[The treatment of arterial hypertension in elderly men in Iceland].

The choice of antihypertensive therapy in elderly Icelanders is unknown. In the database of the Icelandic Heart Association 1145 men, aged 70-84 were alive in 1994. Eight hundred thirty-four came to the Heart Association Clinic, 429 of whom either had hypertension or were found to be hypertensive on examination. The prevalence of hypertension in elderly Icelandic men was therefore about 50%. One hundred fifty-seven men took drugs for hypertension. Ninety-five of them were treated with a single drug, 49 with two drugs and five with three drugs. The type of drugs was unknown concerning eight men. Diuretics and ß-blockers were dominant. Although the comparison between those two classes of drugs was uncontrolled the blood pressure was significantly lower in systole on diuretics. The most common combination was ß-blockers and diuretics, then angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics, finally ß-blockers and calcium blockers. It is suggested that the use of diuretics should be increased in this age group.

Fetal programming and epigenetic mechanisms in arterial hypertension.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide an overview of available evidence of the potential role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of hypertension and vascular dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS Arterial hypertension is a highly heritable condition. Surprisingly, however, genetic variants only explain a tiny fraction of the phenotypic variation and the term 'missing heritability' has been coined to describe this phenomenon. Recent evidence suggests that phenotypic alteration that is unrelated to changes in DNA sequence (thereby escaping detection by classic genetic methodology) offers a potential explanation. Here, we present some basic information on epigenetics and review recent work consistent with the hypothesis of epigenetically induced arterial hypertension. SUMMARY New technologies that enable the rigorous assessment of epigenetic changes and their phenotypic consequences may provide the basis for explaining the missing heritability of arterial hypertension and offer new possibilities for treatment and/or prevention.

Prevention of vascular dysfunction and arterial hypertension in mice generated by assisted reproductive technologies by addition of melatonin to culture media.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) induce vascular dysfunction in humans and mice. In mice, ART-induced vascular dysfunction is related to epigenetic alteration of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene, resulting in decreased vascular eNOS expression and nitrite/nitrate synthesis. Melatonin is involved in epigenetic regulation, and its administration to sterile women improves the success rate of ART. We hypothesized that addition of melatonin to culture media may prevent ART-induced epigenetic and cardiovascular alterations in mice. We, therefore, assessed mesenteric-artery responses to acetylcholine and arterial blood pressure, together with DNA methylation of the eNOS gene promoter in vascular tissue and nitric oxide plasma concentration in 12-wk-old ART mice generated with and without addition of melatonin to culture media and in control mice. As expected, acetylcholine-induced mesenteric-artery dilation was impaired (P = 0.008 vs. control) and mean arterial blood pressure increased (109.5 ± 3.8 vs. 104.0 ± 4.7 mmHg, P = 0.002, ART vs. control) in ART compared with control mice. These alterations were associated with altered DNA methylation of the eNOS gene promoter (P < 0.001 vs. control) and decreased plasma nitric oxide concentration (10.1 ± 11.1 vs. 29.5 ± 8.0 μM) (P < 0.001 ART vs. control). Addition of melatonin (10(-6) M) to culture media prevented eNOS dysmethylation (P = 0.005, vs. ART + vehicle), normalized nitric oxide plasma concentration (23.1 ± 14.6 μM, P = 0.002 vs. ART + vehicle) and mesentery-artery responsiveness to acetylcholine (P < 0.008 vs. ART + vehicle), and prevented arterial hypertension (104.6 ± 3.4 mmHg, P < 0.003 vs. ART + vehicle). These findings provide proof of principle that modification of culture media prevents ART-induced vascular dysfunction. We speculate that this approach will also allow preventing ART-induced premature atherosclerosis in humans.

