Mesure des comportements des mentors en contexte de mentorat scolaire et liens entre ces comportements, la qualité de la relation de mentorat et l’ajustement des protégés

Les résultats d’études récentes suggèrent que certains comportements de soutien des mentors pourraient augmenter les bénéfices du mentorat scolaire. Cependant, peu d’outils validés sont disponibles dans la littérature pour mesurer ces comportements. Il est aussi convenu que l’efficacité du mentorat scolaire dépend de la qualité de la relation tissée entre le mentor et son protégé, laquelle serait tributaire d’un ensemble de facteurs, dont les comportements du mentor. Néanmoins, encore une fois très peu d’études empiriques ont tenté d’identifier les patrons de comportements des mentors les plus susceptibles d’influencer la relation de mentorat et l’ajustement des protégés. La présente thèse poursuit deux objectifs, soit de construire et valider un outil de mesure des comportements de soutien des mentors oeuvrant en contexte de mentorat scolaire, puis d’explorer les liens entre des comportements de structure et de soutien des mentors, la relation de mentorat et l’ajustement des protégés. L’échelle de comportements des mentors (ECM) a été développée en s’inspirant des prémisses du modèle sociomotivationnel du mentorat (Larose & Tarabulsy, 2014). Deux cent cinquante-trois étudiants du collégial participant à un programme de mentorat scolaire d’une durée de huit mois ont complété une version expérimentale de l’ECM ainsi que différentes mesures de la qualité de la relation de mentorat à deux temps de leur participation au programme. Les résultats montrent que le questionnaire possède de bons coefficients de cohérence interne et une structure factorielle adéquate, à l’exception du facteur soutien à l’autonomie. De plus, trois des dimensions de l’ECM prédisent la qualité de la relation de mentorat et la perception d’utilité de l’intervention. Des recommandations pour l’utilisation et l’amélioration de l’ECM sont proposées. Sur la base des évaluations des protégés à l’ECM (Brodeur et al., 2015), quatre regroupements distincts de comportements de mentors ont été identifiés : Optimal, Suffisant, Contrôlant, et Inadéquat. Les résultats montrent que plus les mentors ont fait preuve de soutien et de structure, plus les protégés ont évalué positivement la relation et l’utilité du mentorat, sauf pour les profils Optimal et Contrôlant. Par ailleurs, uniquement l’ajustement social des protégés a différé du groupe contrôle, et ce proportionnellement à la quantité de soutien et de structure prodigués par les mentors. D’autre part, il est discuté de l’impact de l’ajustement initial des protégés sur les comportements des mentors. Des implications théoriques et pratiques des résultats des deux articles sont présentées. Mots-clés : mentorat scolaire, comportements des mentors, validation de questionnaire, qualité de la relation de mentorat, ajustement des protégés.

Étude de la guérison des plaies cornéennes grâce à la cornée reconstruite par génie tissulaire

La cornée est la couche la plus antérieure de l’oeil et sa transparence permet de laisser passer les ondes lumineuses vers la rétine. Cependant, la localisation de la cornée la prédispose à des blessures chimiques et mécaniques. La guérison des blessures cornéennes est un mécanisme complexe faisant intervenir la mort cellulaire, la migration, la prolifération, la différenciation et le remodelage de la matrice extracellulaire (MEC). Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé la cornée humaine reconstruite par génie tissulaire composée d’un épithélium et d’un stroma afin d’étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la guérison des plaies, en particulier le remodelage de la MEC exercé par les métalloprotéinases matricielles (MMPs). Les analyses en profilage génique sur biopuces à ADN nous ont permis de démontrer que l’expression de plusieurs gènes était dérégulée lors de la guérison des plaies dans notre modèle. L’expression des gènes codant pour les MMPs, tel que confirmée en qPCR, est augmentée dans l’épithélium migrant afin de recouvrir la plaie. Les analyses en zymographie sur gel ont démontré que les MMPs étaient converties en leur forme enzymatiquement active au fur et à mesure que la lésion se referme. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que l’expression des MMPs par les cellules épithéliales est influencée par la présence des fibroblastes dans le stroma ainsi que par leur sécrétion d’une MEC enrichie en collagènes. De plus, les analyses en spectrométrie de masse ont confirmé que la présence d’un épithélium stratifié est requise pour la synthèse et l’organisation adéquate de la MEC. Enfin, les résultats de ces travaux améliorent nos connaissances des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires qui modulent la guérison des plaies cornéennes et pourront certainement mener à des progrès en clinique, notamment au niveau du développement de thérapies visant à traiter les troubles de la cornée.

