Diseño, construcción y control de un robot doméstico para asistencia y entrenamiento de la movilidad

Esta tesis presenta el diseño conceptual, el análisis y la planificación de movimientos de un robot de asistencia domestica. El objetivo de este robot es ayudar a personas con problemas de movilidad, las cuales les impiden tener una vida independiente. Se realiza una investigación para identificar las principales necesidades de ayuda técnica y una revisión del estado del arte de robots de asistencia y rehabilitación. Esta información es empleada durante el proceso del diseño conceptual para establecer los objetivos del diseño identificar y las soluciones previamente propuestas. Posteriormente, se presenta la propuesta de un robot asistente para la marcha y el levantado de la posición de sentado, cuyo diseño permite al usuario realizar sus actividades de la vida diaria. Para evaluar diversos aspectos del concepto se desarrollo un prototipo a escala. Este prototipo fue útil para establecer la arquitectura de control del robot y probar el principio de funcionamiento de diversos elementos del concepto. Se propone la manera de controlar la ejecución de tareas y de navegación del robot, se simula y se analiza a través de las redes de Petri, se implementa y se prueba en el prototipo a escala. Se desarrollo el modelado dinámico y cinemático del robot. Se propone una relación entre la cinemática del movimiento de levantado normal de una persona y la cinemática del robot para generar las trayectorias a ejecutar por los actuadores. Mediante una herramienta de simulación se realizo un estudio de las fuerzas internas que se llevan a cabo en el usuario y en el robot durante la tarea de levantado. En este punto, se analizo la capacidad del robot para minimizar la fuerza que se ejerce en las articulaciones en la persona.

Improving web learning through model optimization using bootstrap for a tour-guide robot

We perform a review of Web Mining techniques and we describe a Bootstrap Statistics methodology applied to pattern model classifier optimization and verification for Supervised Learning for Tour-Guide Robot knowledge repository management. It is virtually impossible to test thoroughly Web Page Classifiers and many other Internet Applications with pure empirical data, due to the need for human intervention to generate training sets and test sets. We propose using the computer-based Bootstrap paradigm to design a test environment where they are checked with better reliability.

Development of a novel autonomous robot for navigation and inspect in oil wells

This paper proposes a novel robotic system that is able to move along the outside of the oil pipelines used in Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) and Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) applications. This novel design, called RETOV, proposes a light weight structure robot that can be equipped with sensors to measure environmental variables avoiding damage in pumps and wells. In this paper, the main considerations and methodology of design and implementation are discussed. Finally, the first experimental results that show RETOV moving in vertical pipelines are analyzed.

Non invasive moisture measurement in agricultural fiel using a rolling spherical robot

Irrigation management in large crop fields is a very important practice. Since the farm management costs and the crop results are directly connected with the environmental moisture, water control optimization is a critical factor for agricultural practices, as well as for the planet sustainability. Usually, the crop humidity is measured through the water stress index (WSI), using imagery acquired from satellites or airplanes. Nevertheless, these tools have a significant cost, lack from availability, and dependability from the weather. Other alternative is to recover to ground tools, such as ground vehicles and even static base stations. However, they have an outstanding impact in the farming process, since they can damage the cultivation and require more human effort. As a possible solution to these issues, a rolling ground robot have been designed and developed, enabling non-invasive measurements within crop fields. This paper addresses the spherical robot system applied to intra-crop moisture measurements. Furthermore, some experiments were carried out in an early stage corn field in order to build a geo-referenced WSI map.

ARGoS: a modular, multi-engine simulator for heterogeneous swarm robotics

We present ARGoS, a novel open source multi-robot simulator. The main design focus of ARGoS is the real-time simulation of large heterogeneous swarms of robots. Existing robot simulators obtain scalability by imposing limitations on their extensibility and on the accuracy of the robot models. By contrast, in ARGoS we pursue a deeply modular approach that allows the user both to easily add custom features and to allocate computational resources where needed by the experiment. A unique feature of ARGoS is the possibility to use multiple physics engines of different types and to assign them to different parts of the environment. Robots can migrate from one engine to another transparently. This feature enables entirely novel classes of optimizations to improve scalability and paves the way for a new approach to parallelism in robotics simulation. Results show that ARGoS can simulate about 10,000 simple wheeled robots 40% faster than real-time.