Arterial hypertension in children

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although arterial hypertension is less common in children than in adults, there is growing concern about elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents not only because of the association of elevated values with the overweight epidemic, but also as cardiovascular functions are determined in childhood and track into adulthood. The purpose of the review is to discuss new aspects of childhood hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Guidelines advocate determining BP in children as part of routine health maintenance. This recommendation was recently subject to review by the US Preventive Services Task Force. It was concluded that evidence is insufficient to assess the benefits of this screening. In our opinion, however, assessing BP is part of any thorough physical examination.Sophisticated approaches demonstrate the role of sympathetic nervous system overdrive in the field of sympathetic cardiovascular modulation of childhood arterial hypertension. SUMMARY Elevated BP in children is increasing in frequency and is now recognized as having relevant short-term and long-term consequences. Although efforts to address the childhood overweight epidemic may eventually reduce the number of young patients with hypertension, improved therapies for childhood hypertension also offer the potential for preventing or ameliorating early cardiovascular disease.

Patient-based Literature Retrieval and Integration: A Use Case for Diabetes and arterial Hypertension

Specialized search engines such as PubMed, MedScape or Cochrane have increased dramatically the visibility of biomedical scientific results. These web-based tools allow physicians to access scientific papers instantly. However, this decisive improvement had not a proportional impact in clinical practice due to the lack of advanced search methods. Even queries highly specified for a concrete pathology frequently retrieve too many information, with publications related to patients treated by the physician beyond the scope of the results examined. In this work we present a new method to improve scientific article search using patient information. Two pathologies have been used within the project to retrieve relevant literature to patient data and to be integrated with other sources. Promising results suggest the suitability of the approach, highlighting publications dealing with patient features and facilitating literature search to physicians.

Inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2 by reactive oxygen species contributes to the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Aims: Pulmonary arterial hypertension [1] is a proliferative disorder associated with enhanced proliferation and suppressed apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in the development of PAH and regulates the vascular tone and functions. However, which cellular signaling mechanisms are triggered by ROS in PAH is still unknown. Hence, here we wished to characterize the signaling mechanisms triggered by ROS. Methods and Results: By Western blots, we showed that increased intracellular ROS caused inhibition of the glycolytic pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activity through promoting the phosphorylation of PKM2. Monocrotaline (MCT)-induced rats developed severe PAH and right ventricular hypertrophy, with a significant increase in the P-PKM2 and decrease in pyruvate kinase activity which could be attenuated with the treatments of PKM2 activators, FBP and l-serine. The antioxidant NAC, apocynin and MnTBAP had the similar protective effects in the development of PAH. In vitro assays confirmed that inhibition of PKM2 activity could modulate the flux of glycolytic intermediates in support of cell proliferation through the increased pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Increased ROS and decreased PKM2 activity also promoted the Cav1.2 expression and intracellular calcium. Conclusion: Our data provide new evidence that PKM2 makes a critical regulatory contribution to the PAHs for the first time. Decreased pyruvate kinase M2 activity confers additional advantages to rat PASMCs by allowing them to sustain anti-oxidant responses and thereby support cell survival in PAH. It may become a novel treatment strategy in PAH by using of PKM2 activators.

Localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects and arterial hypertension:insights into pathophysiology and perhaps an eye for detail?

Retinal microcirculatory changes are useful markers in patients suffering from hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Conversely, localized retinal nerve fiber layer defects (RNFLDs) are less frequently explored in association with hypertension.

Safety and tolerability considerations in the use of sildenafil for children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Sildenafil is a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in adults. Data from pediatric trials demonstrate a similar acute safety profile to the adult population but have raised concerns regarding the safety of long-term use in children. Interpretation of these trials remains controversial with major regulatory agencies differing in their recommendations - the US Food and Drug Administration recommends against the use of sildenafil for treatment of PAH in children, while the European Medicines Agency supports its use at "low doses". Here, we review the available pediatric data regarding dosing, acute, and long-term safety and efficacy of sildenafil for the treatment of PAH in children.

