Evolución de la longitud de zancada en la prueba de 60 metros vallas

La investigación científica acerca de la longitud de las zancadas en la prueba de vallas altas, tanto en pista cubierta como aire libre, se ha llevado a cabo mediante estudios en dos y tres dimensiones o empleando técnicas similares. Dichos estudios se han desarrollado bien sobre una o dos vallas o analizando el intervalo entre ellas. De este modo, existen referencias sobre la longitud de la zancada en el paso de la segunda valla [3], más frecuentemente sobre la tercera, cuarta o quinta valla [4] y, en ocasiones, analizando la octava o novena valla [2]. En cualquier caso, estos trabajos no han sido realizados sobre todos los deportistas que competían en la serie y, frecuentemente, se han llevado a cabo en condiciones de entrenamiento. Es por ello que el objetivo de la presente investigación fuese conocer cuáles eran los valores en competición a lo largo de toda la prueba en una amplia muestra de atletas, analizando la posible existencia de variaciones en la longitud de zancada entre las vallas.

Servicio de análisis biomecánico para corredores populares

En la actualidad uno de los deportes más practicados de forma no profesional es la carrera, y como se ha podido observar durante los últimos años una gran parte de los corredores suele sufrir lesiones en la parte inferior del cuerpo por lo menos una vez al año. El motivo de este trabajo es prestar un servicio a corredores populares con la intención de ayudarles y aconsejarles cómo prevenir dichas lesiones, para que puedan disfrutar de éste deporte con salud, para ello se les ha realizado un estudio del análisis de la pisada, hallando diferentes ángulos de pronosupinación y fuerzas de impacto. Este servicio se ha realizado durante los meses de marzo, abril y mayo. Y esperamos que sirva de punto de inflexión para que en un futuro, aumente este tipo de estudios y así conseguir más datos sobre los corredores y de esta manera mejorar la carrera y salud de los deportistas de este país.

Aproximación al diseño de un cuantificador de entrenamiento de fuerza

En el ámbito de la actividad física, cada vez es más común el uso de gadgets para cuantificar el entrenamiento que realizamos. De esta manera, el usuario dispone de datos de distancia, velocidad, calorías quemadas… lo que le supone un mayor conocimiento sobre la calidad del entrenamiento que ha realizado. Pero si nos fijamos en el mercado de este tipo de gadgets solo miden entrenamiento cardiovascular sin haber aún ninguno que cuantifique un entrenamiento de fuerza, el cual sería de gran utilidad debido a la cantidad de beneficios y resultados distintos que se pueden obtener según se modifiquen de una manera u otra las cargas de entrenamiento. Para este trabajo hemos realizado un estudio sobre la eficacia que presentan los acelerómetros a la hora de cuantificar los movimientos que se realizan en entrenamientos de fuerza con pesos libres. Para ello comparamos los datos obtenidos por el acelerómetro y el sistema de VICON de captura de movimiento para comprobar el margen de erros existente y hasta qué punto podría ser factible diseñar un gadget que mida el entrenamiento de fuerza basado en el uso de acelerómetros.

Análisis biomecánico zancada a zancada de la prueba "60 metros vallas" durante los campeonatos del mundo y de España de pista cubierta Valencia 2008

