New perspectives on quantitative textural analysis

Process mineralogy provides the mineralogical information required by geometallurgists to address the inherent variation of geological data. The successful benefitiation of ores mostly depends on the ability of mineral processing to be efficiently adapted to the ore characteristics, being liberation one of the most relevant mineralogical parameters. The liberation characteristics of ores are intimately related to mineral texture. Therefore, the characterization of liberation necessarily requieres the identification and quantification of those textural features with a major bearing on mineral liberation. From this point of view grain size, bonding between mineral grains and intergrowth types are considered as the most influential textural attributes. While the quantification of grain size is a usual output of automated current technologies, information about grain boundaries and intergrowth types is usually descriptive and difficult to quantify to be included in the geometallurgical model. Aiming at the systematic and quantitative analysis of the intergrowth type within mineral particles, a new methodology based on digital image analysis has been developed. In this work, the ability of this methodology to achieve a more complete characterization of liberation is explored by the analysis of chalcopyrite in the rougher concentrate of the Kansanshi copper-gold mine (Zambia). Results obtained show that the method provides valuable textural information to achieve a better understanding of mineral behaviour during concentration processes. The potential of this method is enhanced by the fact that it provides data unavailable by current technologies. This opens up new perspectives on the quantitative analysis of mineral processing performance based on textural attributes.

Analysis of road safety incentives in highway concessions in Spain

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) are mostly implemented for three reasons: to circumvent budgetary constraints, encourage efficiency and improvement of quality in the provision of public infrastructure. One of the ways of reaching the latter objective is by the introduction of performance-based standards tied to bonuses and penalties to reward or punish the performance of the contractor. These performance based standards often refer to different aspects such as technical, environmental and safety issues. This paper focuses on the implementation of safety based incentives in PPPs. The main aim of this paper is to analyze whether the incentives to improve road safety in PPPs are effective in improving safety ratios in Spain. To this end, negative binomial regression models have been applied using information from the Spanish high capacity network in 2006. The findings indicate that even though road safety is highly influenced by variables that are not much controllable by the contractor such as the Average Annual Daily Traffic and the percentage of heavy vehicles in the highway, the implementation of safety incentives in PPPs has a positive influence in the reduction of fatalities, injuries and accidents.

A comparative analysis of ABE Bachelor of Science programs in European and US Universities.

European Universities are involved in series of great changes regarding teaching and education organization during the last few years. The origin of these changes is the creation of the so-called European Higher Education Area (EHEA), which main target is to harmonize the different University studies throughout Europe. As a consequence, most of the programs of studies in all degrees are suffering changes in order to converge to common structures. Taking advantage of the actual process, some European universities are moving from traditional Agricultural Engineering programs to a more wide discipline named recently as Biosystems Engineering, which is a science- based engineering discipline that integrates engineering science and design with applied biological, environmental and agricultural sciences, broadening in this way the area of application of Engineering sciences not strictly to agricultural sciences, but to the biologic al sciences in general, including the agricultural sciences. This paper presents a comparative study of different Bachelor of Science degrees offered by American and European Universities in the field of Agricultural/Biosystems Engineering. To carry out the analysis 40 programs accredited by ABET in American Universities and 50 European programs. Among other questions, the total number of credits, the number of semesters, the kind of modules and the distribution of subjects in groups (Basic Sciences, Engineering Fundamentals, Agricultural/Biological Sciences, Humanities & Economic Sciences, Applied Agricultural/Biological Engineering and electives) are discussed in the paper. The information provided can be an useful starting point in future definitions of new or renewed degrees with the aim of advancing in internationalization of the programs and helping student’s mobility.

