cry1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis: specificity determination and implications for primer design

Some pest management programs employ PCR to identify cry1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to predict bacterial toxicity towards different insect pests. However, due to changes on the mode of action of the Cry proteins, new primers had to be designed to detect the new genes. Therefore, an 'in-silico' study of genetic sequences from five cry1 subclasses was carried out and characterized by molecular tools. The design of new primers allows for more precise selection of B. thuringiensis isolates, helping to better direct the programs employing biological control.

Better primer design for metagenomics applications by increasing taxonomic distinguishability

Current methods of understanding microbiome composition and structure rely on accurately estimating the number of distinct species and their relative abundance. Most of these methods require an efficient PCR whose forward and reverse primers bind well to the same, large number of identifiable species, and produce amplicons that are unique. It is therefore not surprising that currently used universal primers designed many years ago are not as efficient and fail to bind to recently cataloged species. We propose an automated general method of designing PCR primer pairs that abide by primer design rules and uses current sequence database as input. Since the method is automated, primers can be designed for targeted microbial species or updated as species are added or deleted from the database. In silico experiments and laboratory experiments confirm the efficacy of the newly designed primers for metagenomics applications.

Analysis of genome survey sequences and SSR marker development for Siamese Mud Carp, Henicorhynchus siamensis, using 454 Pyrosequencing

Siamese mud carp (Henichorynchus siamensis) is a freshwater teleost of high economic importance in the Mekong River Basin. However, genetic data relevant for delineating wild stocks for management purposes currently are limited for this species. Here, we used 454 pyrosequencing to generate a partial genome survey sequence (GSS) dataset to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from H. siamensis genomic DNA. Data generated included a total of 65,954 sequence reads with average length of 264 nucleotides, of which 2.79% contain SSR motifs. Based on GSS-BLASTx results, 10.5% of contigs and 8.1% singletons possessed significant similarity (E value < 10–5) with the majority matching well to reported fish sequences. KEGG analysis identified several metabolic pathways that provide insights into specific potential roles and functions of sequences involved in molecular processes in H. siamensis. Top protein domains detected included reverse transcriptase and the top putative functional transcript identified was an ORF2-encoded protein. One thousand eight hundred and thirty seven sequences containing SSR motifs were identified, of which 422 qualified for primer design and eight polymorphic loci have been tested with average observed and expected heterozygosity estimated at 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. Regardless of their relative levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity, microsatellite loci developed here are suitable for further population genetic studies in H. siamensis and may also be applicable to other related taxa.

Characterisation of candidate nuclear genes for species delineation in the genus Cherax

Understanding the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationships between rare and common species is necessary for the effective management of rare species. The genus Cherax, a group of freshwater crayfish species, is of interest in this regard as a number of species are rare or have restricted distributions while other species are common and widespread. Here we describe the characterisation of three novel nuclear genes of the haemocyanin superfamily for phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. All novel markers developed in this study amplified consistently in species from three divergent clades of the genus Cherax. The level of polymorphism found in these markers was consistently higher than that found in other nuclear genes previously used in invertebrate systematics, such as NaK ATP-ase. In combination, these markers will be useful to delineate phylogenetic relationships between rare and common Cherax species.

SNP Discovery in European Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, L) by High-Throughput Transcriptome and Genome Sequencing

12 p.

Microsatellite primers for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

In this note, we document polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) primer pairs for 101 nuclear-encoded microsatellites designed and developed from a genomic library for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Details of the genomic library construction, the sequencing of positive clones, primer design, and PCR protocols may be found in Karlsson et al. (2008). The 101 microsatellites (GENBA NK Accession Numbers EU015882-EU015982) were amplified successfully and used to genotype 24 red drum obtained from Galveston Bay, Texas (Table 1). A total of 69 of the microsatellites had an uninterrupted (perfect) dinucleotide motif, and 30 had an imperfect dinucleotide motif; one microsatellite had an imperfect tetranucleotide motif, and one had an imperfect and compound motif (Table 1 ). Sizes of the cloned alleles ranged from 84 to 252 base pairs. A ‘blast’ search of the GENBANK database indicated that all of the primers and the cloned alleles were unique (i.e., not duplicated).

