Body composition changes assessed by bioelectrical impedance and their associations with functional class deterioration in stable heart failure patients

Background: Heart failure (HF) patients develop important changes in body composition, but only a small number of studies have evaluated the associations between these changes and functional class deterioration in a prospective manner. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether changes in bioimpedance parameters were associated with NYHA functional class deterioration over six months. Methods: A total of 275 chronic stable HF patients confirmed by echocardiography were recruited. Body composition measurements were obtained by whole body bioelectrical impedance with multiple frequency equipment (BodyStat QuadScan 4000). We evaluated functional class using the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification at baseline and after six months. Results: According to our results, 66 (24%) subjects exhibited functional class deterioration, while 209 improved or exhibited no change. A greater proportion of patients exhibited higher extracellular water (> 5%), and these patients developed hypervolemia, according to location on the resistance/reactance graph. A 5% decrease in resistance/height was associated with functional class deterioration with an OR of 1.42 (95% CI 1.01-2.0, p = 0.04). Conclusions: Body composition assessment through bioelectrical impedance exhibited a valuable performance as a marker of functional class deterioration in stable HF patients.

Validation de la reproductibilité d’outils de mesure de la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche en médecine nucléaire

La fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche est un excellent marqueur de la fonction cardiaque. Plusieurs techniques invasives ou non sont utilisées pour son calcul : l’angiographie, l’échocardiographie, la résonnance magnétique nucléaire cardiaque, le scanner cardiaque, la ventriculographie radioisotopique et l’étude de perfusion myocardique en médecine nucléaire. Plus de 40 ans de publications scientifiques encensent la ventriculographie radioisotopique pour sa rapidité d’exécution, sa disponibilité, son faible coût et sa reproductibilité intra-observateur et inter-observateur. La fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche a été calculée chez 47 patients à deux reprises, par deux technologues, sur deux acquisitions distinctes selon trois méthodes : manuelle, automatique et semi-automatique. Les méthodes automatique et semi-automatique montrent dans l’ensemble une meilleure reproductibilité, une plus petite erreur standard de mesure et une plus petite différence minimale détectable. La méthode manuelle quant à elle fournit un résultat systématiquement et significativement inférieur aux deux autres méthodes. C’est la seule technique qui a montré une différence significative lors de l’analyse intra-observateur. Son erreur standard de mesure est de 40 à 50 % plus importante qu’avec les autres techniques, tout comme l’est sa différence minimale détectable. Bien que les trois méthodes soient d’excellentes techniques reproductibles pour l’évaluation de la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche, les estimations de la fiabilité des méthodes automatique et semi-automatique sont supérieures à celles de la méthode manuelle.

Validation de la reproductibilité d’outils de mesure de la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche en médecine nucléaire

La fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche est un excellent marqueur de la fonction cardiaque. Plusieurs techniques invasives ou non sont utilisées pour son calcul : l’angiographie, l’échocardiographie, la résonnance magnétique nucléaire cardiaque, le scanner cardiaque, la ventriculographie radioisotopique et l’étude de perfusion myocardique en médecine nucléaire. Plus de 40 ans de publications scientifiques encensent la ventriculographie radioisotopique pour sa rapidité d’exécution, sa disponibilité, son faible coût et sa reproductibilité intra-observateur et inter-observateur. La fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche a été calculée chez 47 patients à deux reprises, par deux technologues, sur deux acquisitions distinctes selon trois méthodes : manuelle, automatique et semi-automatique. Les méthodes automatique et semi-automatique montrent dans l’ensemble une meilleure reproductibilité, une plus petite erreur standard de mesure et une plus petite différence minimale détectable. La méthode manuelle quant à elle fournit un résultat systématiquement et significativement inférieur aux deux autres méthodes. C’est la seule technique qui a montré une différence significative lors de l’analyse intra-observateur. Son erreur standard de mesure est de 40 à 50 % plus importante qu’avec les autres techniques, tout comme l’est sa différence minimale détectable. Bien que les trois méthodes soient d’excellentes techniques reproductibles pour l’évaluation de la fraction d’éjection du ventricule gauche, les estimations de la fiabilité des méthodes automatique et semi-automatique sont supérieures à celles de la méthode manuelle.