Design, development and construction of an outdoor testing facility for semi-transparent photovoltaic modules

Building-integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the most promising technologies enabling buildings to generate on-site part of their electricity needs while performing architectural functionalities. A clear example of BIPV products consists of semi-transparent photovoltaic modules (STPV), designed to replace the conventional glazing solutions in building façades. Accordingly, the active building envelope is required to perform multiple requirements such as provide solar shading to avoid overheating, supply solar gains and thermal insulation to reduce heat loads and improve daylight utilization. To date, various studies into STPV systems have focused on their energy performance based on existing simulation programs, or on the modelling, normally validated by limited experimental data, of the STPV modules thermal behaviour. Taking into account that very limited experimental research has been conducted on the energy performance of STPV elements and that the characterization in real operation conditions is necessary to promote an energetically efficient integration of this technology in the building envelope, an outdoor testing facility has been designed, developed and built at the Solar Energy Institute of the Technical University of Madrid. In this work, the methodology used in the definition of the testing facility, its capability and limitations are presented and discussed.

Obtención y Uso de Patrones para la Implementación de Funcionalidades de Usabilidad en Aplicaciones Web

La usabilidad es un atributo de calidad de un sistema software que llega a ser crítico en sistemas altamente interactivos. Desde el campo de la Interacción Persona-Ordenador se proponen recomendaciones que permiten alcanzar un nivel adecuado de usabilidad en un sistema. En la disciplina de la Ingeniería de Software se ha establecido que algunas de estas recomendaciones afectan a la funcionalidad principal de los sistemas y no solo a la interfaz de usuario. Este tipo de recomendaciones de usabilidad se deben tener en cuenta desde las primeras actividades y durante todo el proceso de desarrollo, así como se hace con atributos tales como la seguridad, la facilidad de mantenimiento o el rendimiento. Desde la Ingeniería de Software se han hecho estudios y propuestas para abordar la usabilidad en las primeras actividades del desarrollo. En particular en la educción de requisitos y diseño de la arquitectura. Estas propuestas son de un alto nivel de abstracción. En esta investigación se aborda la usabilidad en actividades avanzadas del proceso de desarrollo: el diseño detallado y la programación. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener, formalizar y validar soluciones reutilizables para la usabilidad en estas actividades. En este estudio se seleccionan tres funcionalidades de usabilidad identificadas como de alto impacto en el diseño: Abortar Operación, Retroalimentación de Progreso y Preferencias. Para la obtención de elementos reutilizables se utiliza un método inductivo. Se parte de la construcción de aplicaciones web particulares y se induce una solución general. Durante la construcción de las aplicaciones se mantiene la trazabilidad de los elementos relacionados con cada funcionalidad de usabilidad. Al finalizar se realiza un análisis de elementos comunes, y los hallazgos se formalizan como patrones de diseño orientados a la implementación y patrones de programación en cada uno de los lenguajes utilizados: PHP, VB .NET y Java. Las soluciones formalizadas como patrones se validan usando la metodología de estudio de casos. Desarrolladores independientes utilizan los patrones para la inclusión de las tres funcionalidades de usabilidad en dos nuevas aplicaciones web. Como resultado, los desarrolladores pueden usar con éxito las soluciones propuestas para dos de las funcionalidades: Abortar Operación y Preferencias. La funcionalidad Retroalimentación de Progreso no puede ser implementada completamente. Se concluye que es posible obtener elementos reutilizables para la implementación de cada funcionalidad de usabilidad. Estos elementos incluyen: escenarios de aplicación, que son la combinación de casuísticas que generan las funcionalidades de usabilidad, responsabilidades comunes necesarias para cubrir los escenarios, componentes comunes para cumplir con las responsabilidades, elementos de diseño asociados a los componentes y el código que implementa el diseño. Formalizar las soluciones como patrones resulta útil para comunicar los hallazgos a otros desarrolladores y los patrones se mejoran a través de su utilización en nuevos desarrollos. La implementación de funcionalidades de usabilidad presenta características que condicionan su reutilización, en particular, el nivel de acoplamiento de la funcionalidad de usabilidad con las funcionalidades de la aplicación, y la complejidad interna de la solución. ABSTRACT Usability is a critical quality attribute of highly interactive software systems. The humancomputer interaction field proposes recommendations for achieving an acceptable system usability level. The discipline of software engineering has established that some of these recommendations affect not only the user interface but also the core system functionality. This type of usability recommendations must be taken into account as of the early activities and throughout the software development process as in the case of attributes like security, ease of maintenance or performance. Software engineering has conducted studies and put forward proposals for tackling usability in the early development activities, particularly requirements elicitation and architecture design. These proposals have a high level of abstraction. This research addresses usability in later activities of the development process: detailed design and programming. The goal of this research is to discover, specify and validate reusable usability solutions for detailed design and programming. Abort Operation, Feedback and Preferences, three usability functionalities identified as having a high impact on design, are selected for the study. An inductive method, whereby a general solution is induced from particular web applications built for the purpose, is used to discover reusable elements. During the construction of the applications, the traceability of the elements related to each usability functionality is maintained. At the end of the process, the common and possibly reusable elements are analysed. The findings are specified as implementation-oriented design patterns and programming patterns for each of the languages used: PHP, VB .NET and Java. The solutions specified as patterns are validated using the case study methodology. Independent developers use the patterns in order to build the three usability functionalities into two new web applications. As a result, the developers successfully use the proposed solutions for two of the functionalities: Abort Operation and Preferences. The Progress Feedback functionality cannot be fully implemented. We conclude that it is possible to discover reusable elements for implementing each usability functionality. These elements include: application scenarios, which are combinations of cases that generate usability functionalities, common responsibilities to cover the scenarios, common components to fulfil the responsibilities, design elements associated with the components and code implementing the design. It is useful to specify solutions as patterns in order to communicate findings to other developers, and patterns improve through further use in other development projects. Reusability depends on the features of usability functionality implementation, particularly the level of coupling of the usability functionality with the application functionalities and the internal complexity of the solution.

