Performance Comparison Between Serrated Edge and Rolled Edge Reflectors Inside CATR Facilities

CATR facilities are attractive antenna measurement facilities. Main reasons which contribute to this fact lie on its inherent reduced volume, on-the-fly measurements and the extension of both to a wide range of frequencies. However, these features rely on the assumption that the field collimation scheme is able to generate a plane wave distribution (quiet zone) where the AUT is to be placed and operated in RX mode. Unfortunately, electromagnetic theory states that this field distribution is not possible to be generated by a finite size scatterer operated as the collimator of a nonzero wavelength time-harmonic propagating field. This is the background of this paper, where two well-known electromagnetic field collimators will be discussed: the serrated edge reflector and the blended rolled edge reflector. To reach this purpose, electromagnetic hybrid analysis techniques developed at Technical University of Madrid will be applied.

Estudio del efecto del óxido en el comportamiento en rotura de la vaina de barra combustible

La capa exterior de óxido en la vaina de combustible nuclear es un factor clave en el estudio de su comportamiento en rotura. En esta ponencia se utiliza el ensayo de compresión diametral (RCT) para estudiar el comportamiento en rotura de vainas oxidadas. Para ello se prepararon muestras con una capa exterior de óxido de circonio de 85 µm de espesor y se sometieron a RCT a 20 y 135 ºC. El ensayo de compresión diametral ha demostrado ser muy sensible a la presencia de óxido en el exterior de la vaina para ambas temperaturas

Estudio mecánico sobre la resistencia de la pared de la aorta humana como predictor de riesgo de rotura de aneurisma

Definir el riesgo de rotura de un aneurisma, se considera un factor básico para elegir el momento adecuado de la intervención quirúrgica. Uno de los parámetros clásico utilizados es el diámetro del aneurisma (Ley de la Place). Sin embargo, otro factor mecánico como es el cociente entre la tensión máxima que soporta la pared (depende del diámetro de la aorta y de la morfología) y de la resistencia del material (pared de la aorta) es un elemento poco conocido. La razón estriba en comparar aortas “sanas” con “patológicas”. Este estudio lo hemos realizado en colaboración con el Departamento de Ciencias de Materiales de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

ITEM: Inter-Texture Error Measurement for 3D Meshes

We introduce a simple and innovative method to compare any two texture maps, regardless of their sizes, aspect ratios, or even masks, as long as they are both meant to be mapped onto the same 3D mesh. Our system is based on a zero-distortion 3D mesh unwrapping technique which compares two new adapted texture atlases with the same mask but different texel colors, and whose every texel covers the same area in 3D. Once these adapted atlases are created, we measure their difference with ITEM-RMSE, a slightly modified version of the standard RMSE defined for images. ITEM-RMSE is more meaningful and reliable than RMSE because it only takes into account the texels inside the mask, since they are the only ones that will actually be used during rendering. Our method is not only very useful to compare the space efficiency of different texture atlas generation algorithms, but also to quantify texture loss in compression schemes for multi-resolution textured 3D meshes.

Face Lift Surgery for Reconstructed Virtual Humans

We introduce an innovative, semi-automatic method to transform low resolution facial meshes into high definition ones, based on the tailoring of a generic, neutral human head model, designed by an artist, to fit the facial features of a specific person. To determine these facial features we need to select a set of "control points" (corners of eyes, lips, etc.) in at least two photographs of the subject's face. The neutral head mesh is then automatically reshaped according to the relation between the control points in the original subject's mesh through a set of transformation pyramids. The last step consists in merging both meshes and filling the gaps that appear in the previous process. This algorithm avoids the use of expensive and complicated technologies to obtain depth maps, which also need to be meshed later.

Multi-Resolution Texture Coding for Multi-Resolution 3D Meshes

We present an innovative system to encode and transmit textured multi-resolution 3D meshes in a progressive way, with no need to send several texture images, one for each mesh LOD (Level Of Detail). All texture LODs are created from the finest one (associated to the finest mesh), but can be re- constructed progressively from the coarsest thanks to refinement images calculated in the encoding process, and transmitted only if needed. This allows us to adjust the LOD/quality of both 3D mesh and texture according to the rendering power of the device that will display them, and to the network capacity. Additionally, we achieve big savings in data transmission by avoiding altogether texture coordinates, which are generated automatically thanks to an unwrapping system agreed upon by both encoder and decoder.