Excessive blood pressure increase with exercise and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiac events

The association of an excessive blood pressure increase with exercise (EBPIE) on cardiovascular outcomes remains controversial. We sought to assess its impact on the risk of all-cause mortality and major cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for stress testing. Exercise echocardiography was performed in 10,047 patients with known or suspected CAD. An EBPIE was defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure with exercise ≥80 mmHg. The endpoints were all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE), including cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). Overall, 573 patients exhibited an EBPIE during the tests. Over a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, there were 1,950 deaths (including 725 cardiac deaths), 1,477 MI, and 1,900 MACE. The cumulative 10-year rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac death, nonfatal MI and MACE were 32.9%, 13.1%, 26,9% and 33% in patients who did not develop an EBPIE vs. 18.9%, 4.7%, 17.5% and 20.7% in those experiencing an EBPIE, respectively (p <0.001 for all comparisons). In Cox regression analyses, an EBPIE remained predictive of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.91, p = 0.004), cardiac death (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46-0.98, p = 0.04), MI (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.52-0.86, p = 0.002), and MACE (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.56-0.86, p = 0.001). An EBPIE was associated with a significantly lower risk of mortality and MACE in patients with known or suspected CAD referred for stress testing.

Interatrial block and atrial arrhythmias in centenarians: Prevalence, associations, and clinical implications

Data are lacking on the characteristics of atrial activity in centenarians, including interatrial block (IAB). The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of IAB and auricular arrhythmias in subjects older than 100 years and to elucidate their clinical implications. We studied 80 centenarians (mean age 101.4 ± 1.5 years; 21 men) with follow-ups of 6–34 months. Of these 80 centenarians, 71 subjects (88.8%) underwent echocardiography. The control group comprised 269 septuagenarians. A total of 23 subjects (28.8%) had normal P wave, 16 (20%) had partial IAB, 21 (26%) had advanced IAB, and 20 (25.0%) had atrial fibrillation/flutter. The IAB groups exhibited premature atrial beats more frequently than did the normal P wave group (35.1% vs 17.4%; P < .001); also, other measurements in the IAB groups frequently fell between values observed in the normal P wave and the atrial fibrillation/flutter groups. These measurements included sex preponderance, mental status and dementia, perceived health status, significant mitral regurgitation, and mortality. The IAB group had a higher previous stroke rate (24.3%) than did other groups. Compared with septuagenarians, centenarians less frequently presented a normal P wave (28.8% vs 53.5%) and more frequently presented advanced IAB (26.3% vs 8.2%), atrial fibrillation/flutter (25.0% vs 10.0%), and premature atrial beats (28.3 vs 7.0%) (P < .01). Relatively few centenarians (<30%) had a normal P wave, and nearly half had IAB. Our data suggested that IAB, particularly advanced IAB, is a pre–atrial fibrillation condition associated with premature atrial beats. Atrial arrhythmias and IAB occurred more frequently in centenarians than in septuagenarians.

Valor pronóstico del incremento de la tensión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

La asociación entre un incremento exagerado de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio (IEPASE) y la probabilidad de eventos cardiovasculares es controvertida. Nuestro propósito fue determinar la posible asociación de un IEPASE con la supervivencia y con el riesgo de eventos cardíacos graves en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo y observacional sobre una muestra de 5.226 pacientes con historia de hipertensión arterial y enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada referidos a ecocardiografía de ejercicio. El IEPASE se definió como un incremento de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio igual o superior al percentil 95 de esta población (80 mmHg). Los objetivos fueron mortalidad total, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e infarto de miocardio (IM). En un seguimiento medio de 4,7 años, se registraron 978 muertes (371 de origen cardíaco) y 798 IM. Las tasas anuales de mortalidad, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e IM fueron del 2,73; 0,83 y 2,63% en pacientes con IEPASE y de 4,4; 1,58 y 3,98%, respectivamente en aquellos sin IEPASE (p < 0,001; p = 0,012 y p = 0,014, respectivamente). Tras un ajuste multivariado, el IEPASE resultó predictor de mortalidad por cualquier causa (HR: 0,70; IC 95%: 0,52-0,95; p = 0,023) e IM (HR: 0,69; IC 95%: 0,50-0,95; p = 0,022), pero la asociación con mortalidad cardiaca no alcanzó significación estadística (HR: 0,72; IC 95%: 0,43-1,20; p = 0,2). El IEPASE se asoció con mayor probabilidad de supervivencia y menor riesgo de IM en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