The urokinase plasminogen activating system in thyroid cancer: clinical implications

The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system (uPAS) comprises the uPA, its cell membrane receptor (uPAR) and two specific inhibitors, the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2). The uPA converts the plasminogen in the serine protease plasmin, involved in a number of physiopathological processes requiring basement membrane (BM) or extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, including tumor progression and metastasis. The tumor-promoting role of PAS is not limited to the degradation of ECM and BM required for local diffusion and spread to distant sites of malignant cells, but widens to tumor cell proliferation, adhesion and migration, intravasation, growth at the metastatic site and neoangiogenesis. The relevance of uPAS in cancer progression has been confirmed by several studies which documented an increased expression of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 in different human malignancies, and a positive correlation between the levels of one or more of them and a poor prognosis. For these reasons, the uPAS components have aroused considerable interest as suitable targets for anticancer therapy, and several pharmacological approaches aimed at inhibiting the uPA and/or uPAR expression or function in preclinical and clinical settings have been described. In the present manuscript, we will first glance at uPAS biological functions in human cancer progression and its clinical significance in terms of prognosis and therapy. We will then review the main findings regarding expression and function of uPAS components in thyroid cancer tissues along with the experimental and clinical evidence suggesting its potential value as molecular prognostic marker and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer patients.

Effets du stress oxydatif induit par les rayons UVA et endogène sur la cornée humaine : étude des délétions de l’ADN mitochondrial, des modifications dans la matrice extracellulaire cornéenne et de la dystrophie cornéenne endothéliale de Fuchs

Le stress oxydatif peut provenir de sources exogènes comme les UVA ou de sources endogènes comme la chaîne respiratoire (OXPHOS). L’oxydation des composants cellulaires a été associée avec la dégénération, des phénotypes de vieillissement et des pertes de fonctionnalités des tissus. Les UVA sont les plus efficaces des rayons UV à induire de l’oxydation, tel que démontré par la formation de dommages oxydatifs à l’ADN et par l’apparition de délétions mitochondriales qui en résultent. La délétion mitochondriale de 4977 pb (ADNmtCD4977), la plus commune, et celle de 3895 pb (ADNmt3895) sont deux délétions reliées au photovieillissement cutané et à l’exposition au stress oxydant. Le phénomène de vieillissement dans la peau est bien documenté et se traduit par une dégradation de la matrice extracellulaire, une perte d’élasticité et la formation de rides. Toutefois, peu d’études portent sur la cornée humaine alors qu’elle est un tissu exposé directement aux rayonnements UV au même titre que la peau. Nous avons donc tenté mieux comprendre l’effet de l’oxydation exogène et endogène sur cette structure. L’analyse de la localisation des délétions ADNmtCD4977 et ADNmtCD4977 dans l’oeil humain a permis de révéler qu’elles se concentrent principalement dans le stroma cornéen et s’accumule avec l’âge. Le stroma cornéen est la couche cellulaire qui confère la transparence et la rigidité à la cornée humaine. Ces résultats nous ont suggéré une implication des UVA dans le photovieillissement de la cornée. Nous avons donc entrepris de vérifier les changements liés à l’exposition aux UVA dans le stroma cornéen puisque les UVA sont connus pour causer des altérations à la matrice extracellulaire (ECM) au niveau cutané. Nous avons donc créé un modèle de photovieillisement par une exposition chronique aux UVA sur des kératocytes avec lesquels nous avons fait sécréter une ECM. Nos résultats nous ont démontré qu’une exposition chronique aux UVA cause des altérations à l’ECM cornéen semblable à des phénotypes de photvieillissement. En effet, nous avons dénoté des changements transcriptomiques et protéomiques pour certains collagènes et protéoglycans. Une atteinte aux collagènes par le vieillissement cornéen se traduit entre autres par une rigidification, une opacification et un changement dans son pouvoir réfractif qui mène à une perte de la vision. Par ailleurs, notre avons également investigué l’implication du stress oxydatif dans la dystrophie cornéenne endothéliale de Fuchs (FECD), une maladie dégénérative de l’endothélium cornéen, qui mène à une perte de vision et est une cause principale de greffe cornéenne. L’étiologie de la maladie est encore inconnue, mais le stress oxydatif est soupçonné de jouer un rôle important dans la pathogenèse. Nos résultats ont amené de nouvelles évidences de l’implication de l’oxydation dans la maladie par l’augmentation de la quantité d’ADN mitochondrial et un raccourcissement des télomères dans des explants de cornées pathologiques. Nos résultats nous ont également démontré que la mise en culture de cellules FECD permettait la sélection de cellules fonctionnelles et comparables à des cellules saines en termes de quantité d’ADN mitochondrial et de son intégrité, de sensibilité à l’oxydation et de longueur télomérique. Les résultats obtenus soutiennent ainsi la possibilité d’employer les cellules FECD fonctionnelles sélectionnées pour utilisation en génie tissulaire afin de créer des cornées autologues pour pallier aux manques de greffes cornéennes. Enfin, nos résultats apportent de nouvelles évidences quant à l’implication du stress oxydatif dans le photovieillissement cornéen et dans l’étiologie de la FECD.