Sistemas web con alta disponibilidad en cloud

Este trabajo contiene el estudio de las tecnologías que se están usando actualmente en web, tratando de explicar cuáles son sus principales componentes, su objetivo y funcionamiento. En base a un supuesto teórico de un montaje para un servicio web con un número muy alto de usuarios, y basándose en las tecnologías estudiadas, se propone un posible montaje completo de un sistema, que sería capaz de gestionar correctamente todas las peticiones, evitando fallos y tiempos de indisponibilidad. Se a~nade un análisis teórico de los costes deribados de la implantación del sistema, comparándolo con un sistema web convencional, y otro análisis con el funcionamiento de una caché y los benéficos, en carga, derivados de su uso.---ABSTRACT---This work contains a study about new web technologies. Its objective is to explain the web technologies componentes with their particular usage and performance. Based on a theorical postulation about a preparation of a web service with a large number of users, and working with the studied technologies, a complete system assembling is proposed. This system will be able to attend all the incoming requests, without failures nor downtimes. It is attached a theorical study of the derivative costs associated to the system implementation, compared to a traditional one. In addition, another study is included with the work ow of a cache and the benefits derived of its usage in work terms.

Optimización del método de ensayo del péndulo de fricción para la evaluación del riesgo de deslizamiento en pavimentos pulidos

