餐洗剂对小鼠骨髓细胞SCE形成和Salmonella typhimurium基因回复突变的 影响

研究了四种餐洗剂及其主要成分LABS、Dispersol D、Alkanolamide的潜在 诱变活性。结果 表明四种牌号餐洗剂在高浓度时能诱发SCE形成。除TL牌餐洗剂 加入S9代谢激活系统后未见 诱变作用外, 其他三种餐洗剂和三种主要成分都表 现出致HisG46和HisD3052基因回复突变的能力。表3参16

Attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium lacking the pathogenicity island-2 type 3 secretion system grow to high bacterial numbers inside phagocytes in mice.

Intracellular replication within specialized vacuoles and cell-to-cell spread in the tissue are essential for the virulence of Salmonella enterica. By observing infection dynamics at the single-cell level in vivo, we have discovered that the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type 3 secretory system (T3SS) is dispensable for growth to high intracellular densities. This challenges the concept that intracellular replication absolutely requires proteins delivered by SPI-2 T3SS, which has been derived largely by inference from in vitro cell experiments and from unrefined measurement of net growth in mouse organs. Furthermore, we infer from our data that the SPI-2 T3SS mediates exit from infected cells, with consequent formation of new infection foci resulting in bacterial spread in the tissues. This suggests a new role for SPI-2 in vivo as a mediator of bacterial spread in the body. In addition, we demonstrate that very similar net growth rates of attenuated salmonellae in organs can be derived from very different underlying intracellular growth dynamics.

Lymph Node Colonization Dynamics after Oral Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Mice

An understanding of how pathogens colonize their hosts is crucial for the rational design of vaccines or therapy. While the molecular factors facilitating the invasion and systemic infection by pathogens are a central focus of research in microbiology, the population biological aspects of colonization are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the early colonization dynamics of Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) in the streptomycin mouse model for diarrhea. We focused on the first step on the way to systemic infection - the colonization of the cecal lymph node (cLN) from the gut - and studied roles of inflammation, dendritic cells and innate immune effectors in the colonization process. To this end, we inoculated mice with mixtures of seven wild type isogenic tagged strains (WITS) of S. Tm. The experimental data were analyzed with a newly developed mathematical model describing the stochastic immigration, replication and clearance of bacteria in the cLN. We estimated that in the beginning of infection only 300 bacterial cells arrive in the cLN per day. We further found that inflammation decreases the net replication rate in the cLN by 23%. In ccr7-/- mice, in which dendritic cell movement is impaired, the bacterial migration rate was reduced 10-fold. In contrast, cybb-/- mice that cannot generate toxic reactive oxygen species displayed a 4-fold higher migration rate from gut to cLN than wild type mice. Thus, combining infections with mixed inocula of barcoded strains and mathematical analysis represents a powerful method for disentangling immigration into the cLN from replication in this compartment. The estimated parameters provide an important baseline to assess and predict the efficacy of interventions. © 2013 Kaiser et al.

Granulocyte-macrophage precursor cell and colony-stimulating factor responses of mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium

The response of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (in vitro colony-forming cells) and of colony-stimulating (CS) factor in serum were studied in mice infected intraperitoneally with 10(3) viable Salmonella typhimurium. Increases in the number of colony-forming cells in marrow and spleen and increases in the serum level of CS factor occurred during the infection. There was no evidence to suggest that progressive infection was associated with failure of macrophage production. Medium rich in CS factor increased the bactericidal activity of macrophages in vitro and it was suggested that CS factor could be involved in macrophage activation.

