Dengue: desenvolvimento de ferramentas moleculares e caracterização de cepas virais quanto a inibição da sinalização do Interferon do tipo I (IFN-I)

A infecção pelo vírus da dengue é um problema de saúde pública global que põe em risco cerca de 2,5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo, com uma incidência de 50-100 milhões de casos resultando em cerca de 24.000 mortes por ano. Os mecanismos envolvidos na resposta imune inata atuam imediatamente após o contato do hospedeiro com os antígenos virais, levando à secreção de interferon do tipo I (IFN-I), a principal citocina envolvida na resposta antiviral. Entender como o sistema IFN-I é inibido em células infectadas pelo vírus dengue pode fornecer valiosas informações sobre a patogênese da doença. Propomos neste estudo analisar a inibição da via de sinalização do IFN-I por diferentes cepas isoladas no estado de Pernambuco, assim como o desenvolvimento de um vírus recombinante da dengue expressando a proteína Gaussia luciferase, para estudos futuros de replicação e imunopatogênese. A fim de estudar a via de sinalização do IFN-I, foram selecionadas cepas dos quatro sorotipos de dengue para crescimento, concentração e titulação viral. Foi utilizada a linhagem celular BHK-21-ISRE-Luc-Hygro que expressa o gene firefly luciferase fusionado a um promotor induzido pelo IFN-I (ISRE - Interferon Stimulated Response Element). Observamos que todos os sorotipos em estudo foram capazes de inibir, em diferentes proporções, a resposta ou sinalização do IFN-I. Com o intuito de auxiliar as pesquisas em dengue, desenvolvemos um vírus repórter de dengue expressando o gene repórter da Gaussia luciferase. Células transfectadas com o transcrito in vitro de um dos clones resultou em imunofluorescência positiva, porém não houve recuperação de partículas infectivas. Outros clones deverão ser testados para recuperação de vírus recombinante repórter. Juntos, os dados da caracterização das cepas em estudo e a recuperação de partículas infectivas da construção realizada neste trabalho deverão contribuir para as pesquisas em imunopatogênese, replicação viral e desenvolvimento de antivirais contra o dengue

Neurodegeneration and Increased Production of Nitrotyrosine, Nitric Oxide Synthase, IFN-gamma and S100 beta Protein in the Spinal Cord of IL-12p40-Deficient Mice Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi

Background/Aim: Chagas` disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and occurs in most Latin American countries. The protozoan may colonize the central nervous system (CNS) of immune-compromised human hosts, thus causing neuronal disorders. Systemic control of the intracellular forms of the parasite greatly depends on the establishment of a TH1 response and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) release. At the CNS, it is known that low concentrations of NO promote neuronal survival and growth, while high concentrations exert toxic effects and neuron death. Accounting for NO production by astrocytes is the glia-derived factor S100 beta, which is overproduced in some neurodegenerative diseases. In the current work, we studied the expression of NO, interferon (IFN)-gamma and S100 beta in the spinal cord tissue of IL-12p40KO mice infected with T. cruzi, a model of neurodegenerative process. Methods: IL-12p40KO and wild-type (WT) female mice infected with T. cruzi Sylvio X10/4 (10(5) trypomastigotes, intraperitoneally) were euthanized when IL-12p40KO individuals presented limb paralysis. Spinal cord sections were submitted to immunohistochemical procedures for localization of neurofilament, laminin, nitrotyrosine, NO synthases (NOS), IFN-gamma and S100 beta. The total number of neurons was estimated by stereological analysis and the area and intensity of immunoreactivities were assessed by microdensitometric/morphometric image analysis. Results: No lesion was found in the spinal cord sections of WT mice, while morphological disarrangements, many inflammatory foci, enlarged vessels, amastigote nests and dying neurons were seen at various levels of IL-12p40KO spinal cord. Compared to WT mice, IL-12p40KO mice presented a decrement on total number of neurons (46.4%, p<0.05) and showed increased values of immunoreactive area for nitrotyrosine (239%, p<0.01) and NOS (544%, p<0.001). Moreover, the intensity of nitrotyrosine (16%, p<0.01), NOS (38%, p<0.05) and S100 beta (21%, p<0.001) immunoreactivities were also augmented. No IFN-gamma labeled cells were seen in WT spinal cord tissue, contrary to IL-12p40KO tissue that displayed inflammatory infiltrating cells and also some parenchymal cells positively labeled.Conclusion: We suggest that overproduction of NO may account for neuronal death at the spinal cord of T. cruzi-infected IL-12p40KO mice and that IFN-gamma and S100 beta may contribute to NOS activation in the absence of IL-12. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel

PAS-1, a protein from Ascaris suum, modulates allergic inflammation via IL-10 and IFN-gamma, but not IL-12

Helminths and their products have a profound immunomodulatory effect upon the inductive and effector phases of inflammatory responses, including allergy. We have demonstrated that PAS-1, a protein isolated from Ascaris strum worms, has an inhibitory effect on lung allergic inflammation due to its ability to down-regulate eosinophilic inflammation, Th2 cytokine release and IgE antibody production. Here, we investigated the role of IL-12, IFN-gamma and IL-10 in the PAS-1-induced inhibitory mechanism using a murine model of asthma. Wild type C57BL/6, IL-12(-/-), IFN-gamma(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) mice were immunized with PAS-1 and/or OVA and challenged with the same antigens intranasally. The suppressive effect of PAS-I was demonstrated on the cellular influx into airways, with reduction of eosinophil number and eosinophil peroxidase activity in OVA + PAS-1-immunized wild type mice. This effect well correlated with a significant reduction in the levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin in BAL fluid. Levels of IgE and IgG1 antibodies were also impaired in serum from these mice. The inhibitory activity of PAS-I was also observed in IL-12(-/-) mice, but not in IFN-gamma(-/-) and IL-10(-/-) animals. These data show that IFN-gamma and IL-10, but not IL-12, play an important role in the PAS-1 modulatory effect. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

HIV infection of dendritic cells subverts the IFN induction pathway via IRF-1 and inhibits type 1 IFN production

Many viruses have developed mechanisms to evade the IFN response. Here, HIV-1 was shown to induce a distinct subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), without detectable type I or II IFN. These ISGs all contained an IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) binding site in their promoters, and their expression was shown to be driven by IRF-1, indicating this subset was induced directly by viral infection by IRF-1. IRF-1 and -7 protein expression was enriched in HIV p24 antigen-positive DCs. A HIV deletion mutant with the IRF-1 binding site deleted from the long terminal repeat showed reduced growth kinetics. Early and persistent induction of IRF-1 was coupled with sequential transient up-regulation of its 2 inhibitors, IRF-8, followed by IRF-2, suggesting a mechanism for IFN inhibition. HIV-1 mutants with Vpr deleted induced IFN, showing that Vpr is inhibitory. However, HIV IFN inhibition was mediated by failure of IRF-3 activation rather than by its degradation, as in T cells. In contrast, herpes simplex virus type 2 markedly induced IFN&beta; and a broader range of ISGs to higher levels, supporting the hypothesis that HIV-1 specifically manipulates the induction of IFN and ISGs to enhance its noncytopathic replication in DCs. <br />

Expressão imuno-histoquímica das proteínas IFN-&#947; e TGF-&#946;1 em cistos radiculares e cistos dentígeros

Odontogenic cysts are pathologic cavities covered by odontogenic epithelium and filled by liquid, desquamated cells or other materials. The intraosseous lesions, such as radicular cyst and dentigerous cyst, present a potential of expansion capable of promoting the destruction of the surrounding osseous tissue. The mechanisms related to this process of expansion are the proliferation of cystic epithelium, the increase of the osmolarity of the cystic fluid and the synthesis of reabsorption factors such as IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 between radicular cysts and dentigerous cysts in order to understand the role and behavior of these proteins in the expansion of these cysts. We selected 20 cases of radicular cyst and 20 cases of dentigerous cyst chosen from the files of UFRN s Laboratory of Oral Pathology. After analyzing the clinical data, the cases underwent the routine staining technique (HE) and immunohistochemistry for the appearance of IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 in the epithelium and capsule of these cysts. The statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney test revealed no statistically significant difference in immunoexpression of IFN-&#947; between the epithelium (p = 0.565) and capsules (p = 0.414) of radicular cysts and dentigerous cysts. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference of immunoexpression of TGF-&#946;1 between the epithelium (p = 0.620) and capsules (p = 0.056) of radicular cysts and dentigerous cysts. The Wilcoxon test revealed no statistically significant difference between IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 imunoexpressions in the epithelium (p = 0.225) and capsules (p = 0.370) of radicular cysts. There was no statistically significant difference between IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 imunoexpressions in the epithelium (p = 0.361) of dentigerous cysts. However, there was a statistically significant difference between IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 immunoexpressions in the capsule (p = 0.001) of dentigerous cysts, being TGF-&#946;1 the factor which presented the most significant immunoexpression. Given these results, we conclude that there was no difference in immunohistochemical expression of IFN-&#947; and TGF-&#946;1 between radicular and dentigerous cysts and that TGF-&#946;1 was more significant than the IFN-&#947; in the capsule of dentigerous cysts