Edoxaban versus enoxaparin–warfarin in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial

Background Edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, is non-inferior for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and is associated with less bleeding than well controlled warfarin therapy. Few safety data about edoxaban in patients undergoing electrical cardioversion are available. Methods We did a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint evaluation trial in 19 countries with 239 sites comparing edoxaban 60 mg per day with enoxaparin–warfarin in patients undergoing electrical cardioversion of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. The dose of edoxaban was reduced to 30 mg per day if one or more factors (creatinine clearance 15–50 mL/min, low bodyweight [≤60 kg], or concomitant use of P-glycoprotein inhibitors) were present. Block randomisation (block size four)—stratified by cardioversion approach (transoesophageal echocardiography [TEE] or not), anticoagulant experience, selected edoxaban dose, and region—was done through a voice-web system. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of stroke, systemic embolic event, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular mortality, analysed by intention to treat. The primary safety endpoint was major and clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding in patients who received at least one dose of study drug. Follow-up was 28 days on study drug after cardioversion plus 30 days to assess safety. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02072434. Findings Between March 25, 2014, and Oct 28, 2015, 2199 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive edoxaban (n=1095) or enoxaparin–warfarin (n=1104). The mean age was 64 years (SD 10·54) and mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2·6 (SD 1·4). Mean time in therapeutic range on warfarin was 70·8% (SD 27·4). The primary efficacy endpoint occurred in five (<1%) patients in the edoxaban group versus 11 (1%) in the enoxaparin–warfarin group (odds ratio [OR] 0·46, 95% CI 0·12–1·43). The primary safety endpoint occurred in 16 (1%) of 1067 patients given edoxaban versus 11 (1%) of 1082 patients given enoxaparin–warfarin (OR 1·48, 95% CI 0·64–3·55). The results were independent of the TEE-guided strategy and anticoagulation status. Interpretation ENSURE-AF is the largest prospective randomised clinical trial of anticoagulation for cardioversion of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Rates of major and CRNM bleeding and thromboembolism were low in the two treatment groups. Funding Daiichi Sankyo provided financial support for the study. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients: results of the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Elderly patients are emerging as a population at high risk for infective endocarditis (IE). However, adequately sized prospective studies on the features of IE in elderly patients are lacking. METHODS: In this multinational, prospective, observational cohort study within the International Collaboration on Endocarditis, 2759 consecutive patients were enrolled from June 15, 2000, to December 1, 2005; 1056 patients with IE 65 years or older were compared with 1703 patients younger than 65 years. Risk factors, predisposing conditions, origin, clinical features, course, and outcome of IE were comprehensively analyzed. RESULTS: Elderly patients reported more frequently a hospitalization or an invasive procedure before IE onset. Diabetes mellitus and genitourinary and gastrointestinal cancer were the major predisposing conditions. Blood culture yield was higher among elderly patients with IE. The leading causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus, with a higher rate of methicillin resistance. Streptococcus bovis and enterococci were also significantly more prevalent. The clinical presentation of elderly patients with IE was remarkable for lower rates of embolism, immune-mediated phenomena, or septic complications. At both echocardiography and surgery, fewer vegetations and more abscesses were found, and the gain in the diagnostic yield of transesophageal echocardiography was significantly larger. Significantly fewer elderly patients underwent cardiac surgery (38.9% vs 53.5%; P < .001). Elderly patients with IE showed a higher rate of in-hospital death (24.9% vs 12.8%; P < .001), and age older than 65 years was an independent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In this large prospective study, increasing age emerges as a major determinant of the clinical characteristics of IE. Lower rates of surgical treatment and high mortality are the most prominent features of elderly patients with IE. Efforts should be made to prevent health care-associated acquisition and improve outcomes in this major subgroup of patients with IE.

