Proyecto de explotación de cantera de calizas del Páramo

Este proyecto tiene por objeto el estudio de la viabilidad, tanto económica como técnica, de la explotación de una cantera de calizas pertenecientes a la formación geológica Calizas del Páramo. El yacimiento explotado es de tipo superficial, con una profundidad media entre 30 y 35 m. La concesión de explotación se localiza en la subcomarca de la Alcarria de Alcalá, al sureste de la Comunidad de Madrid. La caliza extraída es utilizada para fabricación de cemento, micronizados y pinturas, utilizándose el subproducto como árido en diferentes materiales de la construcción, como fabricación de hormigones, aglomerados asfálticos, sub-base para carreteras, caminos y otros usos similares. Desde el punto de vista técnico, la explotación se realiza a cielo abierto por el método de banqueo descendente en profundidad y restauración progresiva, mediante arranque por perforación y voladura, y posterior carga y transporte de materiales por medios mecánicos. El Proyecto de Explotación plantea la extracción de un volumen total de material del orden de 32,85 Mt. Atendiendo a la cifra de reservas explotables y al ritmo de producción anual previsto, el período de explotación contemplado en este Proyecto es del orden de 30 años desde la situación actual. El estudio realizado de los indicadores económicos nos muestra que el proyecto es rentable, con todo ello, parece concluirse que, tanto técnica como económicamente, la explotación es viable. ABSTRACT This project aims to study the economic and technical feasibility for the operation of a limestone quarry belonging to the geological formation of the Calizas del Páramo. The reservoir exploited is superficial type, with an average depth between 30 and 35 m. The mining concession is located in the subregion of the Alcarria de Alcalá, southeast of Madrid. The extracted limestone is used for manufacturing cement, micronized and paintings, using the product as aggregate in different construction materials, such as manufacture of concrete, asphalt mixes, sub-base for roads, paths and other similar uses. From the technical point of view, the operation will be held openpit by the method of depth descending benching and progressive restoration. The operation begins by drilling and blasting, continuing with loading and transport of materials by mechanical methods. The Exploitation Project raises the extraction of a total volume of material of 32.85 Mt approximately Considering the number of exploitable reserves and expected annual production rate, the operating period referred to in this project is of the order of 30 years from the current situation. The study of economic indicators shows that the project is profitable, yet it can be concluded that, both technically and economically, the exploitation of mineral resources is viable.

Memory isolation in many-core embedded systems

The current approach to developing mixed-criticality sys- tems is by partitioning the hardware resources (processors, memory and I/O devices) among the different applications. Partitions are isolated from each other both in the temporal and the spatial domain, so that low-criticality applications cannot compromise other applications with a higher level of criticality in case of misbehaviour. New architectures based on many-core processors open the way to highly parallel systems in which each partition can be allocated to a set of dedicated proces- sor cores, thus simplifying partition scheduling and temporal separation. Moreover, spatial isolation can also benefit from many-core architectures, by using simpler hardware mechanisms to protect the address spaces of different applications. This paper describes an architecture for many- core embedded partitioned systems, together with some implementation advice for spatial isolation.

Biomass Gasification in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: Effect of Temperature, Stoichiometric Ratio and Biomass Type

This paper investigates the gasification of two biomass types (pine wood and olive stones) in a laboratory scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor, in order to evaluate comparatively their potential in the production of syngas.