The Role of Small RNAs and Ribonucleases in the Control of Gene Expression in Salmonella Typhimurium

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Caractérisation phénotypique et génotypique d’isolats de Salmonella Typhimurium provenant de porcs sains ou septicémiques

Les infections à Salmonella Typhimurium constituent un problème de taille pour l’industrie porcine et la santé publique car cet animal est un réservoir pour les infections chez l’homme. De plus, on observe, chez des souches appartenant au lysotype (LT) 104, des résistances multiples aux antimicrobiens associées à des septicémies chez les porcs en engraissement, ce qui peut contribuer à la contamination des carcasses. Il faut donc contrôler l’infection au niveau du troupeau. Pour ce faire, il importe donc de mieux caractériser ces souches, comprendre la pathogénie de l’infection et identifier des facteurs de virulence. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de caractériser des isolats de S. Typhimurium provenant de porcs septicémiques et de les comparer avec ceux de porcs sains. Une banque d’isolats provenant de porcs septicémiques (ASC) et de porcs sains à l’abattoir (SSC) était constituée. Le lysotype des isolats a été identifié et ceux-ci ont été caractérisés selon le profil de résistance aux antimicrobiens, le SDS-PAGE et l’immunobuvardage et le PFGE. Chez les isolats ASC, LT 104 représentait 36.4% des isolats et chez les isolats SSC la proportion était de 51.5%. Les isolats pouvaient être résistants jusqu’à douze antimicrobiens, peu importe leur origine. Il n’a toutefois pas été possible d’associer une protéine spécifique au groupe d’isolats ASC. Parmi les souches LT 104, plusieurs groupes génétiques ont été identifiés. Les différentes étapes de la pathogénie de Salmonella ont ensuite été évaluées, dont l’adhésion et l’invasion des isolats des deux banques sur des cellules intestinales humaines. Nos résultats ont démontré que les isolats ASC avaient un pouvoir accru d’invasion comparés aux isolats SSC (P=0.003). Pour un sous-groupe d’isolats sélectionnés selon leur taux d’invasion, des tests de phagocytose, d’apoptose et d’adhésion au mucus intestinal ont été effectués en utilisant la cytométrie en flux. La survie des bactéries après la phagocytose a aussi été évaluée et la méthode MATS a été utilisée pour évaluer l'adhésion aux solvants. Les pourcentages de phagocytose chez les isolats SSC par les monocytes porcins étaient plus élevés que chez les isolats ASC à 15 minutes (P=0.02). Nous n’avons trouvé aucune différence significative pour les autres méthodes utilisées. Nous avons ensuite comparé le génome d’un isolat ASC (#36) à celui d’un isolat SSC (#1) par le SSH pour identifier des facteurs de virulence potentiels. Des clones correspondant à des gènes retrouvés sur le chromosome ainsi que sur des plasmides ont été identifiés. Ces résultats nous ont dirigés vers l’analyse des profils plasmidiques de tous les isolats. Les différents profils étaient retrouvés autant chez les isolats ASC que chez les isolats SSC. Deux profils (PL14 et PL20) étaient observés plus fréquemment chez les isolats LT 104 que chez les isolats d’autres lysotypes (P=0.01 et P=0.01, respectivement). Le séquençage d’un des plasmides de l’isolat ASC, démontrait la présence d’informations génétiques codant pour la réplication et une bêta-galactosidase-α. Il serait intéressant de préciser le rôle exact de ces gènes dans l’infection. Nos travaux suggèrent que les isolats de S. Typhimurium provenant de porcs septicémiques se distinguent par un pouvoir d’invasion accru ainsi que par des taux de phagocytose plus faibles dans les phases initiales de l’infection. Cette étude aura donc permis d’accroître les connaissances sur la pathogénie des infections à S. Typhimurium chez le porc.