El riesgo de caída por deslizamiento en los edificios es un riesgo muy importante ya que supone numerosas muertes, perdida de días laborales y secuelas, así como importantes costes económicos. Se trata de accidentes difíciles de predecir debido al número de factores que intervienen para que se produzcan, muchos de los cuales son difícilmente controlables, como el calzado del usuario o su comportamiento. Para evitar un resbalón es necesario que la fricción del conjunto pavimento/calzado/contaminante supere el coeficiente de fricción requerido para la estabilidad y que depende de la forma de caminar, la longitud del paso, etc. Por ello, es necesario medir la contribución del pavimento al riesgo de deslizamiento y limitarla adecuadamente. A lo largo de la historia reciente se han diseñado y desarrollado multitud de aparatos con la intención de medir esta contribución en la forma de coeficientes de fricción —dinámicos, estáticos, de transición— sin llegar a un acuerdo sobre cuál es el método más apropiado. La reglamentación española de edificación, que ha sufrido un importante cambio recientemente con la adopción de un nuevo código basado en prestaciones, ha sido innovadora en este campo introduciendo por primera vez una medida contrastable de la contribución del pavimento al riesgo de deslizamiento mediante el ensayo del péndulo de fricción en húmedo. Sin embargo, el desacuerdo a nivel europeo sobre un ensayo único y las limitaciones en las normas de ensayo existentes derivadas de esta falta de consenso, han sido la causa de que la solución aportada por el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE) se cimentara en normas que no contemplaban todas las modalidades de ensayo. Esto ha generado algunos problemas de aplicación que han afectado fundamentalmente a los pavimentos pulidos, que han visto prácticamente vetada su utilización en los edificios incluso en las zonas donde, por no existir presencia de agua, el riesgo es menor. El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar estos problemas de aplicación, ligados al ensayo del péndulo de fricción, y tratar de resolverlos optimizando el procedimiento de ensayo empleado, modificando sus condiciones, para representar de forma mucho más adecuada el riesgo que se pretende limitar. Para ello se ha estudiado de forma exhaustiva la literatura científica y las normas y reglamentaciones, tanto españolas como extranjeras. Se han detectado los posibles problemas que podría plantear la introducción del ensayo del péndulo de fricción en seco y se ha diseñado una campaña de ensayos, tanto de coeficiente de fricción con el péndulo, como de la rugosidad superficial, para confirmarlos o desecharlos. El análisis de los resultados de la campaña de ensayos ha permitido validar la modalidad de ensayo planteada y proponer una medida complementaria de la rugosidad superficial que resulte útil para facilitar la evaluación de este riesgo no poco importante. Los resultados de esta tesis han permitido desarrollar una modificación del CTE de próxima aparición y un documento de apoyo que ya la adelanta, y con ello, resolver el problema de aplicación del CTE a los pavimentos pulidos. ABSTRACT Slipping accidents in building environments are a serious problem involving numerous fatal accidents, loss of work days, incapacity and great costs. Prediction of such accidents is difficult due to the number of factors involved, many of which are not controllable, like footwear or users behavior. To prevent a slip the coefficient of friction provided by the combination floor-footwear-contaminant must be greater than the required coefficient of friction for stability, that depends on the step length and the walking speed among other factors. It is then necessary to measure the contribution of the floor to the slipping risk so it can be limited to an adequate extent. In the recent history many apparatuses have been developed in order to measure this contribution in the form of friction coefficients —dynamic, static or even transition COFs— but none of them seems to be internationally accepted as sufficiently valid. The Spanish Building Code, which has recently undergone a big change to a performance based code, has been innovative in this area, introducing for the first time a measurement of this contribution by means of the friction pendulum test. However, due to the European disagreement about an unique test for slip resistance, and to the limitations of the European standards derived from it, the Spanish Building Code relies on standards that do not take into account all possible methods. As a consequence, smooth floors have been seriously affected and cannot be installed in almost any place, not even in dry areas where the risk of slipping is much lower. The aim of this research is to analyze these problems associated with the pendulum test and resolve them proposing some changes to the test conditions in order to represent in a proper manner the real risk that is to be considered: the slip in dry conditions. Relevant scientific literature has been studied as well as Spanish and foreign codes and standards. Potential problems of the pendulum test in dry conditions have been detected and an experiment has been designed to confirm or discard them, testing both friction coefficient and surface roughness. The results of the experiment have permitted to validate the pendulum test in dry conditions and to suggest a complementary measurement of the surface roughness to help evaluate the slip resistance of a floor. These results have also permitted to develop an amendment to the building code that will appear soon. In the meanwhile it has been included in a support document issued by the administration to resolve this urgent problem.

Diseño arquitectónico y protección en caso de incendio: desarrollo normativo español en materia de evacuación en los siglos XIX y XX