Monitorización de sistemas en alta disponibilidad

El objetivo del proyecto es implantar un sistema de monitorización, con la peculiaridad de encontrarse en alta disponibilidad, esto es, que el servicio (la monitorización de una infraestructura) se preste forma continua y no se vea interrumpido. Dado que el propósito del sistema es monitorizar activamente una infraestructura, ha sido necesario desplegar una infraestructura, además del sistema de monitorización. La infraestructura en cuestión está compuesta por un servidor de documentación, un servidor de base de datos, un servidor de aplicaciones y un servidor web. El sistema de monitorización se ha desplegado en la misma red de área local de esta infraestructura y monitoriza que los servicios prestados por los componentes de esta infraestructura se encuentren operativos y funcionando adecuadamente. Así pues, se tendría un sistema de monitorización local funcional. No obstante, el proyecto plantea un sistema escalable, que esté preparado para el crecimiento de la infraestructura y continúe siendo eficiente. Para ello, sistema de monitorización se encuentre dividido por dos componentes:  Sonda delegada: monitoriza localmente los activos de la infraestructura a monitorizar, es el escenario anteriormente descrito.  Sonda maestra: recibe los resultados de la monitorización realizada, este sistema puede estar desplegado en otra red distinta a la sonda delegada. Este enfoque no solo es escalable, sino también es fiel a la realidad, pues puede darse el caso de que las sondas pertenezcan a distintas infraestructuras e inclusive, distintas organizaciones, y se comuniquen a través de internet, mediante un mecanismo confiable a ser posible. El proyecto plantea que ambas sondas se encuentren en alta disponibilidad (en adelante HA, referente a high availability), y que cada sonda está compuesta por dos equipos (nodos, en adelante). Como se analizará en posteriores capítulos, existen diversas configuraciones que permiten implantar un sistema en HA, la configuración escogida para el proyecto es Activo – Pasivo(los detalles de esta configuración también se explican en posteriores capítulos). Para finalizar, se estudiara la posibilidad de ofrecer respuestas activas en ciertas situaciones y configuraciones adicionales sobre el sistema de monitorización base. Por otro lado, para la implantación del proyecto se ha usado software de código abierto para la virtualización de la infraestructura (Virtual Box y GNS3), los sistemas operativos base (Linux), el sistema de monitorización(Nagios Core) así como el software que implementa la HA (corosync y pacemaker).---ABSTRACT---The aim of the Project is to implement a monitoring system, with the peculiarity of being deployed in high availability, what it is that the service (monitoring infrastructure) is provided continuously and not interrupted. As the purpose of the system is monitoring infrastructure actively, an infrastructure has been deployed, and also the monitoring system. The infrastructure monitored is composed of a documentation server, a server database, an application server and a Web server. The monitoring system has been also deployed on the same LAN of this infrastructure and monitors the services provided by the components of this infrastructure are operational and working as expected. This is a local monitoring system functional. However, the project also proposes a scalable system that is ready for growth of infrastructure and efficient. This is the reason of divide the system in two components:  Slave Component: monitors locally the infrastructure assets to be monitored, this is the scenario described above.  Master Component: get the results from the monitoring, provided by the Slave Component. This system can be deployed in a different network than the slave component. This approach is not only scalable but also a real scenario, as may be the case that the Components belongs to different infrastructures and even, different organizations, also this components can communicate over the Internet, through a reliable mechanism if possible. The project proposes that both Components are deployed in high availability (HA onwards concerning high availability), each Component is composed of two servers (nodes, hereafter). As will be discussed in later chapters, there are several settings available to deploy a system in HA, the configuration chosen for the project is Active - Passive (details of this configuration are also explained in later chapters). Finally the possibility of offering active responses in certain situations and additional settings on the monitoring system will be discussed. On the other hand, for the implementation of the project, open source software has been used, for virtualization infrastructure (Virtual Box and GNS3), code-based operating systems (Linux), the monitoring system (Nagios core), as well as the software that implements the HA (corosync and pacemaker).

Life cycle assessment of concentrated solar power (CSP) and the influence of hybridising with natural gas

Purpose Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants based on parabolic troughs utilize auxiliary fuels (usually natural gas) to facilitate start-up operations, avoid freezing of HTF and increase power output. This practice has a significant effect on the environmental performance of the technology. The aim of this paper is to quantify the sustainability of CSP and to analyse how this is affected by hybridisation with different natural gas (NG) inputs. Methods A complete Life Cycle (LC) inventory was gathered for a commercial wet-cooled 50 MWe CSP plant based on parabolic troughs. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the environmental performance of the plant operating with different NG inputs (between 0 and 35% of gross electricity generation). ReCiPe Europe (H) was used as LCA methodology. CML 2 baseline 2000 World and ReCiPe Europe E were used for comparative purposes. Cumulative Energy Demands (CED) and Energy Payback Times (EPT) were also determined for each scenario. Results and discussion Operation of CSP using solar energy only produced the following environmental profile: climate change 26.6 kg CO2 eq/KWh, human toxicity 13.1 kg 1,4-DB eq/KWh, marine ecotoxicity 276 g 1,4-DB eq/KWh, natural land transformation 0.005 m2/KWh, eutrophication 10.1 g P eq/KWh, acidification 166 g SO2 eq/KWh. Most of these impacts are associated with extraction of raw materials and manufacturing of plant components. The utilization NG transformed the environmental profile of the technology, placing increasing weight on impacts related to its operation and maintenance. Significantly higher impacts were observed on categories like climate change (311 kg CO2 eq/MWh when using 35 % NG), natural land transformation, terrestrial acidification and fossil depletion. Despite its fossil nature, the use of NG had a beneficial effect on other impact categories (human and marine toxicity, freshwater eutrophication and natural land transformation) due to the higher electricity output achieved. The overall environmental performance of CSP significantly deteriorated with the use of NG (single score 3.52 pt in solar only operation compared to 36.1 pt when using 35 % NG). Other sustainability parameters like EPT and CED also increased substantially as a result of higher NG inputs. Quasilinear second-degree polynomial relationships were calculated between various environmental performance parameters and NG contributions. Conclusions Energy input from auxiliary NG determines the environmental profile of the CSP plant. Aggregated analysis shows a deleterious effect on the overall environmental performance of the technology as a result of NG utilization. This is due primarily to higher impacts on environmental categories like climate change, natural land transformation, fossil fuel depletion and terrestrial acidification. NG may be used in a more sustainable and cost-effective manner in combined cycle power plants, which achieve higher energy conversion efficiencies.