Caractérisation des souches de Salmonella Typhimurium responsables de septicémies chez le porc

Depuis quelques années, il y a émergence de souches de Salmonella enterica sérovar Typhimurium multirésistantes causant une septicémie et la mort chez le porc. Ceci constitue un problème majeur pour l’industrie porcine et possiblement pour la santé publique. L’objectif de ce projet était de comparer et de caractériser une souche capable de causer une septicémie chez le porc et une souche commensale, en observant l’interaction avec des cellules épithéliales, des macrophages humains et d’identifier des gènes exprimés par les souches septicémiques et les souches commensales. Tout d’abord, l’infection de cellules épithéliales permet d’observer l’adhérence et l’invasion des bactéries, pour ainsi mettre en évidence la capacité des souches à coloniser le tractus gastro-intestinal. La souche commensale possède un pouvoir d’adhésion supérieur à la souche septicémique. Par la suite, l’infection de macrophages permet de caractériser le niveau de phagocytose et de survie. L’importance de la survie dans les macrophages pourrait permettre de faire un lien avec la septicémie. Toutefois, aucune différence n’est observable dans les conditions qui ont été testé. Ensuite, la technique SCOTS (Selective Capture of Transcribed Sequences) est utilisée pour capturer des gènes uniques à la souche septicémique et un autre SCOTS est fait pour capturer les gènes spécifiques à la souche commensale. Finalement, les gènes sont clonés, leur spécificité face aux souches est analysé par dot blot et ils sont identifiés par séquençage suivient d’une analyses bioinformatiques. Les gènes identifiés par SCOTS, lors des captures pour la souche septicémique et la souche commensale, se trouvent à être des gènes communs aux Salmonella. Toutefois, la différence de pathologie causée par les deux souches, n’est peut-être pas l’acquisition de nouveaux gènes, mais plutôt une différence d’expression entre les deux souches.

Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary

Microcosm studies have been carried out to find out the relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary. Survival has been assessed in relation to the important self-purifying parameters such as biotic factors contained in the estuarine water, toxicity due to the dissolved organic and antibiotic substances in the water and the sunlight. The results revealed that sunlight is the most important inactivating factor on the survival of E. coli and S. typhimurium in the estuarine water. While the biological factors contained in the estuarine water such as protozoans and bacteriophages also exerted considerable inactivation of these organisms, the composition of the water with all its dissolved organic and inorganic substances was not damaging to the test organisms. Results also indicated better survival capacity of E. coli cells under all test conditions when compared to S. typhimurium

In vitro fermentation of carbohydrates by porcine faecal inocula and their influence on Salmonella Typhimurium growth in batch culture systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of fermentable carbohydrates on the activity of porcine microbiota and survival of Salmonella Typhimurium in a batch culture system simulating the porcine hindgut. The carbohydrates tested were xylooligosaccharides, a mixture of fructooligosaccharides/inulin (FIN), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), gentiooligosaccharides (GEO) and lactulose (LAC). These ingredients stimulated the growth of selected Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus species in pure cultures. In batch cultures, the carbohydrates influenced some fermentation parameters. For example, GEO and FIN significantly increased lactic acids compared with the control (no added carbohydrate). With the exception of LAC, the test carbohydrates increased the production of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and modified SCFA profiles. Quantitative analysis of bacterial populations by FISH revealed increased counts of the Bifidobacterium group compared with control and, with exception of FOS, increased Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Weissella spp. counts. Salmonella numbers were the lowest during the fermentation of LAC. This work has looked at carbohydrate metabolism by porcine microbiota in a pH-controlled batch fermentation system. It provides an initial model to analyse interactions with pathogens.

Evaluation of the inclusion of a mixture of organic acids or lactulose into the feed of pigs experimentally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