Paracoccidioides brasifiensis killing by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and GM-CSF activated human neutrophils: role for oxygen metabolites

Paracoccidioidomycosis, a deep mycosis endemic in Latin America, is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Phagocytic cells play a critical role against the fungus and several papers show the effects of activator and suppressive cytokines on macrophage and monocyte functions. However, the studies focusing on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) antifungal functions are scarcer. Thus, the objective of the present paper was to assess the capacity of human PMNs to kill virulent P brasiliensis strain in vitro, before and after priming with different cytokines. Moreover, the involvement of oxygen metabolites in this activity was evaluated. Nonactivated cells failed to exhibit antifungal activity. However, when these cells were IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha or GM-CSF activated, a significative fungicidal activity was detected. This process was significantly inhibited when P brasiliensis challenge occurred in presence of catalase (CAT - a scavenger of H2O2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD - a scavenger of superoxide anion). From these results it is concluded that cytokines activation is required for P brasiliensis killing by human PMNs, and that H2O2 and Superoxide anion participate as effectors molecules in this process.

Killing of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activated murine peritoneal macrophages: evidence of H(2)O(2) and NO effector mechanisms

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep mycosis, endemic in Latin America, caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Macrophage activation by cytokines is the major effector mechanism against this fungus. This work aimed at a better understanding of the interaction between yeast cells-murine peritoneal macrophages and the cytokine signals required for the effective killing of high virulence yeast-form of P. brasiliensis. In addition, the killing effector mechanisms dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates were investigated. Cell preincubation with IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, at adequate doses, resulted in effective yeast killing as demonstrated in short-term (4-h) assays. Both, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activation were associated with higher levels of H(2)O(2) and NO when compared to nonactivation. Treatment with catalase (CAT), a H(2)O(2) scavenger, and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reverted the killing effect of activated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that both oxygen and L-arginine-nitric oxide pathways play a role in the killing of highly virulent P. brasiliensis.

Diminished CD4+/CD25+T cell and increased IFN-gamma levels occur in dogs vaccinated with Leishmune (R) in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Propolis: lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma production

We evaluated propolis influence on polyclonal activation of lymphocytes by concanavalin A (Con A). The in vitro experiments showed that propolis decreases splenocyte proliferation both in the absence or presence of Con A. The supression in mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation also occurred when mice were treated intraperitoneally with propolis for 3 days. An increased of IFN-gamma production in the culture supernatants of the same cells was, observed. A dual action of propolis on lymphocyte activation was proposed: it decreases splenocyte proliferation in the presence or absence of Con A and stimulates IFN-gamma production by spleen cells. These results are important to understand the immunomodulatory action of propolis on the host's specific and non-specific immunity. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The effect of propolis on CCL5 and IFN-gamma expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from leishmaniasis patients

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Imbalance of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-10 secretion in the immunosuppression associated with human paracoccidioidomycosis

Patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) display a certain degree of immunecompromise characterized by lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness to the main Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen (gp43). To determine whether cytokines are involved in this state, we evaluated the secretion of IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with the acute (AF) and chronic (CF) forms of PCM and from healthy, P. brasiliensis-sensitized subjects. gp43-stimulated PBMC from healthy subjects produced substantial amounts of IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-10, whereas PBMC from AF and CF patients produced low levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma but substantial amounts of IL-10, Phytohaemagglutinin-induced cytokine secretion was comparable among AF and CF patients and healthy subjects, suggesting integrity of non-specific cellular immune mechanisms in PCM. gp43-pulsed adherent cells, but not non-adherent cells, mere the main source of IL-10, Moreover, IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion correlated inversely with the amount of specific antibodies produced by patients and healthy subjects. Our results suggest that the imbalance in cytokine production of patients with PCM plays a role in the gp43-hyporesponsiveness and the marked (non-protective) antibody production of these patients. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

