Estación depuradora de aguas residuales de Montánchez

Este proyecto tiene por objeto definir las diferentes obras e instalaciones necesarias para poder realizar, de acuerdo con la normativa vigente, el tratamiento de la totalidad de las aguas residuales producidas en el casco urbano del municipio de Montánchez, con una previsión de vida útil de 25 años. El proyecto tratará las alternativas de las instalaciones necesarias, valorándolas y llegando a la elección óptima para tratar las aguas residuales del conjunto del municipio, de tal manera que alcancen objetivos de calidad de las aguas necesarios. Las obras que se consideran incluidas en la construcción de la E.D.A.R. son las siguientes: •Bombeo de las aguas residuales a tratar, desde el emisario a la planta de nueva construcción. •Toma de entrada de las aguas residuales a la estación de tratamiento. •Instalaciones de tratamiento de las aguas residuales (E.D.A.R.) •Restitución al Arroyo de la Moraleja del efluente tratado. •Instalaciones de energía eléctrica, agua potable y telefonía necesarias para el funcionamiento correcto de la estación. •Acondicionamiento del camino de acceso. Así mismo se pretende la consecución en todo momento de unos requisitos mínimos de calidad, costes y funcionalidad que se pueden resumir en: •Buena relación coste/calidad. •Introducción de nuevas técnicas ya experimentadas con resultados óptimos. •Establecimiento de equilibrio entre los costes de primera inversión y los de mantenimiento. •Facilitar la explotación y mantenimiento de la instalación. •Reducción de costes de mantenimiento. •Aspecto estético de la instalación agradable.

Parque eólico offshore "Alcalá de Xivert"

El objeto de este proyecto es definir suficientemente las características técnicas y de funcionamiento del parque eólico de generación de energía eléctrica, en Alcala de Xivert, con una potencia total a instalar de 18 MW (5 aerogeneradores de 3600 KW de potencia unitaria) que Iberdrola eólica tiene intención de instalar y explotar, a fin de abastecer la nueva sobredemanda eléctrica de la zona debido a la creación de nuevas urbanizaciones e instalaciones para promover el turismo en la zona. Dicho proyecto será extremadamente respetuoso con el entorno, cumpliendo en todo momento con la Declaración de Impacto Ambiental concedida por la Consejeria de Medio Ambiente de la Generalitat Valenciana y realizandose las actuaciones minimas necesarias para llevar a buen termino la construccion y posterior explotacion del parque, y siempre en coordinacion con las distintas Consejerias y Organismos interesados por la ejecucion del presente proyecto. El parque eolico estara situado en las proximidades del nucleo urbano Alcocebre proximo a la urbanizacion las Fuentes. El acceso a la zona de obras se realizara por la N-340 y despues por la Carretela de las fuentes que desemboca en la zona de costa mas proxima a la zona. Los aerogeneradores se situaran a 4 km en de la costa en una misma linea paralela a esta y separados 750 metros entre torres.

Análisis de la situación energética en España

Para poder entender la situación actual y los cambios que son necesarios realizar para aumentar el ahorro energético es imprescindible conocer la relación española con la energía y la tendencia de consumos energéticos, así como su posible adecuación y cumplimiento con los objetivos y compromisos adquiridos con las distintas directivas europeas. El grado de autoabastecimiento energético de España es pequeño aunque muestra una tendencia positiva debido al distinto desarrollo de los planes energéticos. El sector de la edificación es el tercer consumidor de energía representando un 30% del consumo total del país, y el consumo residencial representa el 9,78% de este mismo consumo. Con estos datos podemos constatar la importancia de ahorro energético en el sector de la construcción residencial, con dos caminos bien diferenciados y coordinados por distintas normativas, como son la nueva edificación y la rehabilitación de las ya existentes. Aunque sea difícil el cumplir los objetivos de la Directiva 2009/28/CE un buen desarrollo normativo y adecuación de las edificaciones existentes harán que la tendencia y los indicadores del cumplimiento, sean favorables y esperanzadores para el futuro.