Automatic segmentation of relevant textures in agricultural images

One important issue emerging strongly in agriculture is related with the automatization of tasks, where the optical sensors play an important role. They provide images that must be conveniently processed. The most relevantimage processing procedures require the identification of green plants, in our experiments they come from barley and corn crops including weeds, so that some types of action can be carried out, including site-specific treatments with chemical products or mechanical manipulations. Also the identification of textures belonging to the soil could be useful to know some variables, such as humidity, smoothness or any others. Finally, from the point of view of the autonomous robot navigation, where the robot is equipped with the imaging system, some times it is convenient to know not only the soil information and the plants growing in the soil but also additional information supplied by global references based on specific areas. This implies that the images to be processed contain textures of three main types to be identified: green plants, soil and sky if any. This paper proposes a new automatic approach for segmenting these main textures and also to refine the identification of sub-textures inside the main ones. Concerning the green identification, we propose a new approach that exploits the performance of existing strategies by combining them. The combination takes into account the relevance of the information provided by each strategy based on the intensity variability. This makes an important contribution. The combination of thresholding approaches, for segmenting the soil and the sky, makes the second contribution; finally the adjusting of the supervised fuzzy clustering approach for identifying sub-textures automatically, makes the third finding. The performance of the method allows to verify its viability for automatic tasks in agriculture based on image processing

A computer vision approach for weeds identification through Support Vector Machines

This paper outlines an automatic computervision system for the identification of avena sterilis which is a special weed seed growing in cereal crops. The final goal is to reduce the quantity of herbicide to be sprayed as an important and necessary step for precision agriculture. So, only areas where the presence of weeds is important should be sprayed. The main problems for the identification of this kind of weed are its similar spectral signature with respect the crops and also its irregular distribution in the field. It has been designed a new strategy involving two processes: image segmentation and decision making. The image segmentation combines basic suitable image processing techniques in order to extract cells from the image as the low level units. Each cell is described by two area-based attributes measuring the relations among the crops and weeds. The decision making is based on the SupportVectorMachines and determines if a cell must be sprayed. The main findings of this paper are reflected in the combination of the segmentation and the SupportVectorMachines decision processes. Another important contribution of this approach is the minimum requirements of the system in terms of memory and computation power if compared with other previous works. The performance of the method is illustrated by comparative analysis against some existing strategies.

An image segmentation based on a genetic algorithm for determining soil coverage by crop residues

Determination of the soil coverage by crop residues after ploughing is a fundamental element of Conservation Agriculture. This paper presents the application of genetic algorithms employed during the fine tuning of the segmentation process of a digital image with the aim of automatically quantifying the residue coverage. In other words, the objective is to achieve a segmentation that would permit the discrimination of the texture of the residue so that the output of the segmentation process is a binary image in which residue zones are isolated from the rest. The RGB images used come from a sample of images in which sections of terrain were photographed with a conventional camera positioned in zenith orientation atop a tripod. The images were taken outdoors under uncontrolled lighting conditions. Up to 92% similarity was achieved between the images obtained by the segmentation process proposed in this paper and the templates made by an elaborate manual tracing process. In addition to the proposed segmentation procedure and the fine tuning procedure that was developed, a global quantification of the soil coverage by residues for the sampled area was achieved that differed by only 0.85% from the quantification obtained using template images. Moreover, the proposed method does not depend on the type of residue present in the image. The study was conducted at the experimental farm “El Encín” in Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain).

Desarrollo de una herramienta para la evaluación a priori de una red de control dimensional

Se ha desarrollado una herramienta informática con el fin de simular la observación de redes de control dimensional, bien por técnicas clásicas o GNSS. El objetivo de dicha simulación es conocer, a priori, la precisión arrojada por una red en función de su geometría, de las características del instrumental empleado y la metodología de observación llevada a cabo. De este modo se pretende, basándose en estos datos, poder actuar convenientemente para optimizar en la mayor medida posible su diseño.

Mapping wide row crops with video sequences acquired from a tractor moving at treatment speed

This paper presents a mapping method for wide row crop fields. The resulting map shows the crop rows and weeds present in the inter-row spacing. Because field videos are acquired with a camera mounted on top of an agricultural vehicle, a method for image sequence stabilization was needed and consequently designed and developed. The proposed stabilization method uses the centers of some crop rows in the image sequence as features to be tracked, which compensates for the lateral movement (sway) of the camera and leaves the pitch unchanged. A region of interest is selected using the tracked features, and an inverse perspective technique transforms the selected region into a bird’s-eye view that is centered on the image and that enables map generation. The algorithm developed has been tested on several video sequences of different fields recorded at different times and under different lighting conditions, with good initial results. Indeed, lateral displacements of up to 66% of the inter-row spacing were suppressed through the stabilization process, and crop rows in the resulting maps appear straight