Esta es la búsqueda de respuestas a esa duda constante: De dónde venimos y que hemos ido dejando por el camino. ¿Está todo claro en este recorrido o hemos actuado por acumulación de errores heredados de procesos anteriores? Es la investigación a través del descubrimiento de nuestro pasado, de nuestros orígenes en materia de seguridad de protección contra incendios, y sobre todo de ejecución de una arquitectura pensada para ser recorrida con mayor seguridad y ser evacuada en un tiempo razonable. El trabajo investiga, a nivel nacional, la evolución de la sociedad y sus efectos sobre la manera de interpretar el problema de la seguridad contra incendios en los edificios. El interés fundamentalmente es poner en claro todos aquellos aspectos que afectan a la evacuación de las personas. Para ello se han estudiado los principales hitos de actuación, las preocupaciones principales surgidas en cada momento y las soluciones adoptadas. Se ha comprobado su aplicación o su demora hasta que se ha producido el siguiente gran suceso que ha motivado una nueva revisión de los procedimientos de diseño y control. En primer lugar, tratando de relacionar los incendios fundamentales que han influido en nuestra forma de abordar el problema en distintos momentos de la historia de España. En segundo lugar, haciendo un recorrido sobre la figura del arquitecto y su participación en los medios de control y legislación sobre la manera de intervenir en el servicio de incendios o de resolver los edificios en materia de protección contra incendios o evacuación de sus ocupantes. En definitiva, descubriendo los escritos de algunos especialistas, fundamentales para entender nuestra manera de abordar el problema de la protección en los edificios, a lo largo de la historia. Se ha revisado como se han producido los siniestros más importantes en teatros y otros locales públicos .Analizando la forma en que los arquitectos implicados han tratado de resolver las posibles deficiencias ante el riesgo. Se trata de la tipología edificatoria donde, por primera vez, surge la preocupación por adoptar medidas y procedimientos de seguridad en caso de incendio. Resultan locales con una importante siniestralidad, donde se desarrolla la principal actividad lúdica del momento, y que por el importante número de personas que albergan, son fuente de preocupación entre el público y las autoridades. Otras cuestiones en un tema tan amplio, que quedan simplemente esbozadas en este trabajo de investigación, son los procedimientos de los sistemas de extinción, la estructura organizativa de la ciudad, las primeras sociedades de seguros de incendios, la aparición de patentes a partir del desarrollo industrial del siglo XIX. Todo ello, con el hilo conductor de la reglamentación que se ha ido elaborando al respecto. Al principio, sobre espectáculos públicos, acotando el punto de partida en la materia de nuestra reglamentación. Anticipando sistemas constructivos y datos dimensionales de la evacuación. Llegados a mediados del siglo XX, abordando otros usos. Haciendo seguimiento de la modernización de los procesos edificatorios y la reglamentación sectorial. Recabando información de las organizaciones profesionales que comienzan a reclamar una coordinación nacional de los sistemas preventivos y que desemboca en el Proyecto de Reglamento de prevención contra el fuego que nunca será publicado. Toda esta etapa, plagada de documentos de carácter voluntario u obligatorio, local y nacional, van definiendo los criterios dimensionales con los que debe resolverse los elementos arquitectónicos susceptibles de servir para la evacuación. Se trata de una etapa intensa en documentación, cambiante, sujeta a los criterios que establecen los países del entorno más avanzados en la materia. Las dos últimas décadas del siglo, acotadas por la transición política y varios siniestros de graves consecuencias, definen el proceso normativo que culmina con el código técnico de la edificación que hoy conocemos. Es un periodo de aprendizaje y asimilación del capítulo de la seguridad, donde los métodos son variados. Donde la intencionalidad última es trasladar un sistema prescriptivo a un modelo prestacional propio de la madurez en el análisis del tema y en las corrientes de los países del entorno. ABSTRACT This is the search for answers to that constant question: Where do we come from and what have left along the way? Has everything been clear on this journey, or have we acted as a result of a collection of errors learned from prior processes? This has been research through exploration of our past, of our origins regarding fire protection safety, and, above all, of the endeavour to utilize architecture aimed at offering the highest level of safety and evacuation in a reasonable time. This project has researched society’s change nationwide and its effects on how to interpret the difficulty of fire protection safety in buildings. Its focus has fundamentally been to clarify those aspects that affect the evacuation of people. To this end, the main milestones of action, the principal concerns that have arisen at each step, and the solutions taken have all been studied. A check was performed on their application; or their delay until a significant event occurred that prompted a new revision of design and control procedures. Firstly, this was done by attempting to connect the main fires that have influenced how we handle the problem at different times in Spain’s history. Secondly, an examination was done on the figure of the architect and his participation in the means of control and legislation on how to intercede in fire services, or how the architect finds solutions for buildings in terms of fire protection, or the evacuation of their occupants. In short, the written works of certain specialists, who are essential to our understanding of how to deal with the problem of protection in buildings, were explored throughout history. A study was done on the most significant disasters in theatres and other public establishments. This was done by analysing the way the architects involved have aimed to solve possible points liable to risk. It is a classification of building where, for the first time, the concern arose to adopt safety measures and procedures in the event of fires. Public establishments with considerable accident rates emerged. Here the main entertainment activities of the time took place. These spaces were a source of worry among the public and authorities due to the high number of persons they accommodated. Other issues in such an extensive subject, which are only outlined in this research study, are procedures in extinguishing systems, the organizational structure of cities, the first fire insurance companies, and the appearance of patents after the industrial development of the 19th century. All of these aspects are joined by the common thread of regulations that have been created in this matter. At the beginning, these regulations were for public shows, thus defining the starting point for our regulations. This was done in anticipation of structural systems and size data of evacuations. With the arrival of the mid-20th century, different uses were addressed. A modernization of construction processes and the industry regulations were tracked. Information was gathered from professional organizations that began to demand a national coordination of prevention systems which led to the Regulation Project on fire prevention which will never be published. Throughout this stage, replete with voluntary and compulsory documents, both on the local and national level, the dimensional criteria to be used in the resolution of architectural elements open to use in evacuation were defined. This was a period that was filled with documentation, change, and subject to the criteria that the most advanced countries in the field established in this regard. The final two decades of the century, marked by political transition and several accidents with grave consequences, defined the regulation process that culminated with the building technical code known today. This was a period of learning and understanding in the chapter of safety, where the methods are varied. In this chapter, the ultimate goal is to insert a prescriptive-based standard into a performance-based code suitable for cultivated experience in analysis of the subject and the tendencies in countries dealing with this field.