IL-2, IL-5, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA expression in epidermal keratinocytes of systemic lupus erythematosus skin lesions

OBJECTIVE: To analyze cytokine gene expression in keratinocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). INTRODUCTION: Keratinocytes represent 95% of epidermal cells and can secrete several cytokines. METHODS: Keratinocytes were obtained by laser microdissection from 21 patients with SLE (10 discoid and 11 acute lesions) at involved and uninvolved sites. All patients were receiving a low/moderate prednisone dose and 18 were receiving chloroquine diphosphate. IL-2, IL-5, TNF-α and IFN-γ gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and expressed as the ratio (R) to a pool of skin samples from 12 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Heterogeneity in cytokine gene expression was found among patients with SLE. Eighteen of 38 valid SLE samples (47%) presented overexpression (R>1) of at least one cytokine. Lesional skin samples tended to show higher cytokine expression than samples from uninvolved skin (p = 0.06). IL-5 and IFN-γ were the most commonly overexpressed cytokines. Samples with cytokine overexpression corresponded to more extensive and severe lesions. Prednisone dose did not differ between samples without cytokine overexpression (15.71±3.45 mg/day) and those with overexpressed cytokines (12.68±5.41 mg/day) (p = 0.216). Samples from all patients not receiving diphosphate chloroquine had at least one overexpressed cytokine. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneous keratinocyte cytokine gene expression reflects the complex immunological and inflammatory background in SLE. Patients with severe/extensive skin lesions showed a higher frequency of cytokine gene overexpression. Increased IFN-γ and IL-5 expression suggests that Th1 and Th2 cells are involved in SLE skin inflammation. The possibility that prednisone and antimalarial drugs may have contributed to low cytokine gene expression in some samples cannot be ruled out.

Caracterização dos níveis plasmáticos e do polimorfismo +874T/A no gene IFN-γ em pacientes com diferentes formas clínicas da tuberculose

Considerando a importância do interferon gama (IFN-γ) na imunidade protetora contra o Mycobacterium tuberculosis e o papel funcional do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único (SNP) IFNG +874T/A na produção de IFN-γ, no presente estudo investigamos a relação desse polimorfismo genético com suscetibilidade à tuberculose. Fizeram parte do estudo um total de 129 pacientes com tuberculose pulmonar (TBP), 33 com tuberculose extrapulmonar (TBEP) e em 156 profissionais da saúde, negativos para tuberculose, com resultados tuberculínicos (PPD+ e PPD-) dos quais foi coletada uma amostra de 5 mL de sangue total. As concentrações séricas de IFN-g foram mensuradas usando um ensaio imunoenzimático. O polimorfismo na posição +874A no gene IFN-g foi investigado por meio da técnica de ASO-PCR (allele specific oligonucleotide – polymerase chain reaction). Verificamos uma associação entre a presença do alelo +874A e do genótipo +874AA com a tuberculose ativa (p<0.0001, CI=95%, 1.64 - 3.22), ao mesmo tempo em que o alelo +874Te genótipo +874TT estiveram em maior freqüência nos indivíduos do grupo controle. A média das concentrações plasmáticas de IFN-g nos pacientes com tuberculose foi significativamente menor que aquela observada no grupo controle, como também foi menor no grupo com TBEP do que no grupo com TBP, sugerindo uma relação dos baixos níveis séricos dessa citocina na tuberculose ativa, bem como na progressão para as formas mais graves da doença. Ademais, foi observada a associação dos genótipos +874TT e +874AA com altas e baixas concentrações de IFN-γ, respectivamente, tanto nos pacientes com tuberculose quanto no grupo controle. Assim sendo, os resultados sugerem uma associação do polimorfismo do gene IFNG +874T/A com suscetibilidade à infecção pelo M. tuberculosis na população estudada.

Profile of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN- ? , TNF- ? and KC-like cytokines in pregnant bitches

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)