Adaptive control system based on lineal control theory for the path-following problem of a car-like mobile robot

The objective of this paper is to design a path following control system for a car-like mobile robot using classical linear control techniques, so that it adapts on-line to varying conditions during the trajectory following task. The main advantages of the proposed control structure is that well known linear control theory can be applied in calculating the PID controllers to full control requirements, while at the same time it is exible to be applied in non-linear changing conditions of the path following task. For this purpose the Frenet frame kinematic model of the robot is linearised at a varying working point that is calculated as a function of the actual velocity, the path curvature and kinematic parameters of the robot, yielding a transfer function that varies during the trajectory. The proposed controller is formed by a combination of an adaptive PID and a feed-forward controller, which varies accordingly with the working conditions and compensates the non-linearity of the system. The good features and exibility of the proposed control structure have been demonstrated through realistic simulations that include both kinematics and dynamics of the car-like robot.

Decentralized multi-tasks distribution in heterogeneous robot teams by means of ant colony optimization and learning automata

This paper focuses on the general problem of coordinating multiple robots. More specifically, it addresses the self-election of heterogeneous specialized tasks by autonomous robots. In this paper we focus on a specifically distributed or decentralized approach as we are particularly interested on decentralized solution where the robots themselves autonomously and in an individual manner, are responsible of selecting a particular task so that all the existing tasks are optimally distributed and executed. In this regard, we have established an experimental scenario to solve the corresponding multi-tasks distribution problem and we propose a solution using two different approaches by applying Ant Colony Optimization-based deterministic algorithms as well as Learning Automata-based probabilistic algorithms. We have evaluated the robustness of the algorithm, perturbing the number of pending loads to simulate the robot’s error in estimating the real number of pending tasks and also the dynamic generation of loads through time. The paper ends with a critical discussion of experimental results.

Application of self-organizing techniques for the distribution of heterogeneous multi-tasks in multi-robot systems

This paper focuses on the general problem of coordinating of multi-robot systems, more specifically, it addresses the self-election of heterogeneous and specialized tasks by autonomous robots. In this regard, it has proposed experimenting with two different techniques based chiefly on selforganization and emergence biologically inspired, by applying response threshold models as well as ant colony optimization. Under this approach it can speak of multi-tasks selection instead of multi-tasks allocation, that means, as the agents or robots select the tasks instead of being assigned a task by a central controller. The key element in these algorithms is the estimation of the stimuli and the adaptive update of the thresholds. This means that each robot performs this estimate locally depending on the load or the number of pending tasks to be performed. It has evaluated the robustness of the algorithms, perturbing the number of pending loads to simulate the robot’s error in estimating the real number of pending tasks and also the dynamic generation of loads through time. The paper ends with a critical discussion of experimental results.

Response threshold models and stochastic learning automata for self-coordination of heterogeneous multi-task distribution in multi-robot systems.

This paper focuses on the general problem of coordinating multiple robots. More specifically, it addresses the self-selection of heterogeneous specialized tasks by autonomous robots. In this paper we focus on a specifically distributed or decentralized approach as we are particularly interested in a decentralized solution where the robots themselves autonomously and in an individual manner, are responsible for selecting a particular task so that all the existing tasks are optimally distributed and executed. In this regard, we have established an experimental scenario to solve the corresponding multi-task distribution problem and we propose a solution using two different approaches by applying Response Threshold Models as well as Learning Automata-based probabilistic algorithms. We have evaluated the robustness of the algorithms, perturbing the number of pending loads to simulate the robot’s error in estimating the real number of pending tasks and also the dynamic generation of loads through time. The paper ends with a critical discussion of experimental results.