Cognitive impairment in heart failure

The clinical syndrome of heart failure is one of the leading causes of hospitalisation and mortality in older adults. Due to ageing of the general population and improved survival from cardiac disease the prevalence of heart failure is rising. Despite the fact that the majority of patients with heart failure are aged over 65 years old, many with multiple co-morbidities, the association between cognitive impairment and heart failure has received relatively little research interest compared to other aspects of cardiac disease. The presence of concomitant cognitive impairment has implications for the management of patients with heart failure in the community. There are many evidence based pharmacological therapies used in heart failure management which obviously rely on patient education regarding compliance. Also central to the treatment of heart failure is patient self-monitoring for signs indicative of clinical deterioration which may prompt them to seek medical assistance or initiate a therapeutic intervention e.g. taking additional diuretic. Adherence and self-management may be jeopardised by cognitive impairment. Formal diagnosis of cognitive impairment requires evidence of abnormalities on neuropsychological testing (typically a result ≥1.5 standard deviation below the age-standardised mean) in at least one cognitive domain. Cognitive impairment is associated with an increased risk of dementia and people with mild cognitive impairment develop dementia at a rate of 10-15% per year, compared with a rate of 1-2% per year in healthy controls.1 Cognitive impairment has been reported in a variety of cardiovascular disorders. It is well documented among patients with hypertension, atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease, especially after coronary artery bypass grafting. This background is relevant to the study of patients with heart failure as many, if not most, have a history of one or more of these co-morbidities. A systematic review of the literature to date has shown a wide variation in the reported prevalence of cognitive impairment in heart failure. This range in variation probably reflects small study sample sizes, differences in the heart failure populations studied (inpatients versus outpatients), neuropsychological tests employed and threshold values used to define cognitive impairment. The main aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a representative sample of heart failure patients and to examine whether this association was due to heart failure per se rather than the common cardiovascular co-morbidities that often accompany it such as atherosclerosis and atrial fibrillation. Of the 817 potential participants screened, 344 were included in this study. The study cohort included 196 patients with HF, 61 patients with ischaemic heart disease and no HF and 87 healthy control participants. The HF cohort consisted of 70 patients with HF and coronary artery disease in sinus rhythm, 51 patients with no coronary artery disease in sinus rhythm and 75 patients with HF and atrial fibrillation. All patients with HF had evidence of HF-REF with a LVEF <45% on transthoracic echocardiography. The majority of the cohort was male and elderly. HF patients with AF were more likely to have multiple co-morbidities. Patients recruited from cardiac rehabilitation clinics had proven coronary artery disease, no clinical HF and a LVEF >55%. The ischaemic heart disease group were relatively well matched to healthy controls who had no previous diagnosis of any chronic illness, prescribed no regular medication and also had a LVEF >55%. All participants underwent the same baseline investigations and there were no obvious differences in baseline demographics between each of the cohorts. All 344 participants attended for 2 study visits. Baseline investigations including physiological measurements, electrocardiography, echocardiography and laboratory testing were all completed at the initial screening visit. Participants were then invited to attend their second study visit within 10 days of the screening visit. 342 participants completed all neuropsychological assessments (2 participants failed to complete 1 questionnaire). A full comprehensive battery of neuropsychological assessment tools were administered in the 90 minute study visit. These included three global cognitive screening assessment tools (mini mental state examination, Montreal cognitive assessment tool and the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status) and additional measures of executive function (an area we believe has been understudied to date). In total there were 9 cognitive tests performed. These were generally well tolerated. Data were also collected using quality of life questionnaires and health status measures. In addition to this, carers of the study participant were asked to complete a measure of caregiver strain and an informant questionnaire on cognitive decline. The prevalence of cognitive impairment varied significantly depending on the neuropsychological assessment tool used and cut-off value used to define cognitive impairment. Despite this, all assessment tools showed the same pattern of results with those patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation having poorer cognitive performance than those with heart failure in sinus rhythm. Cognitive impairment was also more common in patients with cardiac disease (either coronary artery disease or heart failure) than age-, sex- and education-matched healthy controls, even after adjustment for common vascular risk factors.