Búsqueda de selección en el polimorfismo 677C>T (c.665C>T) del gen de la metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) en una población Colombiana

Se realizó un estudio genético – poblacional en dos grupos etarios de población colombiana con la finalidad de evaluar las diferencias genéticas relacionadas con el polimorfismo MTHFR 677CT en busca de eventos genéticos que soporten la persistencia de este polimorfismo en la especie humana debido que este ha sido asociado con múltiples enfermedades. De esta manera se genotipificaron los individuos, se analizaron los genotipos, frecuencias alélicas y se realizaron diferentes pruebas genéticas-poblacionales. Contrario a lo observado en poblaciones Colombianas revisadas se identificó la ausencia del Equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg en el grupo de los niños y estructuras poblacionales entre los adultos lo que sugiere diferentes historias demográficas y culturales entre estos dos grupos poblacionales al tiempo, lo que soporta la hipótesis de un evento de selección sobre el polimorfismo en nuestra población. De igual manera nuestros datos fueron analizados junto con estudios previos a nivel nacional y mundial lo cual sustenta que el posible evento selectivo es debido a que el aporte de ácido fólico se ha incrementado durante las últimas dos décadas como consecuencia de las campañas de fortificación de las harinas y suplementación a las embarazadas con ácido fólico, por lo tanto aquí se propone un modelo de selección que se ajusta a los datos encontrados en este trabajo se establece una relación entre los patrones nutricionales de la especie humana a través de la historia que explica las diferencias en frecuencias de este polimorfismo a nivel espacial y temporal.  

Distinctively variable sequence-based nuclear DNA markers for multilocus phylogeography of the soybean- and rice-infecting fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Um sistema computacional para diagnosticar viroses de plantas usando a técnica de PCR com construção de primers espécie-específicos

It proposes a established computational solution in the development of a software to construct species-specific primers, used to improve the diagnosis of virus of plant for PCR. Primers are indispensable to PCR reaction, besides providing the specificity of the diagnosis. Primer is a synthetic, short, single stranded piece of DNA, used as a starter in PCR technique. It flanks the sequence desired to amplify. Species-specific primers indicate the well known region of beginning and ending where the polymerase enzyme is going to amplify on a certain species, i.e. it is specific for only a species. Thus, the main objective of this work is to automatize the process of choice of primers, optimizing the specificity of chosen primers by the traditional method

Identification and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in citrus

Most of the cultivated species of citrus have narrow genetic basis. Relationships among species and cultivars are obscured by sexual compatibility, polyembryony, apomixis and a high incidence of somatic mutations. DNA analysis is crucial in genetic studies not only for citrus breeding programs but also for characterization of hybrids and species. In this paper, single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNPs) were investigated in 58 accessions of Citrus, hybrids and related genera. Genomic sequences of 'Pera IAC' sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) were used for primer design and selection of sequence tagged sites (STSs) for identification of SNPs. Analysis of 36 STSs showed identical sequences among 40 of the 41 sweet orange accessions studied. However, these accessions were heterozygous for many SNPs. Ten selected STSs were analyzed in 17 additional accessions from 13 species and hybrids. Comparing to the 'Pera IAC' sweet orange accession, a total of 150 polymorphic nucleotides were identified and most of the alterations were transitions ( 52.7%). The greatest number of SNPs was observed in Poncirus trifoliata ( L.) Raf. and the smallest in 'Ponkan' mandarin ( Citrus reticulata Blanco). At the intra-specific level, 'Bafa Gigante' ( Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was the only sweet orange accession with a divergent SNPs genotype, which corroborates the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for this accession. Although the STSs analyzed represent randomly sampled genomic sequences, they provided consistent information about the level of polymorphism and showed the potential of SNPs markers for characterization and phylogenetic studies.