El principal objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue determinar las diferencias en distintas variables relacionadas con el rendimiento físico entre atletas de distinto nivel durante la prueba de los 60 metros vallas. Un total de 59 vallistas masculinos (los 31 participantes en el Campeonato del Mundo Absoluto de Pista Cubierta y los 28 participantes en el Campeonato de España Absoluto de Pista Cubierta, ambos celebrados en Valencia en el año 2008) formaron la muestra del estudio. El análisis biomecánico se realizó mediante un sistema fotogramétrico en dos dimensiones que permitió calcular, aplicando algoritmos basados en el procedimiento de la DLT (Abdel-Aziz y Karara, 1971), las coordenadas (x, y) de los sucesivos apoyos de los pies de los atletas sobre toda la superficie de competición. La filmación de las pruebas se llevó a cabo con seis cámaras de vídeo, ubicadas sobre la gradas, con una frecuencia de muestreo para el tratamiento de los datos de 50 Hz. En la fase de salida, los atletas de nivel superior mostraron una menor longitud (p<0,05) y tiempo de zancada (p<0,001), debido a un menor tiempo de vuelo (p<0,05). En la fase de vallas, los atletas de nivel más elevado presentaron mayores distancia de ataque a la valla (p<0,001), así como menores distancias de caída de la valla (p<0,001), tiempos de zancada (p<0,01-0,001) y de apoyo (p<0,01-0,001 ) en los cuatro pasos que conforman cada ciclo de vallas, así como un menor tiempo de vuelo en el paso de valla (p<0,001) y en el paso de transición (p<0,001). De manera adicional, se encontraron importantes diferencias en el reparto de los pasos entre vallas entre la primera y tercera valla y el resto de obstáculos. En la fase final, se observó una mayor longitud de zancada en los atletas de nivel superior (p<0,001), así como un menor tiempo de zancada (p<0,01) y de apoyo (p<0,01). Los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio de investigación avalan la utilización de la fotogrametría en dos dimensiones para el análisis biomecánico de la prueba de 60 metros vallas en competición. Su aplicación en competiciones del máximo nivel internacional ha posibilitado conocer las características de los vallistas a lo largo de toda la prueba y determinar posibles implicaciones de cara al proceso de entrenamiento. ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to determine the differences in different variables related to physical performance among athletes of different levels during the race of 60 meter hurdles. A total of 59 male hurdlers (the 31 participants in the World Indoor Championship and the 28 participants in the Spanish Indoor Championship, both held in Valencia in 2008) formed the sample of the study. The biomechanical analysis of athletes was performed using a two-dimensional photogrammetric system which enabled calculation, applying algorithms based on the DLT method (Abdel -Aziz y Karara , 1971), the coordinates (x , y) of the successive supports of the feet on the entire competition surface. Filming test was conducted with six video cameras, located on the bleachers, with a sampling frequency for data processing of 50 Hz. In the approach run phase, the top-level athletes showed a smaller length step (p<0.05), and shorter step time (p<0.001), due to a shorter step flight time (p<0.05). In the hurdle unit phase, the higher level athletes had greater take-off distances (p<0.001), shorter landing distances (p<0.001), smaller step times (p<0.01-0.001), and support times (p<0.01- 0.001) in the four steps that comprised each hurdle unit, and smaller flight times in the hurdle step (p < 0.001), and the recovery step (p<0.001). Additionally, differences in the distribution of hurdle unit steps between the first and third hurdle, and other hurdles were found. In the run-in phase, a greater step length in top-level athletes (p<0.001), and a shorter step time (p<0.01) and contact time (p<0.01) was observed. The results obtained in this study support the use of photogrammetry in two dimensions for biomechanical analysis in 60 meter hurdles competition events. Its application at the highest international level competitions has allowed to know the characteristics of the hurdlers over the entire race and identify possible implications for the training process.

Estrategia guiada por modelos para incluir aspectos de seguridad en sistemas empotrados basados en servicios web

En los sistemas distribuidos modernos, como la Internet o Web de las Cosas, la seguridad juega un papel preponderante. Debe prestarse especial atención a la consideración de estos aspectos en las primeras etapas de desarrollo. En este contexto, el desarrollo guiado por modelos de requisitos no funcionales (NF) presenta especial interés, ya que aborda dichas características NF en la etapa de diseño, cuando todavía se pueden realizar análisis, y aun hay margen para modificaciones antes de que estas sean muy costosas. El uso de estas metodologías guiadas por modelos ofrece beneficios tales como el aumento de la productividad, una mayor reutilización de los elementos de diseño, o una mejor mantenibilidad del sistema. Este artículo presenta una estrategia de desarrollo que permite integrar aspectos NF de seguridad (confidencialidad, integridad, y control de acceso) en los sistemas de software empotrado.

Utilización del compost de orujo de uva en el cultivo del melón en Castilla-La Mancha

En el año 2010 se comenzó en el Centro Agrario El Chaparrillo un proyecto de investigación en colaboración con la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, teniendo como objetivo principal evaluar el comportamiento como enmienda orgánica y fertilizante del compost de orujo, obtenido de las viñas castellano-manchegas de la zona de Socuéllamos, en un cultivo de melón. En este artículo de muestran los resultados.