VladBot. Robot para posicionamiento de medida

VladBot es un robot autónomo diseñado para posicionar en interiores un micrófono de medida. Este prototipo puede valorar la idea de automatizar medidas acústicas en interiores mediante un robot autónomo. Posee dos ruedas motrices y una rueda loca. Ésta rueda loca aporta maniobrabilidad al robot. Un soporte extensible hecho de aluminio sostiene el micrófono de medida. VladBot ha sido diseñado con tecnologías de bajo coste y bajo una plataforma abierta, Arduino. Arduino es una plataforma electrónica libre. Esto quiere decir que los usuarios tienen libre acceso a toda la información referente a los micro-controladores (hardware) y referente al software. Ofrece un IDE (Integrated Development Environment, en español, Entorno de Desarrollo Integrado) de forma gratuita y con un sencillo lenguaje de programación, con el que se pueden realizar proyectos de cualquier tipo. Además, los usuarios disponen de un foro donde encontrar ayuda, “Arduino Forum”. VladBot se comunica con el usuario a través de Bluetooth, creando un enlace fiable y con un alcance suficiente (aproximadamente 100 metros) para que controlar a VladBot desde una sala contigua. Hoy en día, Bluetooth es una tecnología implantada en casi todos los ordenadores, por lo que no necesario ningún sistema adicional para crear dicho enlace. Esta comunicación utiliza un protocolo de comunicaciones, JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). JSON hace que la comunicación sea más fiable, ya que sólo un tipo de mensajes preestablecidos son reconocidos. Gracias a este protocolo es posible la comunicación con otro software, permitiendo crear itinerarios en otro programa externo. El diseño de VladBot favorece su evolución hasta un sistema más preciso ya que el usuario puede realizar modificaciones en el robot. El código que se proporciona puede ser modificado, aumentando las funcionalidades de VladBot o mejorándolas. Sus componentes pueden ser cambiados también (incluso añadir nuevos dispositivos) para aumentar sus capacidades. Vladbot es por tanto, un sistema de transporte (de bajo coste) para un micrófono de medida que se puede comunicar inalámbricamente con el usuario de manera fiable. ABSTRACT. VladBot is an autonomous robot designed to indoor positioning of a measurement microphone. This prototype can value the idea of making automatic acoustic measurements indoor with an autonomous robot. It has two drive wheels and a caster ball. This caster ball provides manoeuvrability to the robot. An extendible stand made in aluminium holds the measurement microphone. VladBot has been designed with low cost technologies and under an open-source platform, Arduino. Arduino is a freeFsource electronics platform. This means that users have free access to all the information about micro-controllers (hardware) and about the software. Arduino offers a free IDE (Integrated Development Environment) with an easy programming language, which any kind of project can be made with. Besides, users have a forum where find help, “Arduino Forum”. VladBot communicates with the user by Bluetooth, creating a reliable link with enough range (100 meters approximately) for controlling VladBot in the next room. Nowadays, Bluetooth is a technology embedded in almost laptops, so it is not necessary any additional system for create this link. This communication uses a communication protocol, JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). JSON makes the communication more reliable, since only a preFestablished kind of messages are recognised. Thanks to this protocol is possible the communication with another software, allowing to create routes in an external program. VladBot´s design favours its evolution to an accurate system since the user can make modifications in the robot. The code given can be changed, increasing VladBot´s uses or improving these uses. Their components can be changed too (even new devices can be added) for increasing its abilities. So, VladBot is a (low cost) transport system for a measurement microphone, which can communicate with the user in a reliable way.

An Inexpensive Method for Kinematic Calibration of a Parallel Robot by Using One Hand-Held Camera as Main Sensor

This paper presents a novel method for the calibration of a parallel robot, which allows a more accurate configuration instead of a configuration based on nominal parameters. It is used, as the main sensor with one camera installed in the robot hand that determines the relative position of the robot with respect to a spherical object fixed in the working area of the robot. The positions of the end effector are related to the incremental positions of resolvers of the robot motors. A kinematic model of the robot is used to find a new group of parameters, which minimizes errors in the kinematic equations. Additionally, properties of the spherical object and intrinsic camera parameters are utilized to model the projection of the object in the image and thereby improve spatial measurements. Finally, several working tests, static and tracking tests are executed in order to verify how the robotic system behaviour improves by using calibrated parameters against nominal parameters. In order to emphasize that, this proposed new method uses neither external nor expensive sensor. That is why new robots are useful in teaching and research activities.