PrimerSNP: a web tool for whole-genome selection of allele-specific and common primers of phylogenetically-related bacterial genomic sequences

Background: The increasing number of genomic sequences of bacteria makes it possible to select unique SNPs of a particular strain/species at the whole genome level and thus design specific primers based on the SNPs. The high similarity of genomic sequences among phylogenetically-related bacteria requires the identification of the few loci in the genome that can serve as unique markers for strain differentiation. PrimerSNP attempts to identify reliable strain-specific markers, on which specific primers are designed for pathogen detection purpose.Results: PrimerSNP is an online tool to design primers based on strain specific SNPs for multiple strains/species of microorganisms at the whole genome level. The allele-specific primers could distinguish query sequences of one strain from other homologous sequences by standard PCR reaction. Additionally, PrimerSNP provides a feature for designing common primers that can amplify all the homologous sequences of multiple strains/species of microorganisms. PrimerSNP is freely available at http://cropdisease.ars.usda.gov/similar to primer.Conclusion: PrimerSNP is a high-throughput specific primer generation tool for the differentiation of phylogenetically-related strains/species. Experimental validation showed that this software had a successful prediction rate of 80.4 - 100% for strain specific primer design.

Multiplex-Genotypisierung forensisch relevanter SNPs unter Verwendung von Microarrays auf chemisch aktivierten Glasflächen

Die Analyse tandem-repetitiver DNA-Sequenzen hat einen festen Platz als genetisches Typisierungsverfahren in den Breichen der stammesgeschichtlichen Untersuchung, der Verwandtschaftsanalyse und vor allem in der forensischen Spurenkunde, bei der es durch den Einsatz der Multiplex-PCR-Analyse von Short Tandem Repeat-Systemen (STR) zu einem Durchbruch bei der Aufklärung und sicheren Zuordnung von biologischen Tatortspuren kam. Bei der Sequenzierung des humanen Genoms liegt ein besonderes Augenmerk auf den genetisch polymorphen Sequenzvariationen im Genom, den SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). Zwei ihrer Eigenschaften – das häufige Vorkommen innerhalb des humanen Genoms und ihre vergleichbar geringe Mutationsrate – machen sie zu besonders gut geeigneten Werkzeugen sowohl für die Forensik als auch für die Populationsgenetik.rnZum Ziel des EU-Projekts „SNPforID“, aus welchem die vorliegende Arbeit entstanden ist, wurde die Etablierung neuer Methoden zur validen Typisierung von SNPs in Multiplexverfahren erklärt. Die Berücksichtigung der Sensitivität bei der Untersuchung von Spuren sowie die statistische Aussagekraft in der forensischen Analyse standen dabei im Vordergrund. Hierfür wurden 52 autosomale SNPs ausgewählt und auf ihre maximale Individualisierungsstärke hin untersucht. Die Untersuchungen der ersten 23 selektierten Marker stellen den ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit dar. Sie umfassen die Etablierung des Multiplexverfahrens und der SNaPshot™-Typisierungsmethode sowie ihre statistische Auswertung. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung sind ein Teil der darauf folgenden, in enger Zusammenarbeit der Partnerlaboratorien durchgeführten Studie der 52-SNP-Multiplexmethode. rnEbenfalls im Rahmen des Projekts und als Hauptziel der Dissertation erfolgten Etablierung und Evaluierung des auf der Microarray-Technologie basierenden Verfahrens der Einzelbasenverlängerung auf Glasobjektträgern. Ausgehend von einer begrenzten DNA-Menge wurde hierbei die Möglichkeit der simultanen Hybridisierung einer möglichst hohen Anzahl von SNP-Systemen untersucht. Die Auswahl der hierbei eingesetzten SNP-Marker erfolgte auf der Basis der Vorarbeiten, die für die Etablierung des 52-SNP-Multiplexes erfolgreich durchgeführt worden waren. rnAus einer Vielzahl von Methoden zur Genotypisierung von biallelischen Markern hebt sich das Assay in seiner Parallelität und der Einfachheit des experimentellen Ansatzes durch eine erhebliche Zeit- und Kostenersparnis ab. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das „array of arrays“-Prinzip eingesetzt, um zur gleichen Zeit unter einheitlichen Versuchsbedingungen zwölf DNA-Proben auf einem Glasobjektträger zu typisieren. Auf der Basis von insgesamt 1419 typisierten Allelen von 33 Markern konnte die Validierung mit einem Typisierungserfolg von 86,75% abgeschlossen werden. Dabei wurden zusätzlich eine Reihe von Randbedingungen in Bezug auf das Sonden- und Primerdesign, die Hybridisierungsbedingungen sowie physikalische Parameter der laserinduzierten Fluoreszenzmessung der Signale ausgetestet und optimiert. rn

