Dynamic response of hydro power plants to load variations for providing secondary regulation reserves considering elastic water column effects

In this paper, the dynamic response of a hydro power plant for providing secondary regulation reserve is studied in detail. S pecial emphasis is given to the elastic water column effects both in the penstock and the tailrace tunnel. For this purpose, a nonline ar model based on the analogy between mass and momentum conservation equations of a water conduit and those of wave propagation in transmission lines is used. The influence of the plant configuration and design parameters on the fulfilment of the Spanish Electrical System Operator requirem ents is analysed.

Using clustering techniques for intelligent camera-based user interfaces

The area of Human-Machine Interface is growing fast due to its high importance in all technological systems. The basic idea behind designing human-machine interfaces is to enrich the communication with the technology in a natural and easy way. Gesture interfaces are a good example of transparent interfaces. Such interfaces must identify properly the action the user wants to perform, so the proper gesture recognition is of the highest importance. However, most of the systems based on gesture recognition use complex methods requiring high-resource devices. In this work, we propose to model gestures capturing their temporal properties, which significantly reduce storage requirements, and use clustering techniques, namely self-organizing maps and unsupervised genetic algorithm, for their classification. We further propose to train a certain number of algorithms with different parameters and combine their decision using majority voting in order to decrease the false positive rate. The main advantage of the approach is its simplicity, which enables the implementation using devices with limited resources, and therefore low cost. The testing results demonstrate its high potential.

Detecting unknown attacks in wireless sensor networks that contain mobile nodes

As wireless sensor networks are usually deployed in unattended areas, security policies cannot be updated in a timely fashion upon identification of new attacks. This gives enough time for attackers to cause significant damage. Thus, it is of great importance to provide protection from unknown attacks. However, existing solutions are mostly concentrated on known attacks. On the other hand, mobility can make the sensor network more resilient to failures, reactive to events, and able to support disparate missions with a common set of sensors, yet the problem of security becomes more complicated. In order to address the issue of security in networks with mobile nodes, we propose a machine learning solution for anomaly detection along with the feature extraction process that tries to detect temporal and spatial inconsistencies in the sequences of sensed values and the routing paths used to forward these values to the base station. We also propose a special way to treat mobile nodes, which is the main novelty of this work. The data produced in the presence of an attacker are treated as outliers, and detected using clustering techniques. These techniques are further coupled with a reputation system, in this way isolating compromised nodes in timely fashion. The proposal exhibits good performances at detecting and confining previously unseen attacks, including the cases when mobile nodes are compromised.

Ubiquitous green computing techniques for high demand applications in smart environments

Ubiquitous sensor network deployments, such as the ones found in Smart cities and Ambient intelligence applications, require constantly increasing high computational demands in order to process data and offer services to users. The nature of these applications imply the usage of data centers. Research has paid much attention to the energy consumption of the sensor nodes in WSNs infrastructures. However, supercomputing facilities are the ones presenting a higher economic and environmental impact due to their very high power consumption. The latter problem, however, has been disregarded in the field of smart environment services. This paper proposes an energy-minimization workload assignment technique, based on heterogeneity and application-awareness, that redistributes low-demand computational tasks from high-performance facilities to idle nodes with low and medium resources in the WSN infrastructure. These non-optimal allocation policies reduce the energy consumed by the whole infrastructure and the total execution time.

GreenDisc: a HW/SW energy optimization framework in globally distributed computation

In recent future, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will experience a broad high-scale deployment (millions of nodes in the national area) with multiple information sources per node, and with very specific requirements for signal processing. In parallel, the broad range deployment of WSNs facilitates the definition and execution of ambitious studies, with a large input data set and high computational complexity. These computation resources, very often heterogeneous and driven on-demand, can only be satisfied by high-performance Data Centers (DCs). The high economical and environmental impact of the energy consumption in DCs requires aggressive energy optimization policies. These policies have been already detected but not successfully proposed. In this context, this paper shows the following on-going research lines and obtained results. In the field of WSNs: energy optimization in the processing nodes from different abstraction levels, including reconfigurable application specific architectures, efficient customization of the memory hierarchy, energy-aware management of the wireless interface, and design automation for signal processing applications. In the field of DCs: energy-optimal workload assignment policies in heterogeneous DCs, resource management policies with energy consciousness, and efficient cooling mechanisms that will cooperate in the minimization of the electricity bill of the DCs that process the data provided by the WSNs.