Accelerated life test of high luminosity AlGaInP LEDs

Specific tests to assess reliability of high luminosity AlInGaP LED for outdoor applications are needed. In this paper tests to propose a model involving three parameters: temperature, humidity and current have been carried out. Temperature, humidity and current accelerated model has been proposed to evaluate the reliability of this type of LED. Degradation and catastrophic failure mechanisms have been analyzed. Finally we analyze the effect of serial resistance in power luminosity degradation.

Smoothing of PV power fluctuations by geographical dispersion

The quality and the reliability of the power generated by large grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plants are negatively affected by the source characteristic variability. This paper deals with the smoothing of power fluctuations because of geographical dispersion of PV systems. The fluctuation frequency and the maximum fluctuation registered at a PV plant ensemble are analyzed to study these effects. We propose an empirical expression to compare the fluctuation attenuation because of both the size and the number of PV plants grouped. The convolution of single PV plants frequency distribution functions has turned out to be a successful tool to statistically describe the behavior of an ensemble of PV plants and determine their maximum output fluctuation. Our work is based on experimental 1-s data collected throughout 2009 from seven PV plants, 20 MWp in total, separated between 6 and 360 km.

STC power for 15MW of PV comparing nameplate, initial power and power after 4 years

To date, the majority of quality controls performed at PV plants are based on the measurement of a small sample of individual modules. Consequently, there is very little representative data on the real Standard Test Conditions (STC) power output values for PV generators. This paper presents the power output values for more than 1300 PV generators having a total installed power capacity of almost 15.3 MW. The values were obtained by the INGEPER-UPNA group, in collaboration with the IES-UPM, through a study to monitor the power output of a number of PV plants from 2006 to 2009. This work has made it possible to determine, amongst other things, the power dispersion that can be expected amongst generators made by different manufacturers, amongst generators made by the same manufacturer but comprising modules of different nameplate ratings and also amongst generators formed by modules with the same characteristics. The work also analyses the STC power output evolution over time in the course of this 4-year study. The values presented here could be considered to be representative of generators with fault-free modules.

Reliability of a 13000-SHS photovoltaic rural electrification programme

In this paper, a reliability analysis of a photovoltaic rural electrification (PVRE) programme is proposed considering the failures in the 13 000 installed Solar Home System (SHS) devices occurring over a long operating period of 5 years. A previous arrangement of the database and a brief explanation of the reliability concepts will serve to introduce the failure distribution of every component, from which the SHS lifetime operating features will be described. An application example will show the usefulness of the obtained results in the forecasting of spare parts during the maintenance period. The conclusions of this study may be useful in the scientific design of PVRE programme maintenance structures, with the goal of shedding some light on the technical management mechanisms in decentralised rural electrification.

Aprovechamiento geotérmico de alta entalpía

El objetivo de este proyecto es el de establecer el conjunto de actuaciones necesarias para desarrollar un aprovechamiento geotérmico de alta entalpía que contribuya a mejorar el suministro de energía eléctrica en su entorno. El estudio realizado, recogido y detallado en los correspondientes anejos, describe las obras y equipamientos necesarios para la construcción de la central geotérmica de alta entalpía. Asimismo, se analiza y describe el sistema de producción de energía eléctrica empleado en el aprovechamiento geotérmico en cuestión. Esta memoria sintetiza la información de estos anejos. Primero empieza con un análisis del área donde se pretende ubicar el proyecto para conocer el estado de la demanda energética. Luego se centra en el recurso geotérmico y en su explotación en base a la normativa vigente de aplicación en cada caso y las ventajas que supone el uso de este recurso frente a otras alternativas.

Dynamic response of hydro power plants to load variations for providing secondary regulation reserves considering elastic water column effects

In this paper, the dynamic response of a hydro power plant for providing secondary regulation reserve is studied in detail. S pecial emphasis is given to the elastic water column effects both in the penstock and the tailrace tunnel. For this purpose, a nonline ar model based on the analogy between mass and momentum conservation equations of a water conduit and those of wave propagation in transmission lines is used. The influence of the plant configuration and design parameters on the fulfilment of the Spanish Electrical System Operator requirem ents is analysed.