Histochemical studies of chondrogenesis

The formation of the cartilage tissue depends on the coordination of cell to cell or cell to ECM interaction that cause to the cell polarity, migration and differentiation of precursor mesenchymal cells during chondrogenesis Many of these events are mediated by ECM components such as glycocojugates which with their suger residues such as galactose or aminosuger have a ligand role for regulatory molecules. The aim of this study was to identify the presence and distribution of some different glycoconjugates and their suger residues in the chondrogenesis by histochemistry and lectin-histochemistry techniques. For this purpose, embryos from pregnant wistar rats from E12-E20 were collected and fixed. Some of them were stained with alizarin red Salcin blue staining to demonstrate cartilage and bone formation in whole mount embryos. Other embryos with serial sections (5-7micm thikness) were stained by: 1-alcian blue (pH: l) for S-GAG,2-alcin blue (pH:2.5)for C-GAG, S-PAS alcian blue fora neutral and acidic sugers,4- tuloidin blue for metachromatic substances. Stained sections were graded according to the staining intensity (0-5 grading s method). Statistical analysis showed significant difference for those substances among experimental groups. Lectin histochemistry with MPA, VVA, SBA, OFA demonstrated differences between organs for suger residues during chondrogensis. It seems that synthesis and secretion of glycocojugates and change of their suger residues follows a spatiotemporal pattern and developmentaly regulated.

Analysis of the role of the transcription factor C/EBPβ in controlling uterine functions during early pregnancy

Embryo implantation into the endometrium is a complex biological process involving the integration of steroid hormone signaling, endometrial tissue remodeling and maternal- fetal communications. A successful pregnancy is the outcome of the timely integration of these events during the early stages of implantation. The involvement of ovarian steroid hormones, estrogen (E) and progesterone (P), acting through their cognate receptors, is essential for uterine functions during pregnancy. The molecular mechanisms that control the process of implantation are undergoing active exploration. Through our recent efforts, we identified the transcription factor, CCAAT Enhancer Binding Protein Beta (C/EBPb) as a prominent target of estrogen and progesterone signaling in the uterus. The development of a C/EBPb-null mouse model, which is infertile, presented us with an opportunity to analyze the role of this molecule in uterine function. We discovered that C/EBPb functions in two distinct manners: (i) by acting as a mediator of E-induced proliferation of the uterine epithelium and (ii) by controlling uterine stromal cell differentiation, a process known as decidualization, during pregnancy. My studies have delineated important mechanisms by which E regulates C/EBPb expression to induce DNA replication and prevent apoptosis of uterine epithelial cells during E-induced epithelial growth. In subsequent studies, I analyzed the role of C/EBPb in decidualization and uncovered a unique mechanism by which C/EBPb regulates the synthesis of a unique laminin-containing extracellular matrix (ECM) that supports stromal cell differentiation and embryo invasion. In order to better define the role of laminin in implantation, we developed a laminin gamma 1-conditional knockout mouse model. This is currently an area of ongoing investigation. The information gained from our analysis of C/EBPb function in the uterus provides new insights into the mechanisms of steroid hormone action during early pregnancy. Ultimately, our findings may aid in the understanding of dysregulation of hormone-controlled pathways that underlie early pregnancy loss and infertility in women.