The role of non-coding RNA in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease of the small pulmonary arteries, characterised by pulmonary vascular remodelling due to excessive proliferation and resistance to apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The increased pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated pulmonary artery pressures result in right heart failure and premature death. Germline mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-2 (bmpr2) gene, a receptor of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, account for approximately 75%-80% of the cases of heritable form of PAH (HPAH) and 20% of sporadic cases or idiopathic PAH (IPAH). IPAH patients without known bmpr2 mutations show reduced expression of BMPR2. However only ~ 20% of bmpr2-mutation carriers will develop the disease, due to an incomplete penetrance, thus the need for a ‘second hit’ including other genetic and/or environmental factors is accepted. Diagnosis of PAH occurs most frequently when patients have reached an advanced stage of disease. Although modern PAH therapies can markedly improve a patient’s symptoms and slow the rate of clinical deterioration, the mortality rate from PAH remains unacceptably high. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is required for the treatment of this multifaceted disease. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) include microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). MiRNAs are ~ 22 nucleotide long and act as negative regulators of gene ex-pression via degradation or translational inhibition of their target mRNAs. Previous studies showed extensive evidence for the role of miRNAs in the development of PAH. LncRNAs are transcribed RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length. Similar to classical mRNA, lncRNAs are translated by RNA polymerase II and are generally alternatively spliced and polyadenylated. LncRNAs are highly versatile and function to regulate gene expression by diverse mechanisms. Unlike miRNAs, which exhibit well-defined actions in negatively regulating gene expression via the 3’-UTR of mRNAs, lncRNAs play more diverse and unpredictable regulatory roles. Although a number of lncRNAs have been intensively investigated in the cancer field, studies of the role of lncRNAs in vascular diseases such as PAH are still at a very early stage. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of specific ncRNAs in the development of PAH using experimental animal models and cell culture. The first ncRNA we focused on was miR-143, which is up-regulated in the lung and right ventricle tissues of various animal models of PH, as well as in the lungs and PASMCs of PAH patients. We show that genetic ablation of miR-143 is protective against the development of chronic hypoxia induced PH in mice, assessed via measurement of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and pulmonary vascular remodelling. We further report that knockdown of miR-143-3p in WT mice via anti-miR-143-3p administration prior to exposure of mice to chronic hypoxia significantly decreases certain indices of PH (RVSP) although no significant changes in RVH and pulmo-nary vascular remodelling were observed. However, a reversal study using antimiR-143-3p treatment to modulate miR-143-3p demonstrated a protective effect on RVSP, RVH, and muscularisation of pulmonary arteries in the mouse chronic hypoxia induced PH model. In vitro experiments showed that miR-143-3p overexpression promotes PASMC migration and inhibits PASMC apoptosis, while knockdown miR-143-3p elicits the opposite effect, with no effects observed on cellular proliferation. Interestingly, miR-143-3p-enriched exosomes derived from PASMCs mediated cell-to-cell communication between PASMCs and PAECs, contributing to the pro-migratory and pro-angiogenic phenotype of PAECs that underlies the pathogenesis of PAH. Previous work has shown that miR-145-5p expression is upregulated in the chronic hypoxia induced mouse model of PH, as well as in PAH patients. Genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition (subcutaneous injection) of miR-145-5p exert a protective against the de-velopment of PAH. In order to explore the potential for alternative, more lung targeted delivery strategies, miR-145-5p expression was inhibited in WT mice using intranasal-delivered antimiR-145-5p both prior to and post exposure to chronic hypoxia. The decreased expression of miR-145-5p in lung showed no beneficial effect on the development of PH compared with control antimiRNA treated mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Thus, miR-143-3p modulated both cellular and exosome-mediated responses in pulmonary vascular cells, while the inhibition of miR-143-3p prevented the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension. We focused on two lncRNAs in this project: Myocardin-induced Smooth Muscle Long noncoding RNA, Inducer of Differentiation (MYOSLID) and non-annotated Myolnc16, which were identified from RNA sequencing studies in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) that overexpress myocardin. MYOSLID was significantly in-creased in PASMCs from patients with IPAH compared to healthy controls and increased in circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from bmpr2 mutant PAH patients. Exposure of PASMCs to hypoxia in vitro led to a significant upregulation in MYOSLID expres-sion. MYOSLID expression was also induced by treatment of PASMC with BMP4, TGF-β and PDGF, which are known to be triggers of PAH in vitro. Small interfering RNA (siR-NA)-mediated knockdown MYOSLID inhibited migration and induced cell apoptosis without affecting cell proliferation and upregulated several genes in the BMP pathway in-cluding bmpr1α, bmpr2, id1, and id3. Modulation of MYOSLID also affected expression of BMPR2 at the protein level. In addition, MYOSLID knockdown affected the BMP-Smad and BMP-non-Smad signalling pathways in PASMCs assessed by phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 and ERK1/2, respectively. In PAECs, MYOSLID expression was also induced by hypoxia exposure, VEGF and FGF2 treatment. In addition, MYOSLID knockdown sig-nificantly decreased the proliferation of PAECs. Thus, MYOSLID may be a novel modulator in pulmonary vascular cell functions, likely through the BMP-Smad and –non-Smad pathways. Treatment of PASMCs with inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α) significantly in-duced the expression of Myolnc16 at a very early time point. Knockdown of Myolnc16 in vitro decreased the expression of il-6, and upregulated the expression of il-1 and il-8 in PASMCs. Moreover, the expression levels of chemokines (cxcl1, cxcl6 and cxcl8) were sig-nificantly decreased with Myolnc16 knockdown. In addition, Myolnc16 knockdown decreased the MAP kinase signalling pathway assessed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and inhibited cell migration and proliferation in PASMCs. Thus, Myolnc16 may a novel modulator of PASMCs functions through anti-inflammatory signalling pathways. In summary, in this thesis we have demonstrated how miR-143-3p plays a protective role in the development of PH both in vivo animal models and patients, as well as in vitro cell cul-ture. Moreover, we have showed the role of two novel lncRNAs in pulmonary vascular cells. These ncRNAs represent potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of PAH with further work addressing to investigate the target genes, and the pathways modulated by these ncRNAs during the development of PAH.