A mixture of organic acids and lactulose for preventing or reducing colonization of the gut by Salmonella Typhimurium was evaluated in pigs. A total of 63 4-week-old commercial piglets were randomly distributed into three different experimental dietary groups: a plain diet without additives (PD) and the same diet supplemented with either 0.4% (w/v) formic acid and 0.4% lactic acid (w/v) (AC) or 1% (w/v) lactulose (LC). After 7 days of adaptation, two-thirds of the pigs (14 from each diet) were challenged with a 2-mL oral dose of 10(8) CFU/mL of Salmonella Typhimurium, leaving the remaining animals unchallenged (UC). After 4 and 10 days post-challenge, pigs were euthanized and the ileum and caecum content were aseptically sampled to (a) quantify lactic, formic, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), (b) quantify bacterial populations and Salmonella by fluorescence in situ hybridization and (c) qualitatively analyse bacterial populations through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Modification of fermentation products and counts of some of the bacterial groups analysed in the challenged pigs receiving the treatments AC and LC were minimal. Treatments only influenced the bacterial diversity after 10 days post-challenge, with AC generating a lower number of DGGE bands than UC(P < 0.05). Neither the inclusion of a mixture of 0.4% (w/v) formic and 0.4% (w/v) lactic acids nor of 1% (w/v) lactulose in the feed influenced numbers of Salmonella in the ileum and caecum of experimentally challenged pigs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide on the association of CaCo-2 cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella flexneri

Two milk components, alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-La) and glycomacropeptide (GMP) may inhibit intestinal infection/intoxification. (3)[H] thymidine-labeled enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 6994) or Shigella flexneri (ATCC 9199) were introduced to CaCo-2 cultures and their association with CaCo-2 cells was assessed. Undigested, pepsin-digested and pepsin- and pancreatin-digested alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide inhibited association. Thus, milk supplemented with alpha-lactalbumin and glycomacropeptide might be effective in inhibiting associations of the pathogens EPEC, Salmonella typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri to intestinal cells.

Response of porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture tissues following exposure to Lactobacillus plantarum JC1 and Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344.

The development of novel intervention strategies for the control of zoonoses caused by bacteria such as Salmonella spp. in livestock requires appropriate experimental models to assess their suitability. Here, a novel porcine intestinal in vitro organ culture (IVOC) model utilizing cell crown (CC) technology (CCIVOC) (Scaffdex) was developed. The CCIVOC model was employed to investigate the characteristics of association of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain SL1344 with porcine intestinal tissue following exposure to a Lactobacillus plantarum strain. The association of bacteria to host cells was examined by light microscopy and electron microscopy (EM) after appropriate treatments and staining, while changes in the proteome of porcine jejunal tissues were investigated using quantitative label-free proteomics. Exposure of porcine intestinal mucosal tissues to L. plantarum JC1 did not reduce the numbers of S. Typhimurium bacteria associating to the tissues but was associated with significant (P < 0.005) reductions in the percentages of areas of intestinal IVOC tissues giving positive staining results for acidic mucins. Conversely, the quantity of neutrally charged mucins present within the goblet cells of the IVOC tissues increased significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, tubulin- was expressed at high levels following inoculation of jejunal IVOC tissues with L. plantarum. Although L. plantarum JC1 did not reduce the association of S. Typhimurium strain SL1344 to the jejunal IVOC tissues, detection of increased acidic mucin secretion, host cytoskeletal rearrangements, and proteins involved in the porcine immune response demonstrated that this strain of L. plantarum may contribute to protecting the pig from infections by S. Typhimurium or other pathogens.

Inhibition of Salmonella Typhimurium by tannins in vitro

Given the recent EU ban of antibiotics to promote the growth of farm animals, alternative approaches are needed for animal production systems. Tannins, which are already commercially marketed for animal nutrition, have bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties against pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of various tannins against Salmonella Typhimurium (SL1344nal(r)) to identify potentially effective feed additives. Different sources of condensed and hydrolysable tannins were tested at concentrations between I and 6 mg ml(-1). The tannins tested were either commercial preparations or isolated from such preparations or from plants using Sephadex LH-20 based column chromatography. Some, but not all, of the tannins significantly decreased bacterial growth compared to tannin-free selenite cystine broth following incubation for 24 h at 37 degrees C. Gallotannins were especially effective and tara achieved 1.28 log(10) reductions after 24 hours. Antibacterial activity was also confirmed with inhibition zone diameters in a disc diffusion test. The experiments demonstrated that tannins may have potential as feed additives for reducing Salmonella infections in farm animals.