Improving interfaces for nerve repair

Autologous nerve grafts are the current gold standard for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries. However, there is a need to develop an alternative to this technique, as donor-site morbidities such as neuroma formation and permanent loss of function are a few of the limitations concerned with this technique. Artificial nerve conduits have therefore emerged as an alternative for the repair of short peripheral nerve defects of less than 30 mm, however they do not surpass autologous nerve grafts clinically. To develop a nerve conduit that supports regeneration over long nerve gaps and in large diameter nerves, researchers have focused on functionalizing of the conduits by studying the components that enhance nerve regeneration such as micro/nano-topography, growth factor delivery systems, supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as well as understanding the complex biological reactions that take place during peripheral nerve regeneration. This thesis presents strategies to improve peripheral nerve interfaces to better the regenerative potential by using dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) isolated from neonatal rats as an in vitro model of nerve regeneration. The work started off by investigating the usefulness of a frog foam protein Ranaspumin-2 (Rsn2) to coat biomaterials for compatibility, this lead to the discovery of temporary cell adhesion on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which was investigated as a suitable tool to derive cell-sheets for nerve repair. The influence of Rsn2 anchored to specific adhesion peptide sequences, such as isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV), a sequence derived from laminin proven to promote cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth, was tested as a useful means to influence nerve regeneration. This approach improves the axonal outgrowth and maintains outgrowth long term. Based on the hypothesis that combinational modulation of substrate topography, stiffness and neurotrophic support, affects axonal outgrowth in whole DRGs, dissociated DRGs were used to assess if these factors similarly act at the single cell level. Rho associated protein kinase (ROCK) and myosin II inhibitors, which affect cytoskeletal contractility, were used to influence growth cone traction forces and have shown that these factors work in combination by interfering with growth cone dynamic creating a different response in axonal outgrowth at the single cell level.

The regulation of cancer cell invasive behaviour by Chloride Interacellular Channel 3 (CLIC3) and Transglutaminasae 2

A study into the role of secreted CLIC3 in tumour cell invasion. The initiation and progression of cancers is thought to be linked to their relationship with a population of activated fibroblasts, which are associated with tumours. I have used an organotypic approach, in which plugs of collagen I are preconditioned with fibroblastic cells, to characterise the mechanisms through which carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) influence the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. I have found that immortalised cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) support increased invasiveness of cancer cells, and that this is associated with the ability of CAFs to increase the fibrillar collagen content of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To gain mechanistic insight into this phenomenon, an in-depth SILAC-based mass proteomic analysis was conducted, which allowed quantitative comparison of the proteomes of iCAFs and immortalised normal fibroblast (iNFs) controls. Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 3 (CLIC3) was one of the most significantly upregulated components of the iCAF proteome. Knockdown of CLIC3 in iCAFs reduced the ability of these cells to remodel the ECM and to support tumour cell invasion through organotypic plugs. A series of experiments, including proteomic analysis of cell culture medium that had been preconditioned by iCAFs, indicated that CLIC3 itself was a component of the iCAF secretome that was responsible for the ability of iCAFs to drive tumour cell invasiveness. Moreover, addition of soluble recombinant CLIC3 (rCLIC3) was sufficient to drive the extension of invasive pseudopods in cancer cell lines, and to promote disruption of the basement membrane in a 3D in vitro model of the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) transition. My investigation into the mechanism through which extracellular CLIC3 drives tumour cell invasiveness led me to focus on the relationship between CLIC3 and the ECM modifying enzyme, transglutaminase-2 (TG2). Through this, I have found that TG2 physically associates with CLIC3 and that TG2 is necessary for CLIC3 to drive tumour cell invasiveness. These data identifying CLIC3 as a key pro-invasive factor, which is secreted by CAFs, provides an unprecedented mechanism through which the stroma may drive cancer progression.