Fukushima: el plan de estabilización y control de la central

Se describen de forma panorámica los pasos e hitos principales que comprende el plan de estabilización y recuperación de la central de Fukushima-Daiichi, con los logros alcanzados hasta conseguir una refrigeración estable y llegar a la parada fría de los reactores, mantener la refrigeración de las piscinas, detener prácticamente por completo de las descargas radiactivas, gestionar y reutilizar cantidades enormes de agua contaminada, limpiar el emplazamiento y aislar la unidad 1. También se presentan sucintamente las etapas previstas posteriormente hasta llegar al desmantelamiento de la central, pasando por la extracción del combustible de las piscinas, y en una fase posterior mucho más delicada, del material fundido de los núcleos de los reactores y el resto de materiales y residuos altamente radiactivos.

Ubiquitous green computing techniques for high demand applications in smart environments

Ubiquitous sensor network deployments, such as the ones found in Smart cities and Ambient intelligence applications, require constantly increasing high computational demands in order to process data and offer services to users. The nature of these applications imply the usage of data centers. Research has paid much attention to the energy consumption of the sensor nodes in WSNs infrastructures. However, supercomputing facilities are the ones presenting a higher economic and environmental impact due to their very high power consumption. The latter problem, however, has been disregarded in the field of smart environment services. This paper proposes an energy-minimization workload assignment technique, based on heterogeneity and application-awareness, that redistributes low-demand computational tasks from high-performance facilities to idle nodes with low and medium resources in the WSN infrastructure. These non-optimal allocation policies reduce the energy consumed by the whole infrastructure and the total execution time.

GreenDisc: a HW/SW energy optimization framework in globally distributed computation

In recent future, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) will experience a broad high-scale deployment (millions of nodes in the national area) with multiple information sources per node, and with very specific requirements for signal processing. In parallel, the broad range deployment of WSNs facilitates the definition and execution of ambitious studies, with a large input data set and high computational complexity. These computation resources, very often heterogeneous and driven on-demand, can only be satisfied by high-performance Data Centers (DCs). The high economical and environmental impact of the energy consumption in DCs requires aggressive energy optimization policies. These policies have been already detected but not successfully proposed. In this context, this paper shows the following on-going research lines and obtained results. In the field of WSNs: energy optimization in the processing nodes from different abstraction levels, including reconfigurable application specific architectures, efficient customization of the memory hierarchy, energy-aware management of the wireless interface, and design automation for signal processing applications. In the field of DCs: energy-optimal workload assignment policies in heterogeneous DCs, resource management policies with energy consciousness, and efficient cooling mechanisms that will cooperate in the minimization of the electricity bill of the DCs that process the data provided by the WSNs.

Neural network controller for active demand side management with PV energy in the residential sector

In this paper, we describe the development of a control system for Demand-Side Management in the residential sector with Distributed Generation. The electrical system under study incorporates local PV energy generation, an electricity storage system, connection to the grid and a home automation system. The distributed control system is composed of two modules: a scheduler and a coordinator, both implemented with neural networks. The control system enhances the local energy performance, scheduling the tasks demanded by the user and maximizing the use of local generation.

Simulation of AC, DC, and AC-DC coupled mini-grids. In search of the most efficient system

Renewable energy hybrid systems and mini-grids for electrification of rural areas are known to be reliable and more cost efficient than grid extension or only-diesel based systems. However, there is still some uncertainty in some areas, for example, which is the most efficient way of coupling hybrid systems: AC, DC or AC-DC? With the use of Matlab/Simulink a mini-grid that connects a school, a small hospital and an ecotourism hostel has been modelled. This same mini grid has been coupled in the different possible ways and the system’s efficiency has been studied. In addition, while keeping the consumption constant, the generation sources and the consumption profile have been modified and the effect on the efficiency under each configuration has also been analysed. Finally different weather profiles have been introduced and, again, the effect on the efficiency of each system has been observed.

Analysis of the impact of charging of PHEV and EV in Spain

This paper studies the effect of different penetration rates of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EV) in the Spanish electrical system. A stochastic model for the average trip evaluation and for the arriving and departure times is used to determine the availability of the vehicles for charging. A novel advanced charging algorithm is proposed, which avoids any communication among all agents. Its performance is determined through different charging scenarios.