Leveraging heterogeneity for energy minimization in data centers

Energy consumption in data centers is nowadays a critical objective because of its dramatic environmental and economic impact. Over the last years, several approaches have been proposed to tackle the energy/cost optimization problem, but most of them have failed on providing an analytical model to target both the static and dynamic optimization domains for complex heterogeneous data centers. This paper proposes and solves an optimization problem for the energy-driven configuration of a heterogeneous data center. It also advances in the proposition of a new mechanism for task allocation and distribution of workload. The combination of both approaches outperforms previous published results in the field of energy minimization in heterogeneous data centers and scopes a promising area of research.

GreenDisc: a HW/SW energy optimization framework in globally distributed computation

In recent future, wireless sensor networks ({WSNs}) will experience a broad high-scale deployment (millions of nodes in the national area) with multiple information sources per node, and with very specific requirements for signal processing. In parallel, the broad range deployment of {WSNs} facilitates the definition and execution of ambitious studies, with a large input data set and high computational complexity. These computation resources, very often heterogeneous and driven on-demand, can only be satisfied by high-performance Data Centers ({DCs}). The high economical and environmental impact of the energy consumption in {DCs} requires aggressive energy optimization policies. These policies have been already detected but not successfully proposed. In this context, this paper shows the following on-going research lines and obtained results. In the field of {WSNs}: energy optimization in the processing nodes from different abstraction levels, including reconfigurable application specific architectures, efficient customization of the memory hierarchy, energy-aware management of the wireless interface, and design automation for signal processing applications. In the field of {DCs}: energy-optimal workload assignment policies in heterogeneous {DCs}, resource management policies with energy consciousness, and efficient cooling mechanisms that will cooperate in the minimization of the electricity bill of the DCs that process the data provided by the WSNs.

Dimensionamiento de cimentaciones profundas mediante pilotes : Aplicación a la autovia noroeste de Murcia

Este proyecto tiene por objetivo la realización de un análisis comparativo de la normativa española existente para el cálculo de la carga de hundimiento de cimentaciones mediante pilotes, viendo el contenido de cada una de ellas y aplicándolo a un caso práctico. Inicialmente se realiza un planteamiento general del modo de cálculo de la carga de hundimiento de los pilotes desde el punto de vista estático. A continuación se recoge la formulación existente en el Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE), en las Recomendaciones para Obras Marítimas y Portuarios (ROM 05-05) y en la Guía de Cimentaciones en Obras de Carretera (GCOC) viendo de donde se extraen las fórmulas empleadas en ellas. Para pasar a realizar un análisis comparativo de ellas con la ayuda de distintos gráficos y viendo la relación que presentan unos códigos con otros tanto para suelos granulares como cohesivos y pilotes hincados y excavados, que es lo que distinguen los tres códigos generalmente. Por último, se realiza un análisis comparativo de los resultados obtenidos para la cimentación de tres viaductos de la autovía Noroeste de Murcia realizando un análisis económico de esta cimentación. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is to develop a comparative analysis of the actual Spanish regulations for the calculation of sinking’s load of foundation design based on timber piles, observing the contents of each and every one of them an applying it to a real and practical situation. To begin with, a general proposal is made from calculation the sinking load of the timber piles from the static point of view. Next, the actual formulation is gathering in “Código Técnico de la Edificación” (CTE), “Recomendaciones para Obras Marítimas y Portuarias” and “Guía de Cimentaciones en Obras de Carretera”, observing where the applied formulas are calculated from. Thereupon, a coparativeanalysis of them is carry out with the help of different graphics and facing the connections from some codes to anothers, not only for granular but for cohesive surface, and for drilling and digging out piles, that’s what generally distinguishes among for three codes. Finally, a comparative analysis of obtained results is carry out for the foundation of the three viaducts of Murcia’s NorthWest motorway, accomplishing economical analysis of this foundation.