Integrin traffic and signalling – from plasma membrane to endosomes

Integrins are the main cell surface receptors by which cells adhere to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells regulate integrin-mediated adhesions by integrin endo/exocytic trafficking or by altering the integrin activation status. Integrin binding to ECM-components induces several intracellular signalling cascades, which regulate almost every aspect of cell behaviour from cell motility to survival, and dysregulation of integrin traffic or signalling is associated with cancer progression. Upon detachment, normal cells undergo a specialised form of programmed cell death namely anoikis and the ECM-integrin -mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling at the cell surface has been considered critical for anoikis suppression. Integrins are also constantly endocytosed and recycled back to the plasma membrane, and so far the role of integrin traffic in cancer has been linked to increased adhesion site turnover and cell migration. However, different growth factor receptors are known to signal also from endosomes, but the ability of integrins to signal from endosomes has not been previously studied. In this thesis, I demonstrate for the first time that integrins are signalling also from endosomes. In contrast to previous believes, integrin-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling occurs also on endosomes, and the endosomal FAK signalling is critical for anoikis suppression and for cancer related processes such as anchorage-independent growth and metastasis. Moreover, we have set up a new integrin trafficking assay and demonstrate for the first time in a comprehensive manner that active and inactive integrins undergo distinct trafficking routes. Together these results open up new horizons in our understanding of integrins and highlight the fundamental connection between integrin traffic and signalling.

Reforço sísmico de estruturas em adobe

A construção em alvenaria de adobe tem um vasto património a nível mundial. É possível encontrar construção em terra no nosso território, sendo que a técnica particular do adobe foi amplamente utilizada na região de Aveiro durante o século XIX até meados do século XX. Devido à tradição e valor patrimonial da construção em alvenaria de adobe, diversos trabalhos têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos no departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro, perspetivando um aprofundar de conhecimentos acerca deste tipo de construção. A vulnerabilidade sísmica das construções em alvenaria de adobe fez com que surgissem vários estudos para caracterização sísmica das mesmas, sendo que, recentemente, foi levada a cabo a realização de um ensaio cíclico, simulando os efeitos de um sismo, num modelo de adobe à escala real, construído no laboratório do departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade de Aveiro. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar formas de reparação e reforço sísmico de estruturas em adobe. Para isso foi reparado e reforçado o modelo previamente ensaiado, e novamente submetido a um ensaio cíclico, de modo a fazer-se uma análise comparativa com o ensaio prévio e assim retirar conclusões sobre a eficácia da solução de reforço aplicada.

Evaluación de las estructuras óseas involucradas en la técnica quirúrgica de instalación de implantes cigomáticos en cráneos macerados edéntulos

Introducción: El implante cigomático (IC) es una alternativa para pacientes edéntulos o parcialmente dentados que no tienen suficiente hueso maxilar para retener el implante dental convencional y para casos en los cuales el injerto óseo no es adecuado, presentando taza de éxito sobre los 90%. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las estructuras óseas involucradas en la instalación del IC, considerando género y grupo étnico. Material y método: Fueron incluidos 96 cráneos de individuos adultos, edéntulos, ambos sexos, leucodermas y melanodermas. Se utilizó un cáliper digital para la realización de las siguientes medidas: 1) RA-CPS: distancia desde el reborde alveolar a nivel del segundo premolar superior, hasta el margen posterosuperior del hueso cigomático; 2) ECPS: Espesor del hueso cigomático a nivel del margen posterosuperior; 3) ECM: Espesor del hueso cigomático en su porción media. Resultados: Los valores promedios obtenidos para RA-CPS, ECPS y ECM en milímetros fueron, respectivamente: mujeres leucodermas 52,09, 2,04 y 4,30; mujeres melanodermas 53,47, 1,99 y 4,93; hombres leucodermas 55,49, 2,28 y 5,33; hombres melanodermas 57,01, 2,22 y 6,01. Discusión: Concluimos que individuos leucodermas, presentan valores promedios menores que individuos melanodermas. Además, las mujeres presentan valores promedios menores que hombres para todas las medidas. Los valores encontrados en este estudio pueden ser utilizados como parámetro para la planificación de la técnica quirúrgica de instalación de IC, evitando riesgos de complicaciones.

Multi-level, Multi-stage and Stochastic Optimization Models for Energy Conservation in Buildings for Federal, State and Local Agencies

