other networks and are usually placed in geographically isolated areas—mainly islands or locations in developing countries. Until recently, only diesel generators were able to assure a safe and reliable supply in exchange for very high costs for fuel transportation and system operation. Transmission system operators (TSOs) are increasingly seeking to replace traditional energy models based on large groups of conventional generation units with mixed solutions where diesel groups are held as backup generation and important advantages are provided by renewable energy sources. The grid codes determine the technical requirements to be fulfilled by the generators connected in any electrical network, but regulations applied to isolated grids are more demanding. In technical literature it is rather easy to find and compare grid codes for interconnected electrical systems. However, the existing literature is incomplete and sparse regarding isolated grids. This paper aims to review the current state of isolated systems and grid codes applicable to them, specifying points of comparison and defining the guidelines to be followed by the upcoming regulations.

State of the Art and Future Trends in Grid Codes Applicable to Isolated Electrical Systems

Electrical power systems are changing their traditional structure, which was based on a little number of large generating power plants placed at great distances from loads by new models that tend to split the big production nodes in many smaller ones. The set of small groups which are located close to consumers and provide safe and quality energy is called distributed generation (DG). The proximity of the sources to the loads reduces losses associated with transportation and increases overall system efficiency. DG also favors the inclusion of renewable energy sources in isolated electrical systems or remote microgrids, because they can be installed where the natural resource is located. In both cases, as weak grids unable to get help from other nearby networks, it is essential to ensure appropriate behavior of DG sources to guarantee power system safety and stability. The grid codes sets out the technical requirements to be fulfilled for the sources connected in these electrical networks. In technical literature it is rather easy to find and compare grid codes for interconnected electrical systems. However, the existing literature is incomplete and sparse regarding isolated electrical systems and this happens due to the difficulties inherent in the pursuit of codes. Some countries have developed their own legislation only for their island territory (as Spain or France), others apply the same set of rules as in mainland, another group of island countries have elaborated a complete grid code for all generating sources and some others lack specific regulation. This paper aims to make a complete review of the state of the art in grid codes applicable to isolated systems, setting the comparison between them and defining the guidelines predictably followed by the upcoming regulations in these particular systems.

Safety and health in forest harvesting operations. Diagnosis and preventive actions. A review

Aim of study: to review the present state of the art in relation to the main labour risks and the most relevant results of recent studies evaluating the safety and health conditions of the forest harvesting work and better ways to reduce accidents. Area of study: It focuses mainly on developed Countries, where the general concern about work risks prevention, together with the complex idiosyncrasy of forest work in forest harvesting operations, has led to a growing interest from the forest scientific and technical community. Material and Methods: The main bibliographic and Internet references have been identified using common reference analysis tools. Their conclusions and recommendations have been comprehensively summarized. Main results: Collection of the principal references and their most important conclusions relating to the main accident risk factors, their causes and consequences, the means used towards their prevention, both instrumental as well as in the aspects of training and business management, besides the influence of the growing mechanization of logging operations on those risks. Research highlights: Accident risk is higher in forest harvesting than in most other work sectors, and the main risk factors such as experience, age, seasonality, training, protective equipment, mechanization degree, etc. have been identified and studied. The paper summarizes some relevant results, one of the principal being that the proper entrepreneurial risk management is a key factor leading to the success in minimizing labour risks..