Combinação de drogas para o tratamento da Hipertensão Arterial: estratégia para um melhor controle pressórico

A taxa de controle da hipertensão arterial permanece subótima apesar dos amplos e intensos programas institucionais e o número das novas medicações. A combinação de drogas de diferentes mecanismos de ação vem se tornando uma alternativa para aumentar a redução na pressão arterial (PA) e aumentar seu controle, aumentar aderência ao tratamento e reduzir os eventos adversos. Um estudo fatorial 4X4 foi desenhado para determinar a eficácia e a segurança de telmisartana (T) mais anlodipino (A) em pacientes hipertensos estágios I e II. Pacientes hipertensos adultos (N=1461) estágios I e II (pressão arterial basal 153,212,1 ⁄101,74,3 mm Hg) foram randomizados para 1 de 16 grupos de tratamento com T 0, 20, 40, 80 mg e A 0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg por oito semanas. A maior redução na média das pressões sistólica e diastólica foram observadas com T 80 mg mais A10 mg (- 26,4 ⁄20,1 mm Hg; p<0,05 comparados com as monoterapias). A taxa de controle da PA foi também maior no grupo T 80mg mais A 10mg (76,5% [controle total] e 85,3% [controle da PA diastólica ]), e taxa de controle da PA >90% com esta combinação. O edema periférico maleolar foi o evento adverso mais frequente e ocorreu no grupo A 10mg (17,8%), porém, esta taxa foi marcadamente menor quando A foi usada associada com T: 11,4% (T20+A10), 6,2% (T40+ A10), e 11,3% (T80+A10). Um subestudo utilizando a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA) foi realizado na fase basal e após oito semanas de tratamento. A maior redução média das pressões nas 24 horas a partir do período basal foi registrada para a combinação de telmisartana 80 mg e anlodipino 10 mg e encontrou-se queda de 22,4/14,6 mmHg, de 11,9/6,9 mmHg para anlodipino 10 mg monoterapia e de 11,0/6,9 mmHg para telmisartana 80 mg (p< 0,001). Além disso, resultados relevantes foram também constatados numa análise post hoc de subgrupos incluindo idosos, obesos, diabéticos tipo 2 e hipertensão sistólica. A resposta anti-hipertensiva da combinação foi semelhante, independente de qualquer característica de cada subgrupo. Estes dados demonstram que telmisartana e anlodipino em combinação oferecem substancial redução e controle nas 24 horas superior às respectivas monoterapias em hipertensos estágios I e II.