Experience in spacecraft on-board software development

This paper describes some important aspects of high- integrity software development based on the authors' work. Current group research is oriented towards mixed- criticality partitioned systems, development tools, real- time kernels, and language features. The UPMSat-2 satellite software is being used as technology demonstra- tor and a case study for the assessment of the research results. The flight software that will run on the satellite is based on proven technology, such as GNAT/ORK+ and LEON3. There is an experimental version that is being built using a partitioned approach, aiming at assessing a toolset targeting partitioned multi-core em- bedded systems. The singularities of both approaches are discussed, as well as some of the tools that are being used for developing the software.

Higher levels of physical fitness are associated with a reduced risk of suffering sarcopenic obesity and better perceived health among elderly. The EXERNET multi-center study

Evaluar la asociación entre los niveles físicos de la aptitud, de calidad relacionada con la salud de la vida (CVRS) y la obesidad sarcopénica

Comparison of starts and turns of national and regional level swimmers by individualized-distance measurements

The aim of this study was to compare the race characteristics of the start and turn segments of national and regional level swimmers. In the study, 100 and 200-m events were analysed during the finals session of the Open Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) tournament. The “individualized-distance” method with two-dimensional direct linear transformation algorithm was used to perform race analyses. National level swimmers obtained faster velocities in all race segments and stroke comparisons,although significant inter-level differences in start velocity were only obtained in half (8 out of 16) of the analysed events. Higher level swimmers also travelled for longer start and turn distances but only in the race segments where the gain of speed was high. This was observed in the turn segments, in the backstroke and butterfly strokes and during the 200-m breaststroke event, but not in any of the freestyle events. Time improvements due to the appropriate extension of the underwater subsections appeared to be critical for the end race result and should be carefully evaluated by the “individualized-distance” method.

Effects of different swimming race constraints on turning movements

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different swimming race constraints on the evolution of turn parameters. One hundred and fifty-eight national and regional level 200-m (meters) male swimming performances were video-analyzed using the individualized-distance model in the Open Comunidad de Madrid tournament. Turn (p < .001, ES = 0.36) and underwater distances (p < .001, ES = 0.38) as well as turn velocity (p < .001, ES = 0.69) significantly dropped throughout the race, although stroke velocity and underwater velocity were maintained in the last lap of the race (p > .05). Higher expertise swimmers obtained faster average velocities and longer distances in all the turn phases (p < .001, ES = 0.59), except the approach distance. In addition, national level swimmers showed the ability to maintain most of the turn parameters throughout the race, which assisted them in improving average velocity at the end of races. Therefore, the variations in the turning movements of a swimming race were expertise-related and focused on optimizing average velocity. Turning skills should be included in the swimming race action plan.

Efficiency and environmental indexes to evaluate the sustainability of mineral and organic fertilization in an irrigated melon crop

Melon is traditionally cultivated in fertigated farmlands in the center of Spain with high inputs of water and N fertilizer. Excess N can have a negative impact, from the economic point of view, since it can diminish the production and quality of the fruit, from the environmental point of view, since it is a very mobile element in the soil and can contaminate groundwater. From health point of view, nitrate can be accumulated in fruit pulp, and, in addition, groundwater is the fundamental supply source of human populations. Best management practices are particularly necessary in this region as many zones have been declared vulnerable to NO3- pollution (Directive 91/676/CEE) During successive years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.) was grown under field conditions applying mineral and organic fertilizers under drip irrigation. Different doses of ammonium nitrate were used as well as compost derived from the wine-distillery industry which is relevant in this area. The present study reviews the most common N efficiency indexes under the different management options with a view to maximizing yield and minimizing N loss.

Yield, nutrient utilization and soil properties in a melon crop amended with wine-distillery waste