Impedance-based stability and transient-performance assessment applying maximum peak criteria

The impedance-based stability-assessment method has turned out to be a very effective tool and its usage is rapidly growing in different applications ranging from the conventional interconnected dc/dc systems to the grid-connected renewable energy systems. The results are sometime given as a certain forbidden region in the complex plane out of which the impedance ratio--known as minor-loop gain--shall stay for ensuring robust stability. This letter discusses the circle-like forbidden region occupying minimum area in the complex plane, defined by applying maximum peak criteria, which is well-known theory in control engineering. The investigation shows that the circle-like forbidden region will ensure robust stability only if the impedance-based minor-loop gain is determined at the very input or output of each subsystem within the interconnected system. Experimental evidence is provided based on a small-scale dc/dc distributed system.

Eigenstructure Assignment Based Controllers Applied to Flexible Spacecraft

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of a controller designed using a parametric Eigenstructure Assignment method and to evaluate its suitability for use in flexible spacecraft. The challenge of this objective lies in obtaining a suitable controller that is specifically designated to alleviate the deflections and vibrations suffered by external appendages in flexible spacecraft while performing attitude manoeuvres. One of the main problems in these vehicles is the mechanical cross-coupling that exists between the rigid and flexible parts of the spacecraft. Spacecraft with fine attitude pointing requirements need precise control of the mechanical coupling to avoid undesired attitude misalignment. In designing an attitude controller, it is necessary to consider the possible vibration of the solar panels and how it may influence the performance of the rest of the vehicle. The nonlinear mathematical model of a flexible spacecraft is considered a close approximation to the real system. During the process of controller evaluation, the design process has also been taken into account as a factor in assessing the robustness of the system.

Project-based learning experience on Data Structures course

This paper presents the innovations in the practical work of the Data Structures subject carried out in the last five years, including a transition period and a first year of implantation of the European Higher Education Area. The practical coursework is inspired by a project-based methodology and from 2008/2009 additional laboratory sessions are included in the subject schedule. We will present the academic results and ratios of the mentioned time period which imply a significant improvement on students' performance.