Diclofenaco comparado con ibuprofeno para el cierre de Ductus arterioso persistente, en recién nacidos prematuros

Introducción: El Ductus arterioso persistente (DAP), es uno de los defectos congénitos cardiacos más comunes, requiere manejo farmacológico y/o quirúrgico; presenta complicaciones hemodinámicas, respiratorias y muerte. Los medicamentos de elección para su manejo son indometacina e ibuprofeno, pero su costo y accesibilidad llevo al uso de diclofenaco como alternativa de manejo en algunos hospitales. Objetivo: Comparar respuesta al tratamiento con diclofenaco vs ibuprofeno en cierre de DAP. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico retrospectivo, que compara los resultados obtenidos al usar Diclofenaco e Ibuprofeno para el cierre del DAP en recién nacidos pretérmino. Se recolecto información de pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad Neonatal de un Hospital II nivel de Bogotá. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de pacientes de edad gestacional entre 24 y 36 semanas por Ballard con los criterios para diagnóstico de DAP y recibieron tratamiento farmacológico con una de las siguientes opciones: Ibuprofeno 10 mg/Kg dosis inicial después 5mg/Kg a las 24 48 horas, o Diclofenaco 0.2 mg/Kg dosis cada 12 horas tres dosis. Se comparó el Diclofenaco y el Ibuprofeno para el tratamiento farmacológico de DAP en recién nacidos prematuros. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 103 pacientes, el diagnóstico de DAP se realizó con ecocardiograma transtorácico, el 66.6 % de los pacientes presentó cierre farmacológico con Diclofenaco y 69 % con Ibuprofeno, La mortalidad fue de 17.65 % con Diclofenaco y 11.54 % con ibuprofeno; en ambos casos asociadas a la prematurez. Conclusiones: El éxito farmacológico fue similar en ambos grupos, el diclofenaco es una alternativa interesante cuando la terapia convencional no esté disponible.

Ultrasonido a la cabecera del paciente, una herramienta diagnóstica de disección aórtica en el departamento de emergencias

El síndrome aórtico agudo puede presentarse como un cuadro clínico característico de una emergencia vascular, o por el contrario de una forma completamente atípica, donde el diagnóstico reta al médico de emergencias, llevando a errores fatales al pasar por alto el diagnóstico de esta entidad. Con el objetivo de mostrar la utilidad del ultrasonido realizado a la cabecera del paciente en el diagnóstico de disección aórtica, se describen 9 casos de pacientes que ingresaron al departamento de emergencias y que fueron diagnosticados con síndrome aórtico agudo, gracias a la valoración ultrasonográfica inicial realizada por residentes y Especialistas en Medicina de Emergencias en un hospital de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Este reporte de casos muestra que el ultrasonido a la cabecera del paciente, es un método diagnóstico no invasivo, accesible y útil para la detección temprana de esta patología en los servicios de emergencias.

Diagnostico eco cardiográfico de una presentación inusual perioperatoria de la cardiomiopatía por estrés (síndrome de Takotsubo). Reporte de caso

La miocardiopatía por estrés o síndrome de Takotsubo es una patología cardiaca ampliamente reconocida con una presentación clínica similar al síndrome coronario agudo y relacionado a estrés físico o emocional. Su identificación perioperatoria es un reto dada las diferentes formas y escenarios de presentación. Nosotros describimos una paciente de 22 años con una presentación atípica del síndrome de Takotsubo durante la inducción anestésica resaltando la utilidad de la ecocardiografía transesofágica para el diagnóstico inicial.

Curva de aprendizaje para ecografía cardiaca en residentes de primer y segundo año de medicina crítica de la universidad del rosario en el año 2016

La ecografía básica cardiaca (ECB) es una herramienta útil en la Unidad de Cuidados intensivos al facilitar la realización de ciertas intervenciones. No se ha definido el número de repeticiones necesarias para obtener un nivel de competencia adecuado. La evidencia encontrada indica un número mínimo de cincuenta repeticiones, para alcanzar cierto grado de habilidad.