Terapia periodontal não-cirúrgica reduz pressão arterial, massa ventricular esquerda, disfunção endotelial e níveis plasmáticos de proteína C-reativa, interleucina 6 e fibrinogênio

Evidências recentes sugerem que as doenças periodontais podem desempenhar um papel relevante na etiologia e patogênese de doenças cardiovasculares e hipertensão arterial. A resposta inflamatória, com conseqüente elevação de marcadores sistêmicos como proteína C-reativa, fibrinogênio e interleucina-6, e a disfunção endotelial, podem ser os responsáveis por essa associação. Alguns estudos têm relatado maiores níveis pressóricos, maior massa ventricular esquerda e disfunção endotelial em pacientes com doenças periodontais. Ao mesmo tempo, estudos clínicos vêm mostrando que a terapia periodontal pode levar à redução dos níveis plasmáticos dos marcadores de inflamação e redução do risco cardiovascular. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da terapia periodontal não-cirúrgica em 26 pacientes (idade média de 53.68.0 anos) hipertensos refratários. Foram avaliados marcadores plasmáticos de inflamação (proteína C-reativa, fibrinogênio e interleucina-6), pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, massa ventricular esquerda e rigidez arterial. A terapia periodontal foi eficaz na redução da média de todos os marcadores de risco cardiovascular avaliados. Os níveis de proteína C-reativa baixaram 0.7mg/dl 6 meses após a terapia periodontal, os de IL-6, 1.6pg/dl e os de fibrinogênio 55.3mg/dl (p<0.01). A pressão arterial sistólica apresentou redução média de 16.7mmHg e a diastólica de 9.6mmHg. A massa ventricular esquerda diminuiu em média 12.9g e a velocidade da onda de pulso, um marcador de rigidez arterial, e consequentemente de disfunção endotelial, apresentou redução de seus valores médios de 0.9m/s (p<0.01). Dessa forma, conclui-se que a terapia periodontal foi eficaz na redução dos níveis de proteína C-reativa, interleucina-6, fibrinogênio, pressão arterial, massa ventricular esquerda e rigidez arterial.

Análise da atenção prestada aos pacientes portadores de hipertensão arterial no município de Piraí com bases nos registros dos prontuários ambulatoriais e hospitalares

O controle da Hipertensão Arterial é central para que seja alcançada maior eficiência na redução de eventos adversos secundários ao descontrole crônico da pressão arterial. Os resultados de uma atenção integral aos portadores não se esgotam no acesso e disponibilização de fármacos eficazes no controle da pressão arterial. Ela envolve a rede integrada de serviços, orientada pela atenção primária, com serviços especializados e hospitalares na atenção das intercorrências. O cuidado aos portadores destes agravos crônicos exige dos serviços e profissionais da atenção primária a implantação de estratégias de acolhimento, efetivação de vínculos e projetos terapêuticos e uma intervenção que abrange a promoção, prevenção, assistência e reabilitação. Com esta questão em mente é que este projeto buscou analisar a atenção prestada aos portadores de Hipertensão Arterial no município de Piraí com base nos registros dos prontuários ambulatoriais e hospitalares. Foram computados e analisados os prontuários de pacientes internados por agravos que, direta ou indiretamente, estão relacionados ao descontrole da pressão arterial. Identificaram-se um total de 61 pacientes internados com diagnóstico de internação de Crise Hipertensiva e Acidente Vascular Encefálico no ano de 2010, no Hospital Flávio Leal. A partir dos registros hospitalares foram selecionados 35 pacientes. Estes eram moradores do município de Piraí, adscritos a equipes básicas no município e tiveram seus diagnósticos de internação confirmados na alta hospitalar. A segunda etapa do estudo analisou, na Unidade de Saúde da Família, os prontuários familiares dos casos de internação. Foi observado que não havia uniformidade na forma de registro e de arquivamento dos prontuários entre as unidades básicas. Nos prontuários clínicos não havia campos destinados aos registros de aspectos psicossociais, mudança de comportamento ou adesão. As anotações eram centradas na doença e nos tratamentos farmacológicos. A participação de profissionais não médicos nos registros clínicos era escassa. A Ficha B do SIAB (Ficha de Acompanhamento do Paciente Hipertenso) que contém os dados sobre comportamento e risco cardiovascular foi encontrada apenas em 3 das 8 unidades visitadas. Segundo os dados dos prontuários analisados a distribuição de consultas e visitas domiciliares foi muito irregular. Com um total de 10 prontuários sem registros de consultas no ano em que o pacientes foi internado. A gravidade dos pacientes internados pode ser identificada pelo elevado número de óbitos entre os casos analisados. Muitos dos casos apresentavam sequelas neurológicas e comorbidades que provavelmente dificultava suas idas às unidades de saúde da família. Aspectos psicossociais, familiares e da comunidade estavam, em sua maioria, ausente dos prontuários familiares analisados dos pacientes internados. Também não foram encontrados anotações sobre projetos terapêuticos multidisciplinares que individualizassem e hierarquizassem os agravos e os riscos físicos e psicossociais dos pacientes. A análise evidencia que os registros nos prontuários não traduzem a abrangência de uma atenção integral aos portadores de Hipertensão Arterial no âmbito da Atenção Primária.