Environmental analysis of a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant hybridised with different fossil and renewable fuels

The environmental performance of a 50 MW parabolic trough Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant hybridised with different fuels was determined using a Life Cycle Assessment methodology. Six different scenarios were investigated, half of which involved hybridisation with fossil fuels (natural gas, coal and fuel oil), and the other three involved hybridisation with renewable fuels (wheat straw, wood pellets and biogas). Each scenario was compared to a solar-only operation. Nine different environmental categories as well as the Cumulative Energy Demand and the Energy Payback Time (EPT) were evaluated using Simapro software for 1 MWh of electricity produced. The results indicate a worse environmental performance for a CSP plant producing 12% of the electricity from fuel than in a solar-only operation for every indicator, except for the eutrophication and toxicity categories, whose results for the natural gas scenario are slightly better. In the climate change category, the results ranged between 26.9 and 187 kg CO2 eq/MWh, where a solar-only operation had the best results and coal hybridisation had the worst. Considering a weighted single score indicator, the environmental impact of the renewable fuels scenarios is approximately half of those considered in fossil fuels, with the straw scenario showing the best results, and the coal scenario the worstones. EPT for solar-only mode is 1.44 years, while hybridisation scenarios EPT vary in a range of 1.72 -1.83 years for straw and pellets respectively. The fuels with more embodied energy are biomethane and wood pellets.

Hybridizing concentrated solar power (CSP) with biogas and biomethane as an alternative to natural gas: Analysis of environmental performance using LCA

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plants typically incorporate one or various auxiliary boilers operating in parallel to the solar field to facilitate start up operations, provide system stability, avoid freezing of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and increase generation capacity. The environmental performance of these plants is highly influenced by the energy input and the type of auxiliary fuel, which in most cases is natural gas (NG). Replacing the NG with biogas or biomethane (BM) in commercial CSP installations is being considered as a means to produce electricity that is fully renewable and free from fossil inputs. Despite their renewable nature, the use of these biofuels also generates environmental impacts that need to be adequately identified and quantified. This paper investigates the environmental performance of a commercial wet-cooled parabolic trough 50 MWe CSP plant in Spain operating according to two strategies: solar-only, with minimum technically viable energy non-solar contribution; and hybrid operation, where 12 % of the electricity derives from auxiliary fuels (as permitted by Spanish legislation). The analysis was based on standard Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology (ISO 14040-14040). The technical viability and the environmental profile of operating the CSP plant with different auxiliary fuels was evaluated, including: NG; biogas from an adjacent plant; and BM withdrawn from the gas network. The effect of using different substrates (biowaste, sewage sludge, grass and a mix of biowaste with animal manure) for the production of the biofuels was also investigated. The results showed that NG is responsible for most of the environmental damage associated with the operation of the plant in hybrid mode. Replacing NG with biogas resulted in a significant improvement of the environmental performance of the installation, primarily due to reduced impact in the following categories: natural land transformation, depletion of fossil resources, and climate change. However, despite the renewable nature of the biofuels, other environmental categories like human toxicity, eutrophication, acidification and marine ecotoxicity scored higher when using biogas and BM.

Los ingenieros de la marina motores de la renovación y la tecnificación de la construcción naval española (1770-1827) :Su organización, academia y realizaciones

El trabajo se articula en tres volúmenes, el primero del Texto, con 549 páginas, articuladas en 18 capítulos, el de Anexos con 266 páginas articuladas en 15 capitulos, y el tercero, un "Corpus Documental" de 567 páginas en 16 capitulos. Tras un capítulo introductorio sobre el entorno naval español de la época, y otro sobre los constructores de buques y su formación en Europa, para servir de referencia alo que sigue, se entra en los capítulos fundamentales del trabajo. En ellos se narra, con gran apoyo de documentos inéditos hasta la fecha, la creación del Cuerpos de Ingenieros de la Armada y las causs que la motivaron, a raíz de la llegada a españa del ingeniero frances Francois Gautier, las Ordenanzas Militares que se les dieron, la creación de la Academia lugares que ocupó y suss avatares, los uniformes que llevaron, la esencia y formación de los ingenieros navales, su situación en el siglo XIX y las causas de su supresión en 1827. Igualmente se desarrolla el estudio de los conflictops competenciales con otros Cuerpos de la Armada, singularmente el General y el del Ministerio, el número de ingenieros, su escalafon e identificación personal, se anaklizan los arsenales donde trabajaron, los auxiliares del cuerpo y la Maestranza, así como otras no navales que les fueron encargadas. Se detallan, por último, las circunstancias de la dimision, vuelta a Francia y muerte de Gautier.Los dos últimos capítulos del texto están dedicados a las concluiones y a la nomenclatura, fuentes y bibliografía.