The use of wind pumps for greenhouse microirrigation: A case study for tomato in Cuba

A methodology based on daily estimation balance between water needs and water availability was used to evaluate the feasibility of the most economic windmill irrigation system. For this purpose, several factors were included: three-hourly wind velocity (W3 h, m/s), flow supplied by the wind pump as a function of the elevation height (H, m) and daily greenhouse evapotranspiration as a function of crop planting date. Monthly volumes of water required for irrigation (Dr, m3/ha) and in the water tank (Vd, m3), as well as the monthly irrigable area (Ar, ha), were estimated by cumulative deficit water budgeting taking in account these factors.

Evaluación de las librerías disponibles para la definición de gestos y uso de los mismos para ser usados en U.I. con Kinect

La rápida evolución de tecnologías que mejoran la interacción con los ordenadores ha cambiado la forma de pensar de la sociedad actual. Una de las últimas alternativas se centra en el reconocimiento facial y de gestos, el cual ha dado muy buenos resultados, acercando ordenadores y humanos. El objetivo de este proyecto era desarrollar un prototipo que permita el reconocimiento de gestos mediante el dispositivo Kinect, el cual usa una de las tecnologías mencionadas anteriormente. Para la realización de este prototipo, fue necesario el estudio del funcionamiento de Kinect. Una vez realizado, el siguiente paso consistió en la búsqueda de librerías que facilitaran el reconocimiento de gestos, para compararlas y finalmente escoger una de ellas. Al ser una tecnología reciente, no existen demasiadas aplicaciones que utilicen Kinect y por lo tanto, la búsqueda de la librería era una parte fundamental del proyecto. Tras elegir la librería, se analizaron las características que debía tener el prototipo para realizar el diseño del mismo. Este diseño se realizó de forma iterativa y con numerosos cambios para otorgar al prototipo la mayor abstracción posible y una mayor orientación a objetos, para de esta manera, favorecer los posibles cambios que sean necesarios al ser una tecnología nueva y muy cambiante. Finalmente, el paso final fue la implementación del prototipo bajo el diseño propuesto, consiguiendo un prototipo funcional capaz de reconocer, almacenar, mostrar y definir diferentes gestos. Los resultados ofrecidos por Kinect son muy satisfactorios, con una gran precisión y eficiencia, demostrando el potencial de las nuevas tecnologías de interacción sin contacto, cuyo único defecto se encuentra en ser una tecnología poco madura y en evolución. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The fast development of technologies that enhance interaction with computers has changed the mindset of the society. One of the latest alternatives focuses on face and gesture recognition, which has been very successful, bringing closer computers and humans. The purpose of this project was to develop a gesture recognition prototype with the Kinect device, which uses one of the technologies mentioned above. For the realization of this prototype, it was necessary to study how Kinect works. Once done, the next step was to search for libraries to facilitate the gesture recognition, to compare them and finally choose one of them. Because it is a recent technology, there are not many applications that use Kinect and therefore, the library search was an essential part of the project. After selecting the library, the characteristics that the prototype should have were analyzed for the design. This design was performed iteratively with numerous changes to give the prototype abstraction and object orientation, because as a new technology, it changes fast. Therefore, with this design it would be easier to deal with possible changes. Finally, the final step was the implementation of the prototype under the proposed design, getting a functional prototype able to recognize, store, display and define different gestures. The results offered by Kinect are very satisfactory, with high accuracy and efficiency, demonstrating the potential of the new interaction technologies without contact, whose only fault is to be a little mature technology and evolving.