Diseño e implementación de robot prototipo para la inspección de tuberías en pozos petroleros (bombas de cavidad progresiva y bombas electro sumergibles)

En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de un robot basado en la estructura tensegrity con el fin de realizar tareas de inspección y mantenimiento en tuberías petroleras. Debido a la naturaleza de la aplicación, el robot debe ser capaz de desplazarse verticalmente por el exterior de una dicha tubería. Este tipo de estructura mecánica se caracteriza por su bajo peso y su alta capacidad de adaptación a los diferentes diámetros. La aplicación requiere que el dispositivo desarrollado se desplace a alta velocidad por las tuberías utilizadas en la extracción del petróleo. Cabe destacar que en dichas instalaciones se cuenta con Bombas Electro Sumergibles (BES) y Bombas de Cavidad Progresiva (BCP), ambas muy sensibles a las condiciones adversas del entorno. Consecuentemente se prevé que el robot incorpore una red de sensores específicos para medir aquellas variables que puedan interferir en el funcionamiento normal de las bombas. En este artículo se describen detalladamente las hipótesis de diseño realizadas y la metodología utilizada para el desarrollo del primer prototipo. Finalmente se presentan los resultados obtenidos de dicho desarrollo a través de los cuales se ha podido validar la potencialidad de la aplicación.

Force sensor of a climbing robot derived from its own flexible structure

One of the most important design constraints of a climbing robot is its own weight. When links or legs are used as a locomotion system they tend to be composed of special lightweight materials, or four-bars-linkage mechanisms are designed to reduce the weight with small rigidity looses. In these cases, flexibility appears and undesirable effects, such as dynamics vibrations, must be avoided at least when the robot moves at low speeds. The knowledge of the real tip position requires the computation of its compliance or stiffness matrix and the external forces applied to the structure. Gravitational forces can be estimated, but external tip forces need to be measured. This paper proposes a strain gauge system which achieves the following tasks: (i) measurement of the external tip forces, and (ii) estimation of the real tip position (including flexibility effects). The main advantages of the proposed system are: (a) the use of external force sensors is avoided, and (b) a substantial reduction of the robot weight is achieved in comparison with other external force measurement systems. The proposed method is applied to a real symmetric climbing robot and experimental results are presented.

Robust control of underactuated wheeled mobile manipulators using GPI disturbance observers

This article describes the design of a linear observer–linear controller-based robust output feedback scheme for output reference trajectory tracking tasks in the case of nonlinear, multivariable, nonholonomic underactuated mobile manipulators. The proposed linear feedback scheme is based on the use of a classical linear feedback controller and suitably extended, high-gain, linear Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) observers, thus aiding the linear feedback controllers to provide an accurate simultaneous estimation of each flat output associated phase variables and of the exogenous and perturbation inputs. This information is used in the proposed feedback controller in (a) approximate, yet close, cancelations, as lumped unstructured time-varying terms, of the influence of the highly coupled nonlinearities, and (b) the devising of proper linear output feedback control laws based on the approximate estimates of the string of phase variables associated with the flat outputs simultaneously provided by the disturbance observers. Simulations reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Decision-Making Mechanism to Organize the Agenda of a Guide-Robot

One of the major challenges in evolutionary robotics is constituted by the need of the robot being able to make decisions on its own, in accordance with the multiple tasks programmed, optimizing its timings and power. In this paper, we present a new automatic decision making mechanism for a robot guide that allows the robot to make the best choice in order to reach its aims, performing its tasks in an optimal way. The election of which is the best alternative is based on a series of criteria and restrictions of the tasks to perform. The software developed in the project has been verified on the tour-guide robot Urbano. The most important aspect of this proposal is that the design uses learning as the means to optimize the quality in the decision making. The modeling of the quality index of the best choice to perform is made using fuzzy logic and it represents the beliefs of the robot, which continue to evolve in order to match the "external reality”. This fuzzy system is used to select the most appropriate set of tasks to perform during the day. With this tool, the tour guide-robot prepares its agenda daily, which satisfies the objectives and restrictions, and it identifies the best task to perform at each moment. This work is part of the ARABOT project of the Intelligent Control Research Group at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to create "awareness" in a robot guide.