La aportación de la Península Ibérica a la tecnología naval analizada a través de la interpretación de los documentos y la reproducción de los buques descritos en ellos (1570-1620)

El período de la Historia comprendido entre 1570 y 1620 nos ha dejado un importante conjunto de documentos relacionados con la construcción naval en la Península Ibérica. En una época convulsa en la que los reinos de España y Portugal se aglutinaron bajo una misma Corona, surgen una serie de manuscritos, libros y leyes que reflejan la creciente preocupación de la sociedad por el tema naval. Entre sus páginas encontramos las descripciones del proceso constructivo de los buques que sus autores consideraban más significativos para las demandas que se planteaban en ese momento. Este proceso que combinaba generación de formas y construcción del buque provenía de una secular tradición nacida en el Mediterráneo. Mediante reglas geométricas sencillas, el constructor naval trazaba las secciones centrales y el perfil de la nao, quedando los extremos de la misma (hasta más de la mitad de la eslora) a su buen hacer y experiencia. Las herramientas informáticas de generación de superficies mediante NURBs (Non- Uniform Rational B-spline) permiten reconstruir las formas de los navíos reproduciendo con fiabilidad las carenas de los mismos a partir de los documentos de la época. Mediante un estudio detallado de interpretación de los textos y transcribiendo los procesos, llegamos a obtener con un buen grado de precisión las carenas de los buques descritos en sus páginas. A partir de ahí y mediante el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los parámetros obtenidos es posible valorar si las soluciones representadas por los barcos respondían a las preguntas planteadas por sus autores , la influencia de factores externos a la construcción naval tales como las regulaciones del Estado o identificar su relación con el germen y la expansión de la teoría que ha determinado los efectos de la Ciencia en la Arquitectura Naval. Comenzando por la nao veneciana de 1550, heredera de la secular tradición constructiva mediterránea, hasta llegar a las Reales Ordenanzas promulgadas en 1618, se reproducen hasta nueve carenas a partir de otros tantos documentos, se dibujan sus planos de formas y se exportan para su análisis hidrostático. El trabajo requiere la realización de otros estudios en paralelo necesarios para entender aquellos factores que formaron parte del desarrollo tecnológico naval como son, las unidades de medida en uso en los astilleros, los distintos sistemas de arqueo impuestos por la Corona y la representación de los diferentes instrumentos geométricos de modificación de los parámetros de diseño. A lo largo del trabajo se dan respuesta a interrogantes planteados por la arqueología en relación con el desarrollo de la arquitectura naval poniendo en evidencia que durante este período quedaron establecidos los fundamentos teórico-prácticos de lo que más adelante se convirtió en la ciencia de la ingeniería naval y se plantean nuevos retos para aquellos que deseen continuar la apasionante tarea de la investigación científica de nuestra historia. ABSTRACT The period of the History comprised between 1570 and 1620 has left an important set of shipbuilding documents in the Iberian Peninsula. In a turbulent time in which the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were ruled under the same Crown, manuscripts, books and laws that reflect the growing concern of society for the naval theme arose. We found among their pages shipbuilding process descriptions of the more relevant vessels that responded to claims that arose at that time. This process brought together hull generation and shipbuilding and came from a secular tradition born in the Mediterranean. By means of simple geometric rules, the shipbuilder traced the central sections and profile of the ship, leaving the ends thereof (almost half of the length) to its good performance and experience. 3D computer modelling software by NURBs (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline) surfaces helps to reconstruct ships hulls from contemporary documents. Through a detailed texts interpretation and transcription processes, we manage to reach with a good degree of accuracy the ship hulls described in its pages. From there and through qualitative and quantitative analysis of the parameters obtained we can assess whether the solutions represented by ships gave response to the questions raised by the authors, the influence of external factors such as shipbuilding state regulations or identify their relationship to the origin and expansion of the theory that has determined the effects of Science in Naval Architecture. From the 1550 Venetian nao, inheritor of the secular Mediterranean building tradition, to the Royal Ordinances enacted in 1618, as nine hulls are reproduced, their line drawings are traced and exported for analysis hydrostatic. Further studies are needed to understand the factors that were part of shipbuilding technology development as the units of measure in use in shipyards, the different official regulations for calculating ship tonnage and the different geometric instruments to amend the design parameters. The work gives response to questions raised by archaeology in relation to the development of naval architecture highlighting that during this period were established the theoretical and practical foundations of what later became the science of naval engineering and raising new challenges for those wishing to continue the exciting task of scientific research of our History.