Incapacidade temporária para atividades habituais: relação com a pressão arterial e o uso de terapia farmacológica antihipertensiva no Estudo Pró-Saúde

A hipertensão arterial (HA) desempenha papel determinante na ocorrência de eventos clínicos graves, havendo entretanto controvérsia quanto ao seu impacto no cotidiano do portador. A incapacidade temporária para a realização de atividades habituais, definida como uma restrição temporária na capacidade funcional habitual do indivíduo, é um indicador de saúde recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para uso em estudos populacionais. A partir do objetivo geral de investigar a associação entre hipertensão arterial e incapacidade temporária para atividades habituais, delineamos os seguintes objetivos específicos: A) Investigar se a elevação dos níveis pressóricos determina a freqüência e o período acumulado de incapacidade temporária para atividades habituais; B) Investigar se o uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas associa-se a alterações na freqüência e no período acumulado de incapacidade temporária para atividades habituais. O estudo seccional com dados de 2953 participantes obtidos através de questionário auto-administrado no Estudo Pró-Saúde, uma coorte de funcionários técnico-administrativos de universidade localizada no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A exposição foi avaliada a partir do valor aferido da PA e do uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas. Conduzimos a análise separando os participantes em 4 grupos, combinando as informações quanto à PA aferida (< ou 140/90 mmHg), e o relato de uso ou não de medicação anti-hipertensiva. O desfecho foi avaliado com a utilização de uma variável composta com informação referente à ocorrência e ao período de incapacidade. Realizamos análise multivariada através de regressão logística multinomial. Temos como resultado 690 (23,4 %) participantes foram classificados como hipertensos, e 704 (23,8 %) relataram incapacidade temporária. O relato do uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva mostrou, entre os indivíduos com PA < 140/90 mmHg, associação direta com a prevalência de incapacidade temporária de longa duração, com OR=2,25 (IC 95 %: 1,31 3,87). A presença de PA 140/90 mmHg mostrou relação inversa com a chance de incapacidade temporária de curta duração entre os indivíduos que não usavam medicação anti-hipertensiva, a qual porém não foi estatisticamente significativa (OR=0,64; IC 95 %: 0,40 1,03). Encontramos uma associação direta entre o uso de drogas anti-hipertensivas e incapacidade temporária de longa duração, a qual pode relacionar-se a efeitos adversos da medicação; os resultados sugerem também uma relação inversa entre os valores da PA e a prevalência de incapacidade de curta duração, a qual não alcançou significância estatística, e que pode estar relacionada a um fenômeno conhecido como hipoalgesia associada à HA.

Processos de cuidar em enfermagem:idosos com hipertenção arterial

Tese de doutoramento, Enfermagem, Universidade de Lisboa, com a participação da Escola Superior de Enfermagem, 2014