In Spain, large quantities of wine are produced every year (3,339,700 tonnes in 2011) (FAO, 2011) with the consequent waste generation. During the winemaking process, solid residues like grape stalks are generated, as well as grape marc and wine lees as by-products. According to the Council Regulation (EC) 1493/1999 on the common organization of the wine market, by-products coming from the winery industry must be sent to alcohol-distilleries to generate exhausted grape marc and vinasses. With an adequate composting treatment, these wastes can be applied to soils as a source of nutrients and organic matter. A three-year field experiment (2011, 2012 and 2013) was carried out in Ciudad Real (central Spain) to study the effects of wine-distillery waste compost application in a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.). Melon crop has been traditionally cultivated in this area with high inputs of water and fertilizers, but no antecedents of application of winery wastes are known. In a randomized complete block design, four treatments were compared: three compost doses consisted of 6.7 (D1), 13.3 (D2) and 20 t compost ha-1 (D3), and a control treatment without compost addition (D0). The soil was a shallow sandy-loam (Petrocalcic Palexeralfs) with a depth of 0.60 m and a discontinuous petrocalcic horizon between 0.60 and 0.70 m, slightly basic (pH 8.4), poor in organic matter (0.24%), rich in potassium (410 ppm) and with a medium level of phosphorus (22.1 ppm). During each growing period four harvests were carried out and total and marketable yield (fruits weighting <1 kg or visually rotten were not considered), fruit average weight and fruit number per plant were determined. At the end of the crop cycle, four plants per treatment were sampled and the nutrient content (N, P and K) was determined. Soil samplings (0-30 cm depth) were carried before the application of compost and at the end of each growing season and available N and P, as well as exchangeable K content were analyzed. With this information, an integrated analysis was carried out with the aim to evaluate the suitability of this compost as organic amendment.

A toolset for the development of mixed-criticality partitioned systems

The development of mixed-criticality virtualized multi-core systems poses new challenges that are being subject of active research work. There is an additional complexity: it is now required to identify a set of partitions, and allocate applications to partitions. In this job, a number of issues have to be considered, such as the criticality level of the application, security and dependability requirements, time requirements granularity, etc. MultiPARTES [11] toolset relies on Model Driven Engineering (MDE), which is a suitable approach in this setting, as it helps to bridge the gap between design issues and partitioning concerns. MDE is changing the way systems are developed nowadays, reducing development time. In general, modelling approaches have shown their benefits when applied to embedded systems. These benefits have been achieved by fostering reuse with an intensive use of abstractions, or automating the generation of boiler-plate code.

Diseño de una red de división / combinación de potencia de N-puertos sobre una octava en banda X mediante divisores Wilkinson multietapa y asimétricos implementados en tecnología Microstrip

Se muestra el proceso de diseño y medida de una red de división/combinación de potencia de gran ancho de banda (5 a 10 GHz) basado en divisores de potencia Wilkinson asimétricos y multi-sección. Se comparan las ventajas e inconvenientes de las distintas formas de conectar los divisores de potencia, proponiendo un diseño general que depende de la tecnología de fabricación que se disponga. Se detalla el proceso de diseño de los divisores de potencia del circuito, así como las estrategias a seguir para plasmar los parámetros del circuito en un modelo de simulación,mostrando los problemas que surgen y las soluciones que se tomaron. Finalmente se muestran las medidas el circuito fabricado, comparando su respuesta con la de la simulación.

Water and nitrogen footprint in an irrigated crop under mineral and organic fertilization

In order to establish rational nitrogen (N) application and reduce groundwater contamination, a clearer understanding of the N distribution through the growing season and its balance is crucial. Excessive doses of N and/or water applied to fertigated crops involve a substantial risk of aquifer contamination by nitrate; but knowledge of N cycling and availability within the soil could assist in avoiding this excess. In central Spain, the main horticultural fertigated crop is the melon type ?piel de sapo¿ and it is cultivated in vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution (Directive 91/676/CEE). However, until few years ago there were not antecedents related to the optimization of nitrogen fertilization together with irrigation. Water and N footprint are indicators that allow assessing the impact generated by different agricultural practices, so they can be used to improve the management strategies in fertigated crop systems. The water footprint distinguishes between blue water (sources of water applied to the crop, like irrigation and precipitation), green water (water used by the crop and stored in the soil), and it is furthermore possible to quantify the impact of pollution by calculating the grey water, which is defined as the volume of polluted water created from the growing and production of crops. On the other hand, the N footprint considers green N (nitrogen consumed by the crops and stored in the soil), blue N (N available for crop, like N applied with mineral and/or organic fertilizers, N applied with irrigation water and N mineralized during the crop period), whereas grey N is the amount of N-NO3- washed from the soil to the aquifer. All these components are expressed as the ratio between the components of water or N footprint and the yield (m3 t-1 or kg N t-1 respectively). The objetives of this work were to evaluate the impact derivated from the use of different fertilizer practices in a melon crop using water and N footprint.