Energy Conservation Measure (ECM) project selection is made difficult given real-world constraints, limited resources to implement savings retrofits, various suppliers in the market and project financing alternatives. Many of these energy efficient retrofit projects should be viewed as a series of investments with annual returns for these traditionally risk-averse agencies. Given a list of ECMs available, federal, state and local agencies must determine how to implement projects at lowest costs. The most common methods of implementation planning are suboptimal relative to cost. Federal, state and local agencies can obtain greater returns on their energy conservation investment over traditional methods, regardless of the implementing organization. This dissertation outlines several approaches to improve the traditional energy conservations models. Any public buildings in regions with similar energy conservation goals in the United States or internationally can also benefit greatly from this research. Additionally, many private owners of buildings are under mandates to conserve energy e.g., Local Law 85 of the New York City Energy Conservation Code requires any building, public or private, to meet the most current energy code for any alteration or renovation. Thus, both public and private stakeholders can benefit from this research. The research in this dissertation advances and presents models that decision-makers can use to optimize the selection of ECM projects with respect to the total cost of implementation. A practical application of a two-level mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) improves the current best practice for agencies concerned with making the most cost-effective selection leveraging energy services companies or utilities. The two-level model maximizes savings to the agency and profit to the energy services companies (Chapter 2). An additional model presented leverages a single congressional appropriation to implement ECM projects (Chapter 3). Returns from implemented ECM projects are used to fund additional ECM projects. In these cases, fluctuations in energy costs and uncertainty in the estimated savings severely influence ECM project selection and the amount of the appropriation requested. A risk aversion method proposed imposes a minimum on the number of “of projects completed in each stage. A comparative method using Conditional Value at Risk is analyzed. Time consistency was addressed in this chapter. This work demonstrates how a risk-based, stochastic, multi-stage model with binary decision variables at each stage provides a much more accurate estimate for planning than the agency’s traditional approach and deterministic models. Finally, in Chapter 4, a rolling-horizon model allows for subadditivity and superadditivity of the energy savings to simulate interactive effects between ECM projects. The approach makes use of inequalities (McCormick, 1976) to re-express constraints that involve the product of binary variables with an exact linearization (related to the convex hull of those constraints). This model additionally shows the benefits of learning between stages while remaining consistent with the single congressional appropriations framework.

Establishment of a protocol for the cryopreservation of cell sheets of adipose tissue stem cells

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

URBSIS: avaliação da vulnerabilidade e gestão do risco sísmico à escala urbana

A qualidade de vida nos núcleos urbanos constitui uma meta dinâmica, fortemente influenciada pelos processos sociais e económicos, pela evolução das suas exigências e expectativas e pela evolução do próprio tecido urbano, do parque edificado e das infraestruturas. Nos núcleos urbanos antigos, são peças fundamentais deste desafio a garantia do conforto e de salubridade, num equilíbrio que se quer, sustentado e sustentável, com a preservação das memórias e da cultura local. Para além da inadequada resistência à ação sísmica, a grande maioria deste edificado encontra-se em avançado estado de degradação, situação que, aliada a outros fenómenos de índole social, tem levado ao abandono massivo destes espaços de elevado valor histórico e patrimonial. De facto, muitos destes edifícios necessitam de intervenções estruturais urgentes, nomeadamente de intervenções de reforço que visem reduzir a sua elevada vulnerabilidade sísmica, particularmente nas zonas do território onde a perigosidade sísmica é mais importante. É nesta base que surge a presente publicação, elaborada no âmbito do projeto de investigação "URBSIS - avaliação da vulnerabilidade e gestão do risco sísmico à escala urbana", e cujo conteúdo vem sublinhar a necessidade de ser elaborado um plano nacional de redução da vulnerabilidade sísmica, particularmente do património histórico e dos núcleos urbanos antigos, para que as situações de risco sejam devidamente identificadas, hierarquizadas e acauteladas.

Fungos ectomicorrízicos em áreas de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil

Ectomycorrhizal associations are poorly known from tropical lowlands of South America. Recent field trips to the reserve Parque Estadual das Dunas in Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, revealed a undocumented community of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This type of Mycorrhizal association is frequently in the north hemisphere in temperate and boreal forests. The aim of this work is to analyze the occurrence of ectotrophic areas in atlantic rainforest. Collections along and around the trails in the reserve revealed six genera of putatively ECM fungi which belong to the basidiomycete, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Entolomataceae, and Sclerodermataceae family which are poorly documented in Brazil. Plants belonging to Myrtaceae, Polygonaceae, Leguminosae/Caesalpinioideae, Erythroxylaceae, Malphigiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Sapotaceae e Celastraceae were found living next to the species of fungi analized. Our results suggest that the area studied is an ectotrophic environment which shows high diversity of putatively ECM fungi and some plants probably host ECM. The tropical lands are a potential focus to study reinforced by the new records of Scleroderma in Brazil and Northwest of Brazil