Real-time image processing for crop/weed discrimination in maize fields

This paper presents a computer vision system that successfully discriminates between weed patches and crop rows under uncontrolled lighting in real-time. The system consists of two independent subsystems, a fast image processing delivering results in real-time (Fast Image Processing, FIP), and a slower and more accurate processing (Robust Crop Row Detection, RCRD) that is used to correct the first subsystem's mistakes. This combination produces a system that achieves very good results under a wide variety of conditions. Tested on several maize videos taken of different fields and during different years, the system successfully detects an average of 95% of weeds and 80% of crops under different illumination, soil humidity and weed/crop growth conditions. Moreover, the system has been shown to produce acceptable results even under very difficult conditions, such as in the presence of dramatic sowing errors or abrupt camera movements. The computer vision system has been developed for integration into a treatment system because the ideal setup for any weed sprayer system would include a tool that could provide information on the weeds and crops present at each point in real-time, while the tractor mounting the spraying bar is moving

Desarrollo de una herramienta para la evaluación a priori de una red de control dimensional

Se ha desarrollado una herramienta informática con el fin de simular la observación de redes de control dimensional, bien por técnicas clásicas o GNSS. El objetivo de dicha simulación es conocer, a priori, la precisión arrojada por una red en función de su geometría, de las características del instrumental empleado y la metodología de observación llevada a cabo. De este modo se pretende, basándose en estos datos, poder actuar convenientemente para optimizar en la mayor medida posible su diseño.

Realización de la Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental de un proyecto de infraestructura aeroportuaria

Dentro del impacto para el medio ambiente que supone el transporte aéreo en general y las infraestructuras terrestres necesarias para su realización del mismo en particular, se trata la Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental de un proyecto de infraestructura aeroportuaria. Una vez ya localizado el elemento de estudio dentro del problema global, la pretensión de este PFC es de servir de guía básica para su realización siguiendo la legislación actual en España y el modus operandi de AENA. Para ello se incluye información sobre los procedimientos, documentos, contenidos, fuentes y metodología empleada en un caso general. En la parte final se pasa a la aplicación completamente práctica presentando la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental del Aeropuerto de Burgos.

Láminas plegadas de hormigón armado. Realizaciones en España

Las estructuras de hormigón conformadas mediante láminas plegadas, constituyeron una variante de las láminas o cáscaras en general que llegó a formar un cierto campo o apartado propio dentro de las anteriores. El ingeniero americano Kimberly (Waggle) Kramer se refirió a ellas como un auténtico movimiento surgido en un breve plazo de tiempo hacia finales de los 50, desarrollado en pocos años y prácticamente extinguido a comienzos de los 70. Efectivamente sus más interesantes realizaciones caen dentro de este estrecho periodo. No obstante, y pese a la conciencia de su importancia, muy pocos son los estudios o trabajos realizados hasta ahora sobre las estructuras y edificaciones notables realizadas mediante láminas plegadas. En esta ponencia concreta se propone abordar el caso español y analizar y comparar los ejemplos existentes más importantes en que se empleó este tipo de estructuras. Aunque no es fácil saber el número total de las realizadas en España, puede suponerse a partir de las que se tiene constancia por su publicación que no fueron en absoluto numerosas. Las más destacables constituyen un pequeño conjunto que en general ha pasado desapercibido y cuyo estudio comparado se propone en esta ponencia. Aparte de su singularidad dentro del panorama español de aquellos años, sería destacable también su variación, ya que casi cada una plantea un caso particular y una cierta tipología acorde con el problema planteado. En cuanto a sus autores, y aunque es cierto que no realizó ninguna de estas estructuras en nuestro país, es ineludible tomar como referencia las experiencias y recomendaciones pioneras de Candela, si bien en España tenemos también interesantes ejemplos de Eduardo y José Antonio Torroja y de arquitectos como Fisac, Vaquero Palacios o José Ramón Azpiazu. De este último en colaboración con Pedro Pinto y los ingenieros José Antonio Torroja, Florencio del Pozo y Rafael López Blanco sería precisamente la que es probablemente la más notable de las erigidas en nuestro país, la cubierta del canódromo madrileño erigida a comienzos de los años 60 y cuya singularidad dio motivo a interesantes estudios y ensayos según los más modernos métodos de la época. Este estudio se enmarca dentro de una investigación más amplia realizada por el autor sobre la historia reciente de este tipo de estructuras y que cuenta con resultados previos como la ponencia presentada al Segundo Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Construcción sobre las realizaciones en los Países Bajos.