Sequence-tagged microsatellite profiling (STMP): a rapid technique for developing SSR markers

We describe a technique, sequence-tagged microsatellite profiling (STMP), to rapidly generate large numbers of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from genomic or cDNA. This technique eliminates the need for library screening to identify SSR-containing clones and provides an ∼25-fold increase in sequencing throughput compared to traditional methods. STMP generates short but characteristic nucleotide sequence tags for fragments that are present within a pool of SSR amplicons. These tags are then ligated together to form concatemers for cloning and sequencing. The analysis of thousands of tags gives rise to a representational profile of the abundance and frequency of SSRs within the DNA pool, from which low copy sequences can be identified. As each tag contains sufficient nucleotide sequence for primer design, their conversion into PCR primers allows the amplification of corresponding full-length fragments from the pool of SSR amplicons. These fragments permit the full characterisation of a SSR locus and provide flanking sequence for the development of a microsatellite marker. Alternatively, sequence tag primers can be used to directly amplify corresponding SSR loci from genomic DNA, thereby reducing the cost of developing a microsatellite marker to the synthesis of just one sequence-specific primer. We demonstrate the utility of STMP by the development of SSR markers in bread wheat.

Teaching principles of genetics through SNP analysis

An understanding of inheritance requires comprehension of genetic processes at all levels, from molecules to populations. Frequently genetics courses are separated into molecular and organismal genetics and students may fail to see the relationships between them. This is particularly true with human genetics, because of the difficulties in designing experimental approaches which are consistent with ethical restrictions, student abilities and background knowledge, and available time and materials. During 2005 we used analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two genetic regions to enhance student learning and provide a practical experience in human genetics. Students scanned databases to discover SNPs in a gene of interest, used software to design PCR primers and a restriction enzyme based assay for the alleles, and carried out an analysis of the SNP on anonymous individual and family DNAs. The project occupied eight to ten hours per week for one semester, with some time spent in the laboratory and some spent in database searching, reading and writing the report. In completing their projects, students acquired a knowledge of Mendel’s first law (through looking at inheritance patterns), Mendel’s second law and the exceptions (the concepts of linkage and linkage disequilibrium), DNA structure (primer design and restriction enzyme analysis) and function (SNPs in coding and non-coding regions), population genetics and the statistical analysis of allele frequencies, genomics, bioinformatics and the ethical issues associated with the use of human samples. They also developed skills in presentation of results by publication and conference participation. Deficiencies in their understanding (for example of inheritance patterns, gene structure, statistical approaches and report writing) were detected and guidance given during the project. SNP analysis was found to be a powerful approach to enhance and integrate student understanding of genetic concepts.

Genetic diversity of mango accessions (Mangifera indica) using new microsatellite markers and morphological descriptors.

Genetic diversity estimates based on morphological and molecular data can provide different information on the relationship between cultivars of a species. This study aimed to develop new microsatellite markers as additional tools in genetic studies on mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), and to analyze the genetic variability of 20 mango cultivars based on morphological descriptors and microsatellite markers. We aimed to better understand the cultivars enhanced breeding histories and to support crossbreeding planning. Positive clones were selected from a DNA library enriched for microsatellite regions for sequencing and primer design. Four plants of each of the 20 accessions were used for observations, based on 48 morphological descriptors. Twenty accessions were analyzed using 27 microsatellite markers, of which 16 were developed during this study. The clusters, based on the morphological descriptors by Ward - MLM strategy and the microsatellite markers, suggested that Brazilian mango cultivars have extensive genetic diversity and are related to cultivars with different provenances, demonstrating their different enhanced breeding histories.