Performance Modeling of Fresnel-Based CPV Systems: Effects of Deformations under Real Operation Conditions

Getting a lower energy cost has always been a challenge for concentrated photovoltaic. The FK concentrator enhances the performance (efficiency, acceptance angle and manufacturing tolerances) of the conventional CPV system based on a Fresnel primary stage and a secondary lens, while keeping its simplicity and potentially low‐cost manufacturing. At the same time F‐XTP (Fresnel lens+reflective prism), at the first glance has better cost potential but significantly higher sensitivity to manufacturing errors. This work presents comparison of these two approaches applied to two main technologies of Fresnel lens production (PMMA and Silicone on Glass) and effect of standard deformations that occur under real operation conditions

An optimization method for conceptual design in engineering systems based on high order singular value decomposition

Se presenta un nuevo método de diseño conceptual en Ingeniería Aeronáutica basado el uso de modelos reducidos, también llamados modelos sustitutos (‘surrogates’). Los ingredientes de la función objetivo se calculan para cada indiviudo mediante la utilización de modelos sustitutos asociados a las distintas disciplinas técnicas que se construyen mediante definiciones de descomposición en valores singulares de alto orden (HOSVD) e interpolaciones unidimensionales. Estos modelos sustitutos se obtienen a partir de un número limitado de cálculos CFD. Los modelos sustitutos pueden combinarse, bien con un método de optimización global de tipo algoritmo genético, o con un método local de tipo gradiente. El método resultate es flexible a la par que mucho más eficiente, computacionalmente hablando, que los modelos convencionales basados en el cálculo directo de la función objetivo, especialmente si aparecen un gran número de parámetros de diseño y/o de modelado. El método se ilustra considerando una versión simplificada del diseño conceptual de un avión. Abstract An optimization method for conceptual design in Aeronautics is presented that is based on the use of surrogate models. The various ingredients in the target function are calculated for each individual using surrogates of the associated technical disciplines that are constructed via high order singular value decomposition and one dimensional interpolation. These surrogates result from a limited number of CFD calculated snapshots. The surrogates are combined with an optimization method, which can be either a global optimization method such as a genetic algorithm or a local optimization method, such as a gradient-like method. The resulting method is both flexible and much more computationally efficient than the conventional method based on direct calculation of the target function, especially if a large number of free design parameters and/or tunablemodeling parameters are present. The method is illustrated considering a simplified version of the conceptual design of an aircraft empennage.

Stability and Transient Performance Assessment in a COTS-Module-Based Distributed DC/DC System

This paper introduces a method to analyze and predict stability and transient performance of a distributed system where COTS (Commercial-off-the-shelf) modules share an input filter. The presented procedure is based on the measured data from the input and output terminals of the power modules. The required information for the analysis is obtained by performing frequency response measurements for each converter. This attained data is utilized to compute special transfer functions, which partly determine the source and load interactions within the converters. The system level dynamic description is constructed based on the measured and computed transfer functions introducing cross-coupling mechanisms within the system. System stability can be studied based on the well-known impedance- related minor-loop gain at an arbitrary interface within the system.

Dimensional synthesis of a spherical parallel manipulator based on the evaluation of global performance indexes

In this work, the dimensional synthesis of a spherical Parallel Manipulator (PM) with a -1S kinematic chain is presented. The goal of the synthesis is to find a set of parameters that defines the PM with the best performance in terms of workspace capabilities, dexterity and isotropy. The PM is parametrized in terms of a reference element, and a non-directed search of these parameters is carried out. First, the inverse kinematics and instantaneous kinematics of the mechanism are presented. The latter is found using the screw theory formulation. An algorithm that explores a bounded set of parameters and determines the corresponding value of global indexes is presented. The concepts of a novel global performance index and a compound index are introduced. Simulation results are shown and discussed. The best PMs found in terms of each performance index evaluated are locally analyzed in terms of its workspace and local dexterity. The relationship between the performance of the PM and its parameters is discussed, and a prototype with the best performance in terms of the compound index is presented and analyzed.