Electronic structure of copper nitrides as a function of nitrogen content

he nitrogen content dependence of the electronic properties for copper nitride thin films with an atomic percentage of nitrogen ranging from 26 ± 2 to 33 ± 2 have been studied by means of optical (spectroscopic ellipsometry), thermoelectric (Seebeck), and electrical resistivity measurements. The optical spectra are consistent with direct optical transitions corresponding to the stoichiometric semiconductor Cu3N plus a free-carrier contribution, essentially independent of temperature, which can be tuned in accordance with the N-excess. Deviation of the N content from stoichiometry drives to significant decreases from − 5 to − 50 μV/K in the Seebeck coefficient and to large enhancements, from 10− 3 up to 10 Ω cm, in the electrical resistivity. Band structure and density of states calculations have been carried out on the basis of the density functional theory to account for the experimental results.

Towards the automatic generation of card games through Grammar-Guided Genetic Programming

We demonstrate generating complete and playable card games using evolutionary algorithms. Card games are represented in a previously devised card game description language, a context-free grammar. The syntax of this language allows us to use grammar-guided genetic programming. Candidate card games are evaluated through a cascading evaluation function, a multi-step process where games with undesired properties are progressively weeded out. Three representa- tive examples of generated games are analysed. We observed that these games are reasonably balanced and have skill ele- ments, they are not yet entertaining for human players. The particular shortcomings of the examples are discussed in re- gard to the generative process to be able to generate quality games

A card Game Description Language

We present initial research regarding a system capable of generating novel card games. We furthermore propose a method for com- putationally analysing existing games of the same genre. Ultimately, we present a formalisation of card game rules, and a context-free grammar G cardgame capable of expressing the rules of a large variety of card games. Example derivations are given for the poker variant Texashold?em , Blackjack and UNO. Stochastic simulations are used both to verify the implementation of these well-known games, and to evaluate the results of new game rules derived from the grammar. In future work, this grammar will be used to evolve completely novel card games using a grammar- guided genetic program.

Bio-inspired enhancement of reputation systems for intelligent environments

Providing security to the emerging field of ambient intelligence will be difficult if we rely only on existing techniques, given their dynamic and heterogeneous nature. Moreover, security demands of these systems are expected to grow, as many applications will require accurate context modeling. In this work we propose an enhancement to the reputation systems traditionally deployed for securing these systems. Different anomaly detectors are combined using the immunological paradigm to optimize reputation system performance in response to evolving security requirements. As an example, the experiments show how a combination of detectors based on unsupervised techniques (self-organizing maps and genetic algorithms) can help to significantly reduce the global response time of the reputation system. The proposed solution offers many benefits: scalability, fast response to adversarial activities, ability to detect unknown attacks, high adaptability, and high ability in detecting and confining attacks. For these reasons, we believe that our solution is capable of coping with the dynamism of ambient intelligence systems and the growing requirements of security demands.

Detecting false testimonies in reputation systems using self-organizing maps

It has been demonstrated that rating trust and reputation of individual nodes is an effective approach in distributed environments in order to improve security, support decision-making and promote node collaboration. Nevertheless, these systems are vulnerable to deliberate false or unfair testimonies. In one scenario, the attackers collude to give negative feedback on the victim in order to lower or destroy its reputation. This attack is known as bad mouthing attack. In another scenario, a number of entities agree to give positive feedback on an entity (often with adversarial intentions). This attack is known as ballot stuffing. Both attack types can significantly deteriorate the performances of the network. The existing solutions for coping with these attacks are mainly concentrated on prevention techniques. In this work, we propose a solution that detects and isolates the abovementioned attackers, impeding them in this way to further spread their malicious activity. The approach is based on detecting outliers using clustering, in this case self-organizing maps. An important advantage of this approach is that we have no restrictions on training data, and thus there is no need for any data pre-processing. Testing results demonstrate the capability of the approach in detecting both bad mouthing and ballot